XVII century became a period of emergence of the Korean middle-aged novel, whose founder was Kim Mandjun. The Korean novel is a multiple planned gist based work in which the heroes moving through the series of adventures and sufferings reach the happy end. According to the opinion of the Korean researcher Cho Don’il, created by Kim Mandjun became as a new stage in the literature of Korea, they bought with themselves something new, and played a great role in the Korean literature in the whole. The novel «The wanderings of Ms. Sa throughout the South» of Kim Mandjun may serve as a sample of the «family novels». The idea of the author goes through the family and state affairs , the things which are connected with each other, due to the fact that the state is a large family, and the chaos in the family leads to a mess in the state. The novel deeply analyzes the history of the family Lu, when the concubine comes to their home. The loss of the equality-harmony causes a contradiction, the hero and the surroundings, in which he constantly deals with the sufferings. The denial of the struggle with the enemy is seen as a primary characteristics, the virtue creators go through the difficulties, their deeds are fair and nice, their attitude is harmonious, regarding the principles of «yan» (light) and «in» (dark). Therefore, the most important thing for the novel «The wanderings of Ms. Sa throughout the South» the most important thing lies in the contradiction of the «hero-enemy», and the cosmic notion «of the harmony and disharmony». Kim Mandjun raises a problem in the novel, the solution of which is necessary on a national scale. This explains the justified method of revealing the actions of hostile characters not as personal enemies of virtuous heroes. Adhering to Confucian dogmas regarding the establishment of harmony in everything, the writer depicts virtuous heroes striving for exemplariness, and not for finding true violators of order in the country and not for fighting these hostile forces. The novel «The wanderings of Ms. Sa throughout the south» (with its social problematic shape) caused a great influence on the further development of the Korean prose, Kim Mandjun for the first time in this genre could reveal the connection between the private family conflict and the state problems. The author persuaded the importance of the undertaken steps of the human-being and the necessity of considering of the devastating consequences from them to the state and in the whole, considering in the whole its people. The novel of Kim Mandjun «The wanderings of Ms. Sa throughout the south» takes a special place in the history of development of the middle aged history of Korea, due to the fact that the topic of family in the literary works took for the first time its primary meaning. The merit of the author lied in the fact that he depicted the private, family conflict with the connection of the misunderstandings demonstrating the fact that a human-being cannot have private issues.
In this article, based on the provisions of Civil law and
economic science in the field of credit, the features of credit as an economic category are analyzed, conclusions are made about the legal nature of credit through the disclosure of the content of the credit relationship
Relevance of the problem. The difficulties of diagnostics of orbital diseases are well known. Especially difficult is intraspecies differentiation among the multitude of tumour, pseudotumour, inflammatory, vascular, endocrine and other diseases occurring here, manifested by the symptom complex of unilateral exophthalmos [Beradze I.N., 1978; Brovkina A.F., 1993].
Malignant intraocular neoplasms are the main cause of death of patients with diseases of the organ of vision, with 45-48% of patients dying from metastases in the first 5 years after enucleation [Alekseeva I.B., 1990, Barkhash S.A.1978, Brovkina A.F..1991, 1997; Keizer R.W.. Viclvoyc G.L.,1986],
Retinoblastoma is the most frequent malignant neoplasm in children. According to different authors, the frequency of its occurrence is 1 case per 14000 - 35000 newborns. [Bobrova N.F. and Vit V.V., 1993; Brovkina A.F., 1997; Provenzale J.M., et al., 1995; Skulski M., et al., 1997; Weber A.L., Mafee M.F, 1992; Wilms G., et al., 1989]. The frequency of patients with the most malignant intraocular tumour in adults - uveal melanoma has recently reached 7-9 people per 1 million population [Brovkina A.F., 1997; Kotslyansky E.O., 1989; Yushko N.A., Peskova L.I., Kalenich L.A., 1989; Peyster R.G., Augsburger J..I., Shields J.A., 1988; Romani A.. Baldeschi L., ct al 1998; Scott I.U., 1998].
The fundamental difference in treatment tactics, depending on the stage of development, size and topography of the tumour, as well as the seriousness of the prognosis in retinoblastomas and melanomas sharply increase the requirements for the accuracy of their differential diagnosis. At the same time, the number of diagnostic errors in ocular tumours continues to be 10-30% even when complex clinical and instrumental examination is applied in specialised ophthalmological centres [Ternovoy S.K., Panfilova G.V., Rogozhin V.A., 1979; Friedman F.E., Malyuta G.D., Kodzov M.V., 1995; Song G.X., 1991].
Widely used in ophthalmological practice traditional diagnostic methods (ophthalmoscopy, gonioscopy, diaphanoscopy, fluorescence angiography, laboratory tests) are insufficient to obtain comprehensive information about the localisation, nature of growth and prevalence of volumetric pathological formations of the eye and orbit. This circumstance and not quite satisfactory results of surgical treatment are the causes of high mortality of patients [Muratova T.T., Nigmanova N.H., Kozlovskaya G.M.. 1989, Naches A.I., 1980; Cheremisin V.M., Trufanov G.E., Kholin A.V., 1991]. Untimely or erroneous recognition of pathological processes of the orbit leads to a sharp deterioration of visual functions, up to blindness, and in some cases to the death of the patient [Yuzhakov A.M., Travkin A.G., Kiseleva O.A., 1991]. All this determines the importance of timely and accurate diagnosis of diseases of the orbit, on the one hand, and the difficulty of such diagnosis - on the other [Gabunia R.I., Kolesnikova E.K., Tumanov L.B., 1982].
The fact that the orbit is closed from direct inspection and palpation by bone walls and the eyeball, indicates the advantage of radial diagnostics in comparison with other methods of examination. In the arsenal of clinicians there is a great variety of methods of clinical-radial diagnostics of orbital pathology, however, at present the information in the literature about their resolving capabilities and significance in comparative aspect is incomplete and not fully studied. The priority of using one or another instrumental investigation, their sequence and expedient combination have not been determined yet. This makes it difficult to choose the optimal standardised approach for diagnosis and adequate treatment [Cheremisin V.M., Trufanov G.E., 1993, Weber A.L., Sabates N.R., 1996; Wenig V.M., Mafee M.F., 1998].
Thus, the study of these and other questions, contributing to the improvement of diagnostics and treatment of patients with neoplasms of the eye and ocular cavity, should be recognised as urgent urgent.
Purpose of the study. Comparative evaluation of magnetic resonance tomography capabilities and development of algorithms for complex radial diagnostics of volumetric formations of the visual organ. To solve this goal we set the following tasks.
1. To study the normal picture of the magnetic resonance image of the visual organ in comparison with other methods of visualisation.
2. To find out the possibilities of magnetic resonance tomography, ultrasound and computed tomography in detection and evaluation of intraocular neoplasms.
3. To determine the role and place of magnetic resonance tomography in differential diagnostics of volumetric pathological formations of the eye cavity in comparison with other radial methods of research.
4. To determine the indications and to develop an algorithm for the complex application of radiography, ultrasound, computer and magnetic resonance tomography for diagnostics of volumetric formations of the eye organ.
Scientific novelty.
The present work is the first to give a detailed and detailed description of the complex clinical and radiation examination, with generalisation and standardisation of magnetic resonance, computer and ultrasound semiotics of volumetric pathological formations of the eye and eye cavity. The conducted clinical and instrumental investigations allowed to determine the diagnostic value and resolving capabilities of each of the applied methods. The ultrasound, CT and MRI signs of volumetric formations of the eye organ were studied, clarified and supplemented taking into account the use of low-field magnetic field and general-purpose ultrasound apparatus. The developed standardised diagnostic algorithm of examination of patients with this pathology is new, thanks to which the pre-oppositional diagnosis of tumour and other diseases of the visual organ is improved and the total radiation load on the patient is reduced.
Conclusions
1. MPT will provide an opportunity to study the weight of the soft tissue and anatomical components of the ocular cavity, up to the optic nerve sheath and perineural liquor space, the orbital apex and chiasmal-sellar region, as well as to assess the condition of adjacent structures of the brain and facial skull. The method is limited in the evaluation of changes in the bony walls of the orbital cavity.
2. MRI is inferior in detecting characteristic signs of retinoblastoma (presence of calcification). The sensitivity of MRI was 66.6%, while for ultrasound and CT these values were 96.1 and 100%, respectively. But when the tumour spreads rstrobulbarly outside the eyeball (at 3-4 stages) the informativeness of MRI increases significantly. In uveal melanoma the sensitivity and specificity of MRI reaches 100%.
3. Both MRI and CT have a high detection rate (98.1% and 95.8% respectively) of benign orbital tumours of both primary and secondary origin. However, MRI is the preferred method of investigation. MRI is especially informative when a cranioorbital tumour and pseudotumour are suspected. The sensitivity of the method is 90.9% and 91.6%, respectively
4. In some cases ultrasound can be used to differentiate between encapsulated and diffuse neoplasms, which facilitates the diagnosis. However, when the pathological process is localised near the orbital apex, the diagnostic value of ultrasound decreases. In such cases it is advisable to use MRI.
5. In detection of primary and secondary malignant tumours of the orbital cavity both MRI and CT are quite informative (sensitivity 97,2% and 95,4% respectively), but the most comprehensive information about the state of bone walls will be provided by CT. When the process spreads intracranially, the value of MRI increases significantly, especially with the use of contrast enhancement.
6. The developed algorithm of complex clinical and radiation examination of patients with the use of ultrasound, CT and MRI is the most effective in the diagnosis of volumetric pathological formations of the eye and eye cavity, allowing to reduce to an adequate minimum the total radiation load on the patient and diagnostic period, excluding duplication of research techniques and choosing the most informative in each case, which in turn allows to develop appropriate treatment tactics and reduce the level of disability of the patient.
Тучные клетки или лаброциты, впервые описанные Ehrlich в 1877, в последние годы стали объектом детальных исследований учеными медиками разных специальностей. Оказалось, что среди клеток соединительной ткани тучные клетки отличаются способностью вырабатывать, хранить и выделять биологически высокоактивные вещества: гепарин, серотонин, гистамин, дофамин и др. Установлено, что тучные клетки играют важную роль в регуляции гомеостаза, микроциркуляции, воспалительных процессах, реакциях иммунитета и аллергии. Существует тесная двусторонняя функциональная связь между тучными клетками и другими клетками крови (эозинофилами, базофилами, нейтрофилами), а также с остальными клетками соединительной ткани. Тучные клетки найдены у всех млекопитающих, но существуют большие видовые различия в содержании их количества. Они локализованы во всех органах и системах, однако их больше всего там, где имеется рыхлая соединительная ткань (UR.Gordon et all, 1990). Несмотря на обилие литературы, посвященной различным аспектам морфологии, функции, биохимии тучных клеток, многие вопросы остаются малоизученными и нерешенными. В этом отношении роль тучных клеток при аллергии не является исключением. Более 30 лет тому назад (1968) проф. М.М. Хакбердиевым с соавт. было установлено, что тучные клетки брыжейки половозрелых морских свинок и собак активно реагируют при сенсибилизации и общем анафилактическом и гистаминовом шоке.
This research is about the development of an important part of Chinese literature -women’s literature in XX century. In the beginning of XX century the number of women writers who wrote fiction works increased rapidly. The uneasy situations of the country such as revolutionary movements in the beginning of XX century, China-Japan war, monopole government of Mao Zedong, persecuting the democratic movements, deporting intelligent people to the “re-educating” camps and other conditions were not able to obstacle the women to enter the literature world. On the contrary, interfering of women in social-politic life of the country got stronger in the second part of the XX century. The various movements of women, journals and newspapers and societies of women were organized. The role of women in social life became more noticeable and women literature developed more. Women writers such as Bin Sin, Lin Shukhua, Lu In, Din Lin, Syao Khun, Shi Pinmey, Dzao Min, Lyui Bichen, Chjan Aylin got an important place in social-politic and moral-cultural life of the country with their works. Many of these women participated actively in literary processes and public events. In this article some of the mentioned women writers’ life and work will be discussed in detail. The women writers mentioned in this article are confessed not only in China, but also in the world’s literature. The problems risen in women’s works, the real events described by them play a significant role in gaining more knowledge about the history of China in the first half of XX century and enriching our imaginations regarding to literature processes.
In the article it is analyzed the concept and essence of judicial documents and the role of legal consciousness by supplying adoption of judicial documents
В настоящее время проблемы перевода привлекают огромное внимание, что вызвано, прежде всего, быстрым ростом значения переводческой деятельности. Сегодня Интернет-технологии являются неотъемлемой частью повседневной жизни во всех ее сферах и проявлениях, в особенности их доминирующая роль проявляется в акселерации процессов межкультурной коммуникации. В процессе перевода язык изменяется согласно контексту и цели использования,именно поэтому приоритетной задачей переводчика является корректное обеспечение коммуникации, сохраняя при переводе эквивалентность сообщения и гарантируя эквивалентное восприятие адресатом текста оригинала
The article examines the specifics of financing the education system. In particular, the role of education in financing the higher education system and its role in financing tuition fees
is analyzed. Scientific conclusions are formed on the basis of research. The research also resulted in the development of scientific proposals and recommendations.
This article highlights the role of thermal insulation materials in the field of construction, the principle of operation, information about materials that minimize heat loss through the use of existing effective thermal insulation.