In the context of an increasingly complex system of international relations, powerful states areи paying close attention to the factor of cultural diplomacy. After all, this factor becomes a solid criterion for mutually beneficial cooperation and stability. Cultural diplomacy not only contributes to the development and development of international relations, but also enhances trust and promising relations not only between states, but also between nations. In particular, countries such as Russia and China are trying to effectively use cultural diplomacy, taking into account historical experience. The cultural diplomacy of these countries in international affairs is aimed at restoring historical cultural ties with neighboring countries. It should be noted that the cultural diplomacy of Russia and China is carried out differently in each region or country and has a number of similar features. In this regard, cultural diplomacy between Russia and China with the Central Asian region, including Uzbekistan, is an important element of the soft power policy, but also plays a special role in the development of cultural cooperation between peoples. For the Republic of Uzbekistan, the experience of not only leading developed countries, but also Russia and China, the largest countries of the Eurasian region, is important for the Republic of Uzbekistan with a rich history of diplomacy, including cultural diplomacy. If they do not take into account their geopolitical position, their military-economic power, as well as their common history (with Russia) and their interests, Uzbekistan will not be able to build a foreign policy strategy with them in the geo-economic space. Countries such as Russia and China have long used cultural diplomacy as an important foreign policy mechanism, and this process continues today. Therefore, it is important to study the features and experience of the cultural diplomacy policy of the two countries. This article analyzes the diplomatic experience of China and Russia in international relations, in particular the similarities and differences between cultural diplomacy.
Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Various techniques of hybridization arc used in crop breeding, including cotton to produce a wide variability in agronomical valuable traits and develop new forms.
Regardless of its implementation hybridization process leads heredity decoding which allow the new plastic genotypes formation with an ability to change and adapt to the new conditions. Hybridization and selection arc considered as a main synthetic method of new varieties development and a success in this largely depends on the choice of crosses method and genotypes of initial forms. Therefore, there is given a special attention for studying the genetic basis and improving of hybridization methods. However, based on the most widely used of hybridization methods arc not always possible to develop varieties having high parameters of composite agronomical traits. Many developed varieties as a result of breeding methods arc genetically become homogeneous, which leads to a reduction of genetic variation and increasing of risk of cpiphytoty outbreaks and decreasing of total productivity (Boroycvich, 1981). Therefore, it is necessary to increase the genetic variability of crops’ agronomic traits by involving of original forms, as well as wild relatives of crops with genetic resistance to various stress factors, diseases and pests.
In increase cotton production through the creation of early maturing, high-yielding having good fiber yield and quality, resistant to various diseases, pests and stress factors, as well as with low level or toxic gossypol in cotton seeds still remain as critical problem in cotton production.
To overcome these problems there need to improving of genetic basis for assessment of existing donors and through the use of various hybridization methods to create new enriched genotypes, promoting positive recombination of polygene in hybrid’ organism for use in applied cotton breeding. Based on the above stated, the study of the genetic aspects of various methods of remote composite intraspecific and interspecific hybridization, based on the comparative evaluation of the effectiveness in order to isolate valuable recombinants and transgressive forms having new genetic variability of traits arc important both scientific and practical point of view.
The dissertation meets the objectives as set out in the Lows of Uzbekistan «On Seed Production» of December by 21, 2007 and «On Breeding achievements» by August 21, 2002 directed to developing and introduction of high-yielding cotton varieties, with a good yield and fiber quality, tolerance to various factors, as well as improving seed production.
Purpose of researches is comparative study of effectiveness of the various methods of intraspecific composite, convergent and inter-specific (3 to 5 species) hybridization revealing the nature of inheritance, form shaping and transgressive variation of traits, total and (+)-gossypol in creation of genetically enriched breeding material and for using in the applied cotton breeding.
Scientific novelty of the dissertation research is follows:
in the system of topcrosscs there used genetic evaluation for combining ability of main agronomic traits cotton varieties with different origins for further using in intraspecific composite and convergent hybridizations;
there established principally dominant inheritance and overdominance type of inheritance (with deviation toward the initial forms with the high agronomic traits) in F| at composite intra-and interspecific hybridization which genetically distinct accessions from the local and foreign selection and wide transgressive variability in F2-F3, facilitating to efficient selection of valuable recombinants;
first identified the inheritance nature and variability of total and (+)-gossypol in the cotton hybrids’ generative parts, developed by involving of American accessions with high (+)- gossypol and local varieties, as well as their correlation with some agronomical valuable traits;
first there held comparative study of economic traits at the different forms of amphidiploid G.thurheri x G.raimondii K-58 (hirsutum type) and K-59 (type harhadense) for free reproduction and after crossing the cultural forms of G.hirsutum L. species, it was established a wide range of variation of agronomic traits at mutant form of K-59 and composite hybrids, derived from it’s participation as compared to K-58 amphidiploid and it’s composite hybrids. It was found out those two types (type G.hirsutum K-58 and type G.harhadense K-59) of amphidiploid G.thurheri x G.raimondii at the free reproduction exhibits similarities with the both cultural tctraploid species; G.hirsutum L. and G.harhadense L., respectively. When they crossed with the cultivated G.hirsutum L. species these amphidiploid forms also behave as natural tctraploids;
it is revealed that, at the composite hybrids produced with the participation of the both forms of amphidiploid (K-58 and K-59) G.thurheri Tod. x G.raimondii Ulhr., as a result of transgressive variation, there is a disturbance of negative correlations between such traits as yield and fiber length, fineness and boll numbers conducive to positive recombinants emergence and increase donor opportunities of amphidiploids;
by comparative study of different methods of remote intra-and interspecific hybridization revealed the genetic nature of inheritance nature and variation degree of the main agronomic traits in composite hybrids, as well as their effectiveness in allocating recombinants having a new genetic variability of traits;
it is revealed that the possibility of breaking some negatively correlated traits by different methods of composite intra-and interspecific hybridization and selection of recombinants combining early maturity and high productivity, high fiber output with its quality and 1000 seed weight, etc.;
it is confirmed that the effectiveness of used methods such as a composite intraspecific and interspecific crosses, to increase positive transgressive variation and segregation genetically enriched recombinants having new combination of high levels of positive parameters of agronomic traits that were recommended and used to develop valuable initial material and new cotton varieties;
the obtained theoretical data on inheritance nature, hcritability and agronomic traits morphogenesis, levels of total and (+)-gossypol and their correlation with other agronomical valuable traits at developed hybrids could be successfully used in the field of fundamental research, and created unique hybrids, forms, progenies, lines and varieties could be used in applied cotton breeding.
Conclusion
1. There obtained and identified on comparative study base of intraspecific composed and converged hybrids with participation of six registered medium staple cotton cultivars in topcross system and high effects of GCA on the following traits:
«50%-cmcrgcncy-50 % flowering» Yulduz (-0.71); Tashkent-6 (-0.39) and in S-9070 (-0.38); “50% cmcrgcncy-50% maturing” S-9070 (-1.43), and in
Tashkent- 6 (-0.91); one boll weight S-6532 (+ 0.11); 1000 seeds weight S-9070 (+0.51); on productivity Tashkent-6 (+5,28), S-4911 (+4,04) and S-9070 (+2 24); fiber output S-6532 (+1,29); fiber length S-4911 (+0,70) and S-6532 (+0,48); fiber strength S-6532 (+1,57) and S-4911 (+0,91); micronairc S-6532 (+0,24) and Ak-Darya-6 (+0.24). These donors of high valuable traits were used by us for improving of the recurrent varieties by composite and convcrcgcnt hybridization. It was found that involvement of the varieties with a high GCA in convergent hybridization allows improving of the recurrent varieties and developing of a new initial material for cotton breeding:
inheritance nature and variability degree of agronomic traits at intraspecific composite and convergent cotton hybrids revealed the relative efficiency of the studied hybridization techniques during elaboration of new initial material with enriched genotypes of agronomic traits, and recommended to use in geneticselection process;
convergent hybrids F i dominated by early maturity, in terms of productivity and fiber output occurcd overall effect of overdominance, and F2-F3 appeared as positive transgressive forms;
significant effect of the genotype of the parental forms involved in hybridization on the inheritance nature of fiber quality (length, micronairc, strength) had convergent hybrids Fj, as well as their level of recombination in F2-F3 indicating the need for breeding of recombinants on these traits in early generations, taking into account genotype of initial forms;
the inheritance of the wilt tolcrancccs bccamcs not only depending on the pathogen load in soil fungus infections, but also depends on the used hybridization methods. Thus, most high resistance, i.c. negative superdominance on wilt tolerance observed in convergent hybrids F, and F2;
the direction and strength of correlation between the studied traits in intraspecific composite and convergent hybrids varied in depending on crosses type and from genotype of recurrent varieties. At present ease, the greatest number of recombinants with positive combination of high indicator traits which determining fiber quality, as well as its output, length, observed with with composite, particularly with convergent hybridization.
2. For the first time, on the basis of studies on determination the percentage of (+)- gossypol in seeds of genetically different cultivars of Uzbek cotton selection and analysis of variability, inheritance degree of total and (+)-gossypol in the environmentally and genetically remote hybrids and their correlations with economically valuable traits was proved:
the cultivars S-6524, S-6530 and S-6532 which were elaborated involving subspccic of G.ssp.punctatum had the highest level of (+)- gossypol and the «Turon» cultivar which was developed by composite hybridization has a low indicator of the current trait and relatively high level of total gossypol in seeds;
It was determined intermediate inheritance level of (+)- gossypol in the petals and seeds in F| hybrids and wide positive and negative transgressive variability in Ғ2-Ғ3. It was proved that the efficiency of plant selection with high (+)- gossypol in seeds since F2, that confirmed with segregation of constant progenies and lines on trait basis in F4 hybrids;
as a result of research the cross-correlation total and ( +)- gossypol and some agranomically valuable traits was found that between the ( +)- gossypol in the petals and seed exists a weak correlation. The data on correlations of studied traits showed an independent genetic control of (+)-gossypol in the generative organs and independent inheritance of them at cco- geographically and genetically remote hybridization.
3. For the first time, based on comparative study of agronomic traits of amphidiploid G.thurheri Tod. x G.raimondii Ulbr. two forms (hirsitum type -K-58 and harhadense type -K-59) and hybrids derived from G.hirsutum L. varieties revealed:
both studied forms of hirsutum type and harhadense type of amphidiploid G.thurheri Tod. x G.raimondii Ulbr., being functional diploids provided wide combinative variability in the progeny from the free reproduction and crossing with the cultivars of tetrapioid G.hirsutum L., and showed their similarity to G.hirsutum L. and G.harhadense L. tctraploid species, respectively;
as a result of the research a group of unique composite hybrids (F\G.thurherii Tod. x G.raimondii Ulbr.) x G.hirsutum L. confirmed unlimited transgressive variation as the basis of a new form revealing, new gene pool developing for use in applied cotton breeding. Herewith, at bud mutant K-59 observed emergence of phenotypes with higher variability for most agronomic traits compared to K-58;
it was found out that in composite hybrids which obtained by crossing of studied forms of G. thurberi Tod. x G. raimondii Ulbr. amphidiploids (2n=52) and with G.hirsutum L. cultivars were observed relatively rapid improvement on productivity and its components in comparison with freely propagated amphidiploids offspring. Herewith, composite hybrids involving K-58 on boll number in all generations was slower comparied to hybrids derived from K-59;
composite hybrids F, obtained involving two cultivars of cultivated forms on fiber output and length were observed deviation toward the parent with the best expression of the trait. It was revealed that the fiber output and length of the studied composite hybrids susceptible to less variability compared in terms productivity and its components. Relatively high variation was manifested on fiber output in F2, and on fiber length in F2-F3. In freely multiplying offspring of K-59 and its hybrids with varieties in F3 was observed the derivations of more long staple plants compared with hybrids, developed involving K- 58;
free propagating amphidiploids’ offsprings and composite hybrids selected by using of cultural forms showed the least wilt susceptibility compared with the control. Wilt resistance of barbadense type K-59 progenies from the free breeding was higher as compared than offspring of K-58, and higher in composite hybrids F2-F4, obtained involving K-59.
4. Under the general principle of correlation relationships among the studied hybrids were found that composite hybrids F2 amphidiploids’ G.thurberi Tod x G.raimondii Ulbr., both types (K-58 and K-59) with a G.hirsutum L. type Acala sj-5 cultivar showed mainly low positive and negative correlation coefficient values, which in most eases were none significant. In hybrid combination of K-58 x Andijan-60 fiber output and length correlated positively;
5. Based on comparative study of inheritance and variation of agronomic traits in developed 4 genomic [(G.thurberi Tod. X G.raimondii Ulbr.) X G.arhoreum L.] x G.hirsutum L., 5 - genome [(F|K-28 x S-6524 ) x G.harhadense L. hybrids and their backcross hybrids were proved:
the possibility of broad transgress variation and creation genetically enriched recombinants on unique traits;
efficiency of backcrosscs among the composite interspecific earlier generation hybrids for rapid improvement and stabilization of eultuvated forms of cotton;
wide transgress variability presence in 4 and 5 species composite hybrids and their backcross hybrids on productivity and its components starting with F|. In particular, it was confirmed the effectiveness of five species hybridization to increase the boll numbers per plant, boll weight and weight of 1000 seeds at 4 and 5 species and backcrosscs hybridization.
by obtaining recombinants having fiber output 43,1-45,0%, fiber length - 40 mm and above, micronairc of fiber 3.9-4.5 and wilt tolerance it was confirmed the effectiveness of introgressive and transgressive breeding at composite 4-5 species hybridization and their backcross hybrids.
6. As a result of studies of correlations in composite 4-5 species and backcrosscs hybridization of F2 hybrids it was revealed the effectiveness of used methods in interruption of such negatively correlated traits as «fiber output» and «fiber length» from medium positive (r=+0,39) up to high positive (r=+0,62), «fiber length» and «micronairc» -medium positive (r=+0,55), as well as «fiber length» and «fiber strength» -medium positive (r =+0,56 and r=+0.50).
7. Based on intraspecific composite and convergent, eco-geographically and genetically remote and 3-4-5 species and backcrosscs hybridizations were developed the following new breeding progenies, lines and varieties of upland cotton:
by composite and convergent hybridization way-L-7966, L-214/05; CC-896/05; CC-896/28; CC-991/05; CC-991/09; KC-1/05; КС-1/08; КС-1/18; KC-1/35; KC-1/51; KC-1/77, S-231-233/07, L-234-235/07, L-236-237/07, L-242-243/07, L-244-245/07, L-482-483/07, L-484-485/07, L-666-667/07, L-397-398/07, L-802-803/07, L-814-815/07, L-230/05;
cco- geographically and genetically distant hybridization - cultivar S-7300, S-7301, the progenies S-5344, S-5361. HPG-1;
composite 3 - specific hybridization -cultivar «Sulton», «Jarkurgan», S-7276, S-7277, as well as a number of lines;
8. Using the remote intra-and interspecific hybridization it was elaborated unique introgression hybrids, genetically enriched cotton recombinants, progenies, lines, and varieties «Sulton», «Jarkurgan», S-7276, S-7277, S-7300, S-7301 having positive combination of high agronomic traits. Cultivar «Sulton» was included in the State register from 2011 and for the period from 2008 up to 2014 it was sown on the area of over than 275,5 thousand hectares.
9. The following rcccomcndations were given for practize and future studies:
use of method convergent hybridization, allowing improving of agronomic valuable traits of recurrent parent and registered medium staple cotton cultivars and receiving a positive transgressive variability;
as an initial source in convergent crosses use cotton varieties with high General combination ability (GCA) on the following: on early maturity- Tashkent-6 and S-9070; boll weight - S-6532; weight of 1000 seeds S- 9070; on productivity -Tashkent-6, S-4911 and S-9070; fiber output -S-6532; fiber length - S-4911 and S-6532; fiber strength - S-6532 and S-4911; and for micronairc - S-6532 and Ak-Darya-6.
for use as an initial source in cotton genetics and breeding research such new cotton selection progenies as well as the lines: KS-1/05; K.S-1/08; K.S-1/18; KS-1/35; KS-1/51; and KS-1/77, L-7966, L-214/05, S-214/05, SS-896/05; SS-896/28; SS-991/05 and SS-991/09 with early maturity, productivity, wilt tolerance, fiber output and quality.
to use in cotton genetics and breeding researches both USA accessions BC3S,-47-8-l-17, BC3S|-l-3-6-15 with 95% of (+)-gossypol level in seeds and lines HPG-1 and others with 90% of (+)-gossypol level, as donors on this trait. Since 2012, developed and studied in the competitive variety testing of Institute the following lines: L-404-05 and L-6970 with high (+)- gossypol level were recommended for testing on ground control of the State Inspection Commission for Agriculture crops variety testing.
widespread use of various forms of synthetic tetrapioids G.thurheri Tod. x G.raimondii Ulbr., 4-5 species composite hybrids [(G. thurheri Tod. x G. raimondii Ulbr.) x G.arhoreum L.] x G.hirsutum L. and [(F t K- 28 x C-6524 ) x G.harhadense L., as well as their backcrosscs for achievement the broad transgress variation, elaboration genetically enriched recombinants on economically valuable traits and their use in practical cotton breeding;
to extend the areas in of early maturing commercialised cotton cultivar «Sulton» and perspective one «Jarkurgan» as well broad testing of such as new varieties S-7277, S-7300 and S-7301 in the republic.
In the modern world, various states pay special attention to their cultural diplomacy and the formation of their image. The purpose of cultural diplomacy is to strengthen international relations with foreign countries and influence on the system of international relations. It also plays an important role in shaping the image and improving status in the world community. The cultural factor, as a “soft power” in international politics, seriously affects the socio-economic processes in the world and international relations. The term "soft power" refers to cultural diplomacy conducted by a particular state. Japan, which is one of the developed countries of the world, pays special attention to the soft power factor in foreign policy. It is known that Japan managed to preserve the values of its national culture, despite the fact that it used the achievements of Western civilization for many decades. And therefore, modern Japanese culture is characterized by the fact that it harmoniously combines tradition and modernity. Thanks to the successful combination of national characteristics and the achievements of computer digital technologies, Japan has become a world leader among information societies. Cultural diplomacy not only serves Japan to resolve many issues of a political and economic nature, but also integrates it deeper into the international community and enhances its image in the international arena. Thus, Japan, effectively using the processes of globalization, has achieved world recognition of its culture through the development of cultural diplomacy. In this regard, it is of interest to us to study the best practices of Japan in this area.
The article analyzes the essence, definition, theory and paradigms of cultural diplomacy, international relations, "soft power", theoretical and conceptual foundations of the history of diplomacy, features of models of cultural diplomacy of leading foreign countries and its implementation in Uzbekistan. On this basis, methodological approaches to the study of the history of cultural diplomacy are discussed.
Республикамизда маданий яйловлардан фойдаланиш даражаси бугинги куннинг талабаларига жавоб бермайди. Бундан ташқари, турли салбий таъсирлар натижасида суғориладиган ерларнинг ҳолати бузилиб, улар қишлоқ хўжалиги оборотидан чиқиб кетмоқда. Натижада маданий яйловлар кўлами камайиб бормоқда. Мақолада маданий яйловлардан фойдаланишдаги камчиликлар ва муаммони ҳал қилишга тавсиялар берилган.
Linguocultural studies, a new branch of modern linguistics, studies a language not only as a means of knowing, but also as the cultural code of a nation. The idea that scientists which is seeing the world differently through the prism of the mother tongue is attracting a lot of new research among researchers. In linguistics, when cultural information is studied through language that carry information, such language units are grouped under the term linguocultural units. For example, realia, concept, lacunas, stereotypes, speech labels are all linguocultural units. The main tasks of linguocultural studies are to describe the linguistic picture of the world, the conceptosphere, which is a set of basic concepts of culture, the linguistic consciousness and linguistic units that reflect the national-cultural mentality of language owners, national socio-cultural stereotypes specific to speech. An analysis from the point of view of linguocultural studies in the study of cultural transfer in the translated text helps to study the language of the people's thinking in the study, its specific aspects of perception of the world. When a work of art is translated, the ideas in it, the factors that reflect the worldview of the nation, are also receptive to the text of the translation. Just as each language reflects the culture of that nation, so while the translated reader reads the work in his own language, some phrases encourage the reader to understand and imagine the work in terms of their own culture. That is, a single text can be understood and interpreted differently from the point of view of different peoples, nations. Because factors such as the nature, culture, customs, and religion in which a person lives influence his world of thoughts, concepts, and imaginations. The use of culturally colored words that are not found in the original text in the translated text is a factor in the fact that the translated text is a cultural transfer. While this may be the method the translator consciously uses to convey the idea of the sentence in the original text, it may also be the method chosen to ensure that the translated work is understandable to the reader. In either case, the most important factor in both methods is culture, which reflects the transfer of culture in the translated text.
Today, Uzbekistan is opening up to the whole world. One of the factors in the development of any state is that it has its place in the world community within the framework of important organizations. Uzbekistan has introduced various diplomatic mechanisms to accelerate the process of active interaction and mutually beneficial cooperation with the region and the world. One of the most important organizations in our country is the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The rich history and close cultural ties between the SCO member states predetermine wide cultural and humanitarian cooperation within the organization. In this sense, it is worth noting that a hundred years ago the space of the SCO countries was connected by the ancient routes of the Silk Road. It is also deeply symbolic that by the 21st century, the countries of Eurasia are ready to develop new economic, cultural and humanitarian ties, reviving ancient traditions in the context of globalization. Some political and economic changes in the world require that only interstate cooperation be adapted to the principles of public diplomacy. Cultural and humanitarian cooperation has a growing tendency to develop mutual understanding, mutual enrichment and integration of cultures, creating a solid social basis for disseminating information and knowledge about the traditions and customs of peoples in the SCO space. Uzbekistan has long been associated with the peoples of the SCO space through ethnic, linguistic, religious and other ties. It was the Uzbek land that served as a bridge connecting these links. Therefore, the most important direction of Uzbekistan’s foreign policy is cooperation with the SCO member countries. Therefore, the possibility of further strengthening the role of Uzbekistan in all areas is an urgent problem. This article describes the cultural and humanitarian cooperation between Uzbekistan and the SCO, multilateral diplomacy in this area and the contribution of Uzbekistan to the development of this sector within the organization.
The article describes such concepts as culture in the system of globalization, public and cultural diplomacy, as well as some aspects of their implementation in the digital age, including the impact of cultural diplomacy carried out using digital technologies and being one of the elements of public diplomacy on international relations. The link between the decision of the elites and what measures were taken in the future is mentioned separately. It is also noted about the phenomenon of glocalization, that is, cultural character-istics and national values that are subject to modification in the context of globalization.
The paper describes impact of cultural diplomacy and the formation of a positive image of the country as an important factor in enhancing the status of the state in the international arena by the example of Japan`s foreign policy.
The role and place of public diplomacy in international relations, peace and stability, and the strengthening of mutual relations among nations are constantly increasing in the context of globalization. People's diplomacy plays an important role in shaping friendly relations between Uzbekistan and the international community with political, diplomatic and economic ties. In the development of public diplomacy, scientists, science and culture representatives, educational institutions, public and religious organizations, as well as public associations founded by fellow citizens, play a key role in the development of public diplomacy. The article aims to provide a systematic illustration of the history of cooperation of the Republic of Uzbekistan with Germany within the framework of public diplomacy. It follows from the following tasks: The Role of Public Diplomacy in Foreign Policy of Uzbekistan; Opening of the main directions of the German cooperation in the field of public diplomacy; The role of societies in the cooperation of the Republic of Uzbekistan with public diplomacy with Germany. The research has been used in the analysis, synthesis, history, logic research ways. The external mining partnership, formed in connection with public diplomacy, has given its results in the short run. In 1992, the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Uzbekistan received 36 representatives from 9 countries (England, Germany, Israel, India, Malaysia, Turkey, USA, France and JAR). In 1993, about 160 countries recognized the independence of Uzbekistan and established diplomatic relations with 60 countries. In 1993, The First President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov visited Germany, France, England, the Netherlands, Japan and India. As a result of the visit, an agreement on cultural cooperation was signed with India, Turkey, Germany, France, Great Britain and China. The development of public diplomacy has played a significant role in the Uzbek Culture Days in Germany and the German Cultural Days in Uzbekistan. At the same time, the role of art and theater days in the countries in the development of cooperation between two countries in the sphere of culture was particularly significant. The role of friendship societies and cultural centers in the development of bilateral relations between two states in Eurasia – Germany and Uzbekistan is immense. The role of "Uzbekistan-Germany" Friendship Society and "Germany-Uzbekistan" societies, which unite representatives of two nations in the development of cooperation within the framework of people diplomacy are unique.
The аrticle considers the strengthening of the Turkic fаctor in Egypt аfter the Mаmluk Emirs, nаtives from the Khwаrezm, Turkmen аnd Kipchаk tribes, who cаme to power in the second hаlf of the XIII century. The influence of the Turkic fаctor аffected аll аspects of life in Egypt. Under the leаdership of the Turkic Emirs, the Egyptiаns defeаted the crusаders who invаded Egypt in 1248. This defeаt of the 7th crusаde mаrked the beginning of the Generаl collаpse of the Crusаdes. Аnother crushing defeаt of the Mаmluks led by Sultаn Kutuz cаused the Mongols, stopping their victorious Mаrch through the Аrаb world. Аs а result of these brilliаnt victories, Egypt under the first Mаmluk Sultаns turned into а fаirly strong stаte, which developed аgriculture, irrigаtion, аnd foreign trаde. The аrticle аlso exаmines the fаctors contributing to the trаnsformаtion of Egypt in the XIII–XIV centuries in the center of Muslim culture аfter the fаll of the Аbbаsid Cаliphаte. Scientists from аll over the Muslim world cаme to Egypt, educаtionаl institutions-mаdrаssаs were intensively built, аnd Muslim encyclopediаs were creаted thаt аbsorbed the knowledge gаined in vаrious Sciences (geogrаphy, history, philology, аstronomy, mаthemаtics, etc.). Scholаrs from Khwаrezm, the Golden Horde, Аzerbаijаn, аnd other Turkic-speаking regions аlong with Аrаb scholаrs tаught hаdith, logic, orаtory, fiqh, аnd other Muslim Sciences in the fаmous mаdrаssаs of Egypt. In Mаmluk Egypt, there wаs а greаt interest in the Turkic lаnguаges, especiаlly the Oguz-Kipchаk diаlect. Аrаbic аnd Turkic philologists write speciаl works on the vocаbulаry аnd grаmmаr of the Turkic lаnguаges, аnd compile Аrаbic-Turkic dictionаries. In Egypt, а whole lаyer of аrtistic Turkic-lаnguаge literаture wаs creаted thаt hаs survived to the present dаy. The fаmous poet Sаif Sаrаyi, who cаme from the lower reаches of the Syr Dаryа river in Mаwаrаunnаhr wаs considered to be its founder. He wrote in Chigаtаi (old Uzbek) lаnguаge аnd is recognized а poet who stаnds аt the origins of Uzbek literаture. In аddition to his known the nаmes of eight Turkish-speаking poets, most of whom hаve nisbа "аl-Khwаrizmi". Notаble chаnges occurred in Аrаbic literаture itself, especiаlly аfter the decline of Pаlаce Аbbаsid poetry. There is а convergence of literаture with folk аrt, under the influence of which the poetic genres, such аs “zаzhаl”, “mаvvаl”, “muvаshshаh”, etc. emerge in the Egyptiаn poetry. In Mаmluk Egypt, the genre of “аdаbа” is rаpidly developing, аimed аt bringing up аnd enlightening the good-nаtured Muslim in а populаr scientific form. The works of “аdаbа” contаined а lаrge аmount of poetic аnd folklore mаteriаl from rivаyаts аnd hikаyаts, which mаkes it possible to hаve а more complete understаnding of medievаl Аrаbic literаture in generаl. Unfortunаtely, the culture, including the fiction of the Mаmluk period of Egypt, hаs been little studied, аs well аs the influence of the Turkic fаctor on the culturаl аnd sociаl life of the Egyptiаns. The Turkic influence is felt in the militаry аnd household vocаbulаry, the introduction of new rituаls, court etiquette, chаnging the criteriа for evаluаting beаuty, in food, clothing, etc. Nаtives of the Turkic regions, former slаves, historicаl figures such аs the Sultаn Shаjаrаt аd-Durr, Mаmluk sultаns аs Kutuz аnd Beybаrs becаme nаtionаl heroes of the Egyptiаn people. Folk novels-Sirs were written аbout their deeds. Аnd in modern times, their nаmes аre not forgotten. Prominent Egyptiаn writers hаve dedicаted their historicаl novels to them, streets hаve been nаmed аfter them, monuments hаve been erected to them, аnd series аnd TV shows dedicаted to them аre still shown on nаtionаl television. This аrticle for the first time exаmines some аspects of the influence of the Turkic fаctor on the culturаl life of Mаmluk Egypt аnd highlights some unknown pаges of culturаl relаtions between Egypt аnd Mаwаrаunnаhr.
This article provides a comprehensive theoretical analysis of aspects of speech culture, modern speech culture, which are always in the focus of the linguists. It is impossible to imagine the unity of the people living in a developed country without three important concepts: homeland, language and culture. World linguistics has shown that the study of language should be studied not as a closed system, but as a system in motion that is, in relation to such areas as society, thought, culture, politics, ideology, religion and etc. The connection of the science of language with various fields opens up a wide range of possibilities in the discovery of its new features, since the doctrine of speech culture is developed in connection with the creation of views on literary and non-literary forms of language, static and dynamic state and its functional types. The modern concept in speech culture - normative, communicative, moral principle and rhetorical canon are the main features of cultural speech, all of which play a very important role development. In order to present speech in a cultural way, it is necessary to develop the skills of choosing and using the necessary language tools, to form a conscious attitude towards them and to follow the established norms.
The article deals with one of the important issues of modern language policy in Germany where the language and cultural integration of children from families of migrants and refugees are developed. Cultural integration will also be affected. Knowledge of German and possibilities of integration are in direct connection. In view of the migration crisis of 2015–2016, when about 1,139 million refugees arrived in Germany, this issue has become particularly relevant. A large number of refugees are also able to distort the real native German language. So the observations can be noted, that the indigenous Germans began to imitate their "brothers" from the Middle East. Young people in Germany, particularly Germans, tend to copy the accent of refugees, and the same refugees with great effort to copy the accent of the Germans. In addition to linguistic differences, there are differences in culture and religion. The specificity of cultures makes itself felt. The German government faces new problems affecting new spheres of life. The large influx of refugees undermines the country's economic, cultural and political stability. The main dissatisfaction is that the Germans increased the rate of income tax to provide refugees with all the necessary attributes for a comfortable stay in their country. At the same time, another problematic issue of the well-being of the Germans is the spread of the Islamic religion. Today in the information "ocean" there are many examples of how Islam is exposed under the wrong angle. This has a rather negative impact on the successful integration of refugees in new country. Language integration of adults and children who arrived in the country with their parents for permanent residence becomes a task of national scale. The concentration of attention in solving such disputes is explained by the fact that in a multinational country like Germany it is difficult to get along with several people at once. The article discusses the degree of effectiveness of solving the problem of language policy by the government of Germany in the post-crisis period.
There is a special cultural and spiritual interpretation of numbers in intercultural dialogue, which is preserved from history to the present. The similarities and differences in ethnic cultures can be explained by lifestyle factors, ethnography, and the geographical location of the mentioned sources and literary works. Customs, ceremonies of peoples, as well as literary and other sources can be considered evidence of the existence of a long-rooted connection of numbers in the thinking and mythology of peoples. This article discusses the meaning of numbers in the customs and traditions of the Turkish peoples. Although their geographical location is far from each other, it has been said that there are certain rituals associated with certain numbers. The article explores the relationship of certain events related to the ceremony numbers, their particular importance in Turkish national culture. The preservation and revival of national values associated with the figures that form the unique mentality of Turkish today is one of the priorities of the country's cultural policy. The work describes the performance of Turkish rituals associated with the birth of a child, their influence on the further life of a person. Ethnopsychological features of the Turkish people that distinguish it from other nations and nationalities. You can see how religion has influenced the culture of some peoples, as well as what led to the emergence of new customs and traditions among people. Religion and religious concepts in Turkish folklore and cultural life are deeply rooted in the minds of people. The proof of our words is the existence of various ceremonies conducted by local residents. Numbers have their place and meaning in Turkish prayers and various ceremonies. Ceremonies associated with numbers have similarities in rural Turkey.
The main unit of linguoculturology is cultural connotation. Cultural conseption this is a mental unit, an information structure that serves to represent units of mental and psychic resources in the mind, as well as reflecting human experience and knowledge (E.S.Kubryakova), the main unit of culture (V.I.Karasik), the cell of culture in the human mind (yu.S.Stepanov). The linguistic and cultural approach to the concerto dictates the perception of concerto as a base unit of culture and reflects in itself the concepts that are important to a particular culture.
The constituents in the structure of the concept form the square of the concept or the constitutive.
The National Conservatory is the sum of the concretes that are considered characteristic for a concrete nation, the concept presents itself a concretes section, elements. Its elements manifest themselves in concrete communicative processes.
As a result of the analysis of the verification of the cones' Fire ' in phraseological units, it is possible to see that in the phraseological units with the fire component there are mainly figurative and valuable parts of the cones of Fire. Positive aesthetic evaluation is reflected in the following conceptual signs: Fire It 1) positive emotions (love, friendship, caress); 2) aspiration, diligence; 3) motivation Reserve. Negative aesthetic evaluation is reflected in the contextual signs of language combinations that represent the concepts of destruction, fire, War. Fire it is 1) fire, disaster, destruction; 2) War and shooting; 3) negative emotions: anger; 4) difficult test, suffering; 5) shortage of time; 6) reserve of criticism and XK.
In' Water ' component phraseological units, water is interpreted as 1) a kind of texture that expresses different situations in Life; 2) useless and inexpensive compared to other liquids; 3) sacred liquid. At the same time, water and fire are reflected in its semantics of concerted signs, such as devastation, natural disaster.
Thus, in the English linguistics, fire is mainly associated with negative coloring, with such concepts as destruction, suffering, War, Fire. This is due to the fact that the flame is a natural disaster, it can not be stopped when it is drowned, the battle strongholds are mainly associated with grass (arrow, shells, bombs). The fact that the concept of fire is associated with human feelings, is associated with the physiological characteristics of a person (when a person is angry, flushed, fell in love, increased body charisma, etc.)
The main unit of linguoculturology is cultural connotation. Cultural conseption this is a mental unit, an information structure that serves to represent units of mental and psychic resources in the mind, as well as reflecting human experience and knowledge (E.S.Kubryakova), the main unit of culture (V.I.Karasik), the cell of culture in the human mind (yu.S.Stepanov). The linguistic and cultural approach to the concerto dictates the perception of concerto as a base unit of culture and reflects in itself the concepts that are important to a particular culture.
The constituents in the structure of the concept form the square of the concept or the constitutive.
The National Conservatory is the sum of the concretes that are considered characteristic for a concrete nation, the concept presents itself a concretes section, elements. Its elements manifest themselves in concrete communicative processes.
As a result of the analysis of the verification of the cones' Fire ' in phraseological units, it is possible to see that in the phraseological units with the fire component there are mainly figurative and valuable parts of the cones of Fire. Positive aesthetic evaluation is reflected in the following conceptual signs: Fire It 1) positive emotions (love, friendship, caress); 2) aspiration, diligence; 3) motivation Reserve. Negative aesthetic evaluation is reflected in the contextual signs of language combinations that represent the concepts of destruction, fire, War. Fire it is 1) fire, disaster, destruction; 2) War and shooting; 3) negative emotions: anger; 4) difficult test, suffering; 5) shortage of time; 6) reserve of criticism and XK.
In' Water ' component phraseological units, water is interpreted as 1) a kind of texture that expresses different situations in Life; 2) useless and inexpensive compared to other liquids; 3) sacred liquid. At the same time, water and fire are reflected in its semantics of concerted signs, such as devastation, natural disaster.
Thus, in the English linguistics, fire is mainly associated with negative coloring, with such concepts as destruction, suffering, War, Fire. This is due to the fact that the flame is a natural disaster, it can not be stopped when it is drowned, the battle strongholds are mainly associated with grass (arrow, shells, bombs). The fact that the concept of fire is associated with human feelings, is associated with the physiological characteristics of a person (when a person is angry, flushed, fell in love, increased body charisma, etc.)
This article deals with the analyse role of Japan in modern international relations. In the conditions of globalization each state within its interests relies on having resources and in accordance with it in the frame of the article is focused on the peculiarities of foreign policy of Japan where appears unique civilizational , cultural, technological, basis of modern Japanese society. The special attention pays on specific forming of “smart powers” equally with “hard power”. “Joseph Nye means“ hard power ”means aggregate political, economic and military power, “soft power” is mainly characterized by culture, values and political ideology, and “smart power” is an effective combination of “hard power” and “soft power” as the most applicable and adequate, from the point of view of modern conditions, mechanism for ensuring national security and the implementation of foreign policy tasks”. According to J. Nye, there are “three possible ways of influencing other actors: 1) coercion and bribery, constituting “hard power”, and 2) using your attractiveness, that is,“soft power”. The development of these concepts has become the so-called 3) “smart power” - an approach that uses a combination of “hard” and “soft” power”. The famous Japanese scientist D.T. Suzuki points out that Zen teaching is one of the components of the phenomena of Japanese culture. He notes that “Zen not only directly affected the religious life of the Japanese, but also influenced their culture as a whole”. This can be seen by observing the development of Japanese culture. Exploring the meanings of “soft power” in the policy of the government of Japan, it should be noted that, unlike other states, it primarily relies on the unique characteristics of Japanese culture and values. To develop its conceptual framework in 2004, an Advisory Council for the Promotion of Cultural Diplomacy was created, led by professor at Hosei University Tamotsu Aoki, one of the tasks of which was to improve the image of Japan in the world . Given the current features of global development, the created Advisory Council turned its attention "to the promotion of popular culture as a starting point for understanding Japan." Cultural products such as manga (comics) and anime (animated films) carry aesthetic feelings and traditional artistry.
In recent years, various levels of research in the field of linguistics have been carried out, based on the lexical-semantic and grammatical features of the language. In particular, effective work is being done to study the linguistic features of artistic sources on folklore. In subsequent years, scientific papers and studies appeared on the linguistic features of proverbs, phraseologies, as well as wishes and applause (applause-curses). They are studied by folklorists as cultural units. In particular, research was conducted on the names of epics, fairy tales, wedding ceremonies, the linguistic features of wedding songs, the lexical and semantic analysis of Uzbek folk riddles. It seems that there is not enough information about the work done or ongoing in the above areas related to the cultural life of the peoples of the East. This article is dedicated to Turkish wishes and applause, as well as the participation and art of colors in their linguistic landscape. There are aspects that should be considered when studying wishes and applause. These cultural units are characteristic of oral discourse, although they are found in both formal and formal literature. Naturally, in order to conduct research on such a subject, it is necessary to know the way of thinking of these people. The word applause comes from the ancient Turkic language and means praise, honor, wish good wishes. The participation of flowers in Turkish wishes and applause is aimed at revealing the meanings and artistic image of these flowers in terminology. In fact, everything around us is made up of different colors. Colors are an important tool for distinguishing things from each other. You can see the place and meanings of white in desires, the positive and negative meanings of black and the use of green in life as blessings and blessings. In addition, the article provides examples of synonyms for red and white.
This article presents an overview of the productive role of Indian diaspora in enhancing India’s soft power credentials and its influence in shaping India’s foreign policy. The article examines how the Indian diaspora has evolved into important non-state actors and bearers of India’s reputation’, ‘image’ and ‘prestige’ around the world. The author also attempts to highlight Indian diaspora striving to procure a good position in the soft power race. There are examples how, being a major power, India is wisely focusing its soft power strategies on potential cultural resources. This study finds Indian diaspora being recognized for its contribution in various scientific, technical and business fields as well as in politics and law. The Indian diaspora has acted as a navigator in the spread of Indian soft power resources such as yoga, Ayurveda, festivals, cinema, cuisine, culture, ideology and intangible heritage in foreign lands. The article also focuses on the utilization of Indian diaspora in promoting India’s soft power diplomacy in Uzbekistan. Special emphasis has been given to the strong cooperation in the pharmaceutical sector, in which the Indian companies are productively enhancing their business.
This article feedbacks, in cultural development and landscaping works during the rule of Shahrukh Mirza are presented. Also, his personal participation in cultural processes and patronage activities were analyzed based on sources and scientific literature
Ўзбекистон нафақат иттифоқда, балки бутун дунёда ўзининг бетакрор меъморий обидалари билан машҳур бўлган очиқ осмон остидаги музей бўлган. 1980 йил бошларида республикадаги 7056 та йирик маданий тарихий ёдгорликлар илмий асосда ўрганилиб, уларнинг тарихий ва маданий аҳамияти аниқланган ҳамда давлат рўйхатига олинган эди