The policy of the reforming of the medical sphere of education in Uzbekistan has a huge impact on teaching of the foreign language as a discipline within the general humanitarian sciences. English language teaching is gradually beginning to fade into the background, which in the nearest future threatens to "drop out" from the register of disciplines of medical universities. Foreign language, in particular, English as a general education subject, is almost lowered to the last place. The weak methodological base of the discipline "Medical English", which has replaced "general English" in the direction of ESP in recent years, as well as the modernization of professional medical education in general, creates a number of problems in the process of English language teaching. One of the most relevant areas of higher medical education has become the process of teaching special subjects in English, which also raises a number of urgent issues to address. The possibilities of improving the mechanism of learning a foreign language and effective measures for organizing activities in this direction determines the superiority for the medical higher educational institutions. In this regard, the establishment of a special specific environment for teachers of English in modern non-linguistic universities on the basis of profile and professional orientation, taking into account modern methods of teaching a foreign language, is an important factor in achieving high results in this direction.
The article is devoted to the lexical-semantic and cognitive analysis of the features of using certain socio-political terms in promoting the Chinese economic and strategic initiative “One Belt, One Way”. The topic also analyzes the factors affecting changes in the layer of the lexical component, analyzes the differences of a socio-political language (hereinafter OPJ) from an ordinary language, reveals the main functions of socio-political terminology (hereinafter OPT). The study of the semantic-comparative phenomena of the ORT of a QW using descriptive methods of description, features of the socio-political discourse in Chinese, used by us as a subject of a translation object containing a rich layer of vocabulary with background information. After the appearance of the Chinese initiative “One Belt, One Way” and the official distribution of the “Concept and Action Plan for the Joint Construction of Two Belts”, i.e. “The Economic Belt of the Silk Road” and “The Sea Silk Road of the 21st Century”, various assessments and opinions began to appear in the world press on the essence, purpose, guidelines and objectives of this initiative. A number of countries took this initiative passively and even negatively, seeing in it a new threat of “Chinese expansion”. Needless to say, the semantics of the terms within the framework of this initiative has also undergone some changes in terms of their perception by recipient languages. This article analyzes the opinions of a number of Chinese sinologists, political scientists, such as Chinese scientists Shan Hupin, Gong Ting, who in their scientific works analyze the main reasons for the negative perception of the “One Belt, One Way” initiative and come to a common opinion that The reason for doubt was the misinterpretation of some documents and an inaccurate, inadequate understanding of its content, and the incorrect use of social and political terms. In this regard, Chinese scientists propose a number of recommendations on the use of socio-political terminology. Namely, in order to promote the ideas and plans for the concept of the “One Belt, One Way” initiative, the use of mainly “soft” terms and voca-bulary is suggested. It is recommended in publications to avoid the idea that China, ostensibly, intends to chase the role of the project leader and achieve the role of managing the sphere of influence in regional issues. In this regard, Chinese experts consider it necessary to firmly adhere to the principles of joint discussion, joint construction and sharing of the benefits of the Chinese initiative. The research materials show the richness of the lexical layer of the Chinese language, the broad possibilities of transmitting thought using various social and political terms, transforming not only the tone, but also the cognitive paradigm of the text. These lexical and semantic features of Chinese socio-political terminology should be taken into account when translating articles, materials of negotiations, speeches, reports and speeches.
The aim of the study is to improve the results of diagnosis and surgical treatment of victims with closed abdominal injury by developing a new approach to ultrasound assessment of the amount of hemoperitoneum, expanding and specifying indications for laparoscopy, taking into account the volume of free fluid in the abdominal cavity.
The object of the study were 160 patients with closed abdominal injury with stable hemodynamics, was hospitalized in the surgical Department of the Republican specialized scientific and practical center for emergency medicine of the Samarkand branch (clinical departments of surgical diseases № 2 and surgery postgraduate faculty of Samarkand state Medical Institute) for the period from 2010 to 2019.
The scientific novelty of the study is as follows: a fundamentally new approach to ultrasound evaluation of discrete volumes of free fluid in the abdominal cavity is proposed, based on taking into account the thickness of the fluid layer and its prevalence in the abdominal cavity zones; The expediency of using the ultrasound indicator "free fluid in the abdominal cavity < or >500 ml" in choosing the tactics of surgical treatment of patients with closed abdominal injury is substantiated; an algorithm for choosing surgical tactics for the treatment of patients with closed abdominal trauma was developed based on an ultrasound assessment of the volume of free fluid in the abdominal cavity.
Implementation of research results. Based on the results of a scientific study to improve the diagnosis and surgical treatment of patients with closed abdominal trauma:methodological recommendations "The choice of tactics for surgical treatment of closed abdominal trauma based on ultrasound assessment of the nature and severity of the injury" have been developed (certificate of the Ministry of Health No. 8n-z/1282 dated November 15, 2022). The proposed recommendations made it possible to increase the effectiveness of the diagnosis of intra-abdominal injuries in patients with abdominal trauma;
The results of scientific research on improving the diagnosis and surgical treatment of patients with closed abdominal injury have been introduced into medical practice, including the clinical practice of the Republican Scientific Center for Emergency Medical Care and its Samarkand, Surkhandarya and Navoi branches (conclusion of the Ministry of Health No. 8 n-z/699 dated December 21, 2022). The introduction of the obtained results into clinical practice allowed to improve the quality of high-tech surgical care provided to patients with isolated and combined abdominal injuries, to reduce the frequency of postoperative complications from 11.9 to 3.1% (p=0.144).
The structure and volume of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, 4 chapters, conclusions and a list of cited literature. The volume of the text material is 107 pages.
The aim of the research work is determination of the prospects for the use of a domestic agent for the prevention of adhesion formation in thoraco-abdominal surgery on the basis of experimental and morphological studies.
Research objectives were white outbred rats in the amount of 62 individuals, in two experimental studies on the abdominal and pleural cavities, in each series of experiments the studies were carried out in 2 comparative groups, control and main. Experiments on the formation of adhesions in the abdominal and pleural cavities were carried out on the basis of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Surgery named after acad. V.Vakhidov in the Department of Experimental Surgery for the period from 2019 to 2020.
The scientific novelty of the research consists of the followings: it is proved according to the data of experimental research that when modeling the adhesion process in the abdominal cavity, the local application of an anti-adhesion coating made of cellulose derivatives reduces the processes of adhesiogenesis and the development of changes in architectonics, bends and narrowings of the intestinal lumen; it was found in an experimental study that when modeling the adhesion process in the chest cavity, the local use of an anti-adhesion implant provides a significant decrease in the risk of adhesiogenesis in the form of the formation of coarse adhesions or planar adhesions; it was determined that when blood serum was applied over a powder implant, the quality of adhesion and the uniformity of its distribution on the surface of the experimental defect of the peritoneum or lung did not change, but, in contrast to activation by blood (to ensure a hemostatic effect), it was not accompanied by the development of cellular inflammation due to the resorption of thrombotic masses; it was found that the formation of a gel film over the area of damage to the peritoneum in the absence of cellular elements of blood makes it possible to achieve biodegradation of the coating without a pronounced cellular-inflammatory reaction, providing cicatricial replacement of defects with a significant reduction in the risk of developing a massive adhesive process; the morphostructural features of the formation of the adhesive process when using an anti-adhesive coating, characterized by regression in the dynamics of the number of connective tissue cells of the inflammatory infiltrate with scarring of the defect zone without the development of adhesive conglomerates with the surrounding tissues, have been determined.
Introduction of the research results. According to the results of a scientific study on a comparative analysis of the use of a domestic agent for the prevention of adhesion formation in thoraco-abdominal surgery: methodological recommendations were developed: "New technologies for the prevention of adhesions in thoraco-abdominal surgery" (certificate of the Ministry of Health No. 08-09/10055 of August 12, 2021). The proposed recommendations for performing surgical interventions on the organs of the abdominal and thoracic cavities will allow for sparing local hemostasis, as well as prevent the formation of a coarse adhesive process in the abdominal cavity.
The obtained scientific results on a comparative analysis of the use of the domestic remedy for the prevention of adhesion formation in thoraco-abdominal surgery have been introduced into the practical activities of health care, including in the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center for Surgery named after V.I. Academician V. Vakhidov, surgical departments of the clinics of the Andijan and Samarkand State Medical Institutes (certificate of the Ministry of Health No. 08-09/10055 of August 12, 2021). Based on the proposed results of experimental studies, it was shown that the use of an anti-adhesive coating made of cellulose derivatives made it possible to reduce the risk of adhesion formation from 60% to 20%, bowel deformation without manifestations of obstruction from 33.3% to 13.3% and the possibility of acute adhesive intestinal obstruction from 6.7% to 0%.
Structure and scope of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, four chapters, conclusions, practical recommendations and a list of cited literature. The volume of work is 113 pages.
The study of the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people began in the last quarter of the XIX century. In the twentieth century, many scientific researches have been conducted in this field. After the independence of Uzbekistan, the study of this topic has become a topical issue. In addition to ethnographic, archeological, anthropological, linguistic researches, the problems have been studied in the field of source studies. In the first years of independence, various scientific approaches to study ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people emerged. Researchers have abandoned the ideological stereotypes that prevailed in the Soviet era and conducted scientific research. The writing of historical works changed theoretically and methodologically, and began to write the history of the people objectively. The theoretical and methodological approach that emerged during the Soviet era and the use of published literature also continued. Source studies made researchs in the field of the history of the Turkic peoples, their historical formation, geographical location, ethnic
processes, the role of the Turkic peoples in public administration, socio-economic relations of
the Turkic peoples in the Middle Ages. Much attention was paid to highlighting the place of
the Turkic peoples in history. Ancient Arabic-Persian sources explored ethnic and ethno-
political processes in the Central Asian region. During the years of independence, the study
of ancient Chinese sources developed. In the ancient Chinese sources it has collected
information about the peoples of Central Asia. The names and location of the unknown Turkish tribes have been clarified. The literature published by the source scholar Ablat Khodjaev provided with new information on the history of the peoples of Central Asia in ancient Chinese sources. Researcher X.M.Mamadaliev studied the peoples of the region, ethnic processes in Central Asia in the IX-XII centuries, in particular, the formation of the ethnogenesis of the Uzbek people, the processes of statehood on the basis of Arabic sources. In recent years, Shamsiddin Kamoliddin interpreted the terms “Uzbek” and “Uzbekistan” in ancient Arabic-Persian sources. There are also articles about Uzbek tribes. During the years of independence, as a result of source studies, a number of scientific works, a small number of dissertations, many articles on the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people were published. A number of issues on the subject remained open. The article provides a systematic analysis of the study of this problem in source studies. The views and scientific approaches of source scholars on the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people are also covered.
This article examines the features of the genre “travelogue” in modern Arabic short stories. “Travelogue” is one of the oldest and most varied genres. During the many thousands of years of human history, and especially after the appearance of written literature, thousands of works on the subject of travel were created in the languages of the peoples of the world. The genesis of the genre is the result of the synthesis of the traditions of folklore and written literature, where works of folklore (e.g., fairy tales) were created and in written literature (e.g., ancient travel notes), in the center of which there is a traveler-narrator. As genre compositional features of travelogue, you can point out that the focus is on the image of the traveler-narrator and the presence of the fact of travel (changing in space and time movement in a certain direction), and it is noteworthy that the traveler-narrator stands in the status of an observer and compares what he saw in a foreign land with the situation in his native country. Although these main features of the genre were preserved, a number of other manifestations of travelogue appeared in the course of the development of literature. If in Uzbek classical literature the works describing the impressions of travel are called “sayokhatnoma”, then in Arabic literature this genre is called “rihla”. Studying modern Arabic fiction, you can trace how writers create works in the genre of travelogue, combining elements of the genre with the genre of the short story. A number of modern and contemporary Arab writers, such as Muhammad al-Muwaylihi, Sunallah Ibrahim, Jamal al-Ghitani, and Abdurahman Majid al-Rubeyi, used features of the travelogue genre in their short stories and novels. Among them can be the Syrian writer Abdus-Kalam Al-Ujayli (1918-2006), whose travel collections, such as Journey to Europe and The Call to Travel, consist of short stories that reflect the peculiarities of the travelogue genre. The collections Journey to Europe, Call to Travel comprise 22 short stories about travelling. Abdus-Salam al-Ujaili depicted with high artistry the greatness of his motherland Syria, where he was born and raised, showed its beautiful nature, the way of life, occupations, religion of the population, as well as he gave a description of some cities, their history, and shared hois impressins of unspeakable Paris after a trip to Europe.
The aim of the research consists in development of offers and recommendations about further improvement of criminal-legal and criminological measures of fight against crimes in the sphere of information technologies and safety.
The object of the research work is the system of the public relations regulating criminal-legal, criminological and organizational measures for counteraction to crimes in the sphere of information technologies and safety.
The scientific novelty of the research consists of the following:
the expediency of establishment of administrative responsibility for violation of personal privacy at compliance with the law about protection of private life, ensuring protection of the rights of citizens and also completion of legal gaps is proved;
need of establishment of responsibility for infringement of personal privacy in article 1411 Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan when ensuring criminal legal protection of personal privacy and inevitability of responsibility is proved;
for ensuring the principles of justice and humanity in the criminal legislation the expediency of awarding punishment in the form of restriction of freedom on the persons who have committed crimes in the sphere of information technologies is proved;
high degree of public danger of some crimes (illegal activities for attraction of money and (or) other property (article 1881 of CK), production, storage, distribution or demonstration of the materials containing threat of public safety and to public order (article 2441 of CK)) committed with use of networks of telecommunications and the Internet is explained;
establishment of responsibility for bringing to suicide and inducement to suicide with use of networks of telecommunications and the Internet is proved;
need of introduction of responsibility of the blogger for placement of public negative information of a certain look for the Internet is proved;
inadmissibility of use of personal data of the participants at implementation of electronic commerce for who aren't provided by the contract, need of nondisclosure of the specified data are proved;
establishment of the ban on distribution among children of the information justifying illegal behavior and promoting commission of offense, calling for promotion of the destructive ideas in society and also responsibility for the specified acts is offered;
expediency of application of a method of «confidential dialogue» concerning the persons who have committed information crimes, need of implementation of inquiry, the investigation and preventive measures proceeding from their psychological state are specified;
need of recognition of the actions exerting negative impact to life, health and morality of the personality, made with use of means of information technologies as socially dangerous act is offered.
Implementation of research results. The results of the study are used:
the proposal on establishment of administrative responsibility for violation of personal privacy has found the reflection in article 461 of the Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan about the administrative liability entered by the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of September 23, 2016 No. ZRU-411 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from September 28, 2016, No. 06/1-05/1148-vkh). This change provides compliance with the law about personal privacy, protection of the rights of citizens and also completion of a legal gap in the legislation;
the proposal on establishment of criminal liability for violation of personal privacy has found the reflection in article 1411 of the Criminal code of the Republic of Uzbekistan entered by the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of September 23, 2016 No. ZRU-411 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from September 28, 2016, No. 06/1-05/1148-vkh). Establishment of criminal liability for commission of the act breaking personal privacy provides criminal legal protection of private life of the person and inevitability of responsibility;
offers on expediency of awarding punishments in the form of restriction of freedom concerning the persons who have committed crimes in the sphere of information technologies, have found the reflection in articles 2781-2786 Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan according to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan from August 10, 2015 No. ZRU-389 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 06/1-05). This offer serves purpose of alternative punishment for crimes in the sphere of information technologies;
high degree of public danger of commission of some types of crimes with use of networks of telecommunications and the Internet has found reflection in article 1881, the «g» point of third part of article 2441 Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan according to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of April 25, 2016 No. ZRU-405 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 06/1-05). According to this offer criminal liability for use of information technologies in criminal intents has been established;
responsibility for bringing to suicide, the inducement to suicide made with use of networks of telecommunications and the Internet have been established in article 103 and 1031 Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan according to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of June 13, 2017 No. ZRU-436 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 06/1-05). This offer has served establishment of criminal liability for the information attacks encroaching on human life;
regulations on responsibility of the blogger for dissemination of public negative information of some look on the Internet are introduced in articles 3 and 121 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan from December 11, 2003 No. 560-II «About informatization» (the act of Committee on questions of innovative development, information policy and information technologies of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 05/2-01-71). This offer serves prevention of various crimes committed with use of the Internet;
offers on inadmissibility of use of personal data of the participants at implementation of electronic commerce for who aren't provided by the contract need of nondisclosure of the specified data have found the reflection in article 18 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of May 22, 2018 No. ZRU-385 «About electronic commerce» (the act of Committee on questions of innovative development, information policy and information technologies of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 05/2-01-71). This offer became a basis for the ban illegal use of personal data from participants of electronic commerce;
offers on establishment of the ban on distribution among children of the information justifying illegal behavior and promoting commission of offense, calling for promotion of the destructive ideas in society and also responsibility for the specified acts are introduced in article 16 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of September 8, 2017 No. ZRU-444 «About protection of children from information doing harm to their health» (the act of Committee on questions of innovative development, information policy and information technologies of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 05/2-01-71). This offer has served recognition of dissemination of information among children of information doing harm to their health as illegal behavior;
offers on improvement of criminal liability for crimes in the sphere of information technologies and safety have been used by preparation of analytical notes within the Concept of improvement of the criminal and criminal procedure legislation approved by the resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan of May 14, 2018 No. PP-3723 (the act of Committee on questions of innovative development, information policy and information technologies of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 05/2-01-71). This offer serves a proving of inevitability of responsibility for crimes in the sphere of information technologies and information security;
offers on expediency of application of a method of «confidential dialogue» concerning the persons who have committed information crimes, need of implementation of inquiry, the investigation and preventive measures proceeding from their psychological state have been introduced in activity of the relevant structural divisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan (the act of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018 No. 33/1985). This offer has served increase in efficiency of prevention of crimes in the sphere of information technologies and information security;
offers on need of definition of external influence, level of competence and practical skills of employees, motives of offense when studying the reasons of crimes in the sphere of information technologies and information security and also conducting monitoring of social networks have been introduced in activity of the relevant structural divisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan (the act of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018 No. 33/1985). This offer has served definition of the reasons and early warning of crimes in the sphere of information technologies and information security;
offers that the information security is object of criminal legal protection taking into account its direct connection with the state interests have found the reflection in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About modification and additions in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About the principles and guarantees of freedom of information» (the act of the Center of information security and assistance in ensuring public order at the Ministry of information technology development and communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan from November 13, 2017 No. 03-07-02/124). This offer has served protection of information security as object of criminal legal protection;
offers on need of implementation of complex measures from law enforcement agencies for ensuring information security at information security have found the reflection in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About modification and additions in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About the principles and guarantees of freedom of information» (the act of the Center of information security and assistance in ensuring public order at the Ministry of information technology development and communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan from November 13, 2017 No. 03-07-02/124). This offer has provided orientation of activity of law enforcement agencies on information security;
offer that threats of information security exert essential harm to the interests of the personality, society and state information have found the reflection in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About modification and additions in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About the principles and guarantees of freedom of information» (the act of the Center of information security and assistance in ensuring public order at the Ministry of information technology development and communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan from November 13, 2017 No. 03- 07-02/124). This offer has allowed to estimate high degree of public danger of information threats as a factor of commission of information crimes;
the rule about protection of the personality against illegal information influence taking into account that impact on consciousness of the personality with use of means of information technologies exerts negative impact on life, health and morality of the personality, has found the reflection in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About modification and additions in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About the principles and guarantees of freedom of information» (the act of the Center of information security and assistance in ensuring public order at the Ministry of information technology development and communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan from November 13, 2017 No. 03-07-02/124). This offer has served recognition of the specified actions as socially dangerous act.
Structure and volume of the dissertation. The thesis consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, a list of used literature and applications. The volume of the thesis is 260 pages.
The health benefits and healing properties of herbal products have been known since ancient times. A number of epidemiological and laboratory studies conducted abroad revealed the biological effects and medicinal properties of shambala. In recent years, research on shambala has revealed a number of health benefits and physiological properties in both experimental animals and human clinical trials. In this research, we reviewed the available scientific literature on shambala.
The article gives a comparative analysis of the Charter of terminological organizations in the Persian and Uzbek languages, as well as its principles. It is well known that in accordance with theoretical and scientific views, as well as the recommendations of the world terminology of Vienna, Prague and Russian terminology schools, an international standard has been established, which is an instruction for all languages in general linguistics. Prior to this, a number of standardization associations were created, including in 1926 the ISA (International Association for Standardization) - the "International Association for Standardization", in 1931 in Europe the British Standard Institution - the British Institute of Standardization, and in 1946 the ISO ( International Organization for Standardization). And in Iran at different periods were established three language academy to preserve the purity of the language. The third academy, that is, the last of them, is the “Academy of Persian Language and Literature”, which was founded in 1991 and has its own Instruction. At the same time, "Atamakom" started its activities in the Uzbek language, and completed it in the short term. The article presents an analysis of the International Terminological Organization Standard - ISO 704, which was created at the school of world terminology, as well as the influence of its principles on term formation on the rules of term formation in the Persian and Uzbek languages, different and similar sides of each. In addition, some paragraphs of the Charter of the "Academy of the Persian Language" were compared and analyzed by the relevant paragraphs of the terminology of the Uzbek "Atamakom". The main goal of the article is to analyze the provision of terms for borrowing by terminological organizations that were founded for the formation of terms in the Persian and Uzbek languages, as well as compare and study the Statutes for the formation of new terms, to look at the correspondence of the clauses of the Standard of the International Terminological Organization ISO 704. As a result of comparisons of theories a number of proposals for the creation of terms in the Uzbek language are presented.