Vol. 81 No. 1 (2025)

Annotation: This article explores the role and significance of written speech in English language learning, with a particular focus on developing argumentative writing skills among high school students. It emphasizes that writing, alongside other language skills, is a crucial tool for communication, academic expression, and personal development. Drawing on the views of several linguists, the paper distinguishes writing from other forms of speech and outlines the essential characteristics of effective written discourse. Key features such as clarity, coherence, and conciseness are discussed as foundational to producing well-structured texts. In addition, the article analyzes the challenges students face when constructing argumentative texts in English and highlights the importance of teaching strategies that enhance writing competence.

Annotatsiya: Pedagogik ta’lim texnologiyalari va zamonaviy usullar ta’lim jarayonining samaradorligini oshirishga qaratilgan innovatsion yondashuv va metodlarning majmuasidir. Ta’lim sohasida yuz berayotgan rivojlanish va o‘zgarishlar pedagogik jarayonga yangi, ilg‘or texnologiyalarni joriy etishni talab qiladi. Ushbu texnologiyalar o‘quv jarayonida o‘qituvchi va o‘quvchi o‘rtasidagi interaktiv, faol muloqotni ta’minlaydi, bilimlarni mustahkamlash va amaliy ko‘nikmalarni shakllantirishda muhim rol o‘ynaydi. Endilikda an’anaviy usullar bilan bir qatorda, raqamli vositalar, multimedia materiallar, ta’lim platformalari keng qo‘llanilmoqda, bu esa ta’lim sifatini tubdan yaxshilashga xizmat qiladi.

Abstract Risk factors for perioperative stroke development are diverse and can be divided into patient-related factors and factors directly related to surgical intervention. This review discusses risk factors, potential mechanisms, prevention strategies, and the impact of stroke on clinical outcomes in the postoperative period.

Abstract According to current clinical guidelines, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is recommended as a key study in the diagnostic algorithm for myocardial infarction, since it allows excluding diseases such as myocarditis, takotsubo syndrome and cardiomyopathy, and also provides visual confirmation of myocardial necrosis. In addition, data are accumulating that support the prognostic value of MRI for this group of patients. This literature review discusses the diagnostic role of MRI in patients with myocardial infarction.

Annotation: The article focuses on the innovative methods of formation and development of communicative competence of students through various assignments in pedagogy classes.

Milliy til millat boyligi, uning milliy madaniyatini ifodalovchi vosita sanaladi. Til borliqni anglash, bilish va fikr almashish vazifasini bajaradi. Shuningdek, til bashariyat tomonidan asrlar davomida toʻplangan bilim va koʻnikmalarni saqlaydi, rivojlantiradi, kelajak avlodlarga asrab-avaylab yetkazadi. Adabiy til barqaror, ma’lum qoliplarga solingan, me’yorlashtirilgan, umume’tirof etiladigan hamda soʻz ustalari tomonidan sayqallashtirilgan til hisoblanadi. Dialekt esa ma’lum hududda amal qiladigan umumxalq tilining son jihatdan nisbatan kam boʻlgan, biroq hududiy, kasb-hunar va boshqa jihatdan umumiylikka ega boʻlgan kishilar tomonidan qoʻllanadigan koʻrinishidir. Shunday ekan haqiqiy etnik madaniyatni ifoda etishda tilning adabiylashgan koʻrinishiga nisbatan shevalar samaraliroq sanaladi. Shuning uchun ham xalq tilida yashashayotgan sheva va lahja materiallarini tadqiq qilish zarur. Tilshunoslik fanida shevaga xos soʻzlar tadqiqini buyuk tilshunos olim Mahmud Koshgʻariy boshlab bergan, deya juda koʻp e’tirof etiladi. Ushbu tadqiqotimizda koʻp yillik tarixga ega boʻlgan oʻzbek shevashunosligida qipchoq shevasining oʻrganilishi haqida fikr yiritamiz. 

Annotation: This article is about to present some detailed theoretical information about teaching reading, scientists who contributed on the sphere on this theme, to improve the knowledge of methodological units Teaching English to learners with emotional and behavioral disorders in Uzbekistan. Furthermore, this work defines the assessment of obtaining useful data and acquisition by organizing a topic-based lesson plan.

This article explores the integration of dual education with the credit-module system in higher education, drawing on successful experiences from Germany, Switzerland, Austria, the UK, and France. It highlights how this model enhances students’ practical competencies and employability through a combination of theoretical learning and real-world training. The study emphasizes the significance of adapting such practices in Uzbekistan’s higher education institutions. Practical recommendations are provided to support implementation. The role of digital technologies in the evolving dual education landscape is also examined.

Annotatsiya: maktabgacha davrda bolalar til, nutq, tasavvur, diqqat va mantiqiy fikrlash ko‘nikmalarini tez rivojlantiradi. Aqliy rivojlanishni qo‘llab-quvvatlash uchun o‘yin orqali o‘rganish, nutqni rag‘batlantirish, tasviriy san’at va ijodiy faoliyat, kitob o‘qish, muammoli vaziyatlarni yaratish hamda ijtimoiy muhitni shakllantirish muhim hisoblanadi.

Abstract: Product quality indicators and evaluation methods. The indicator of product quality means the quantitative description of one or more properties of the product, its application to specific conditions of its creation and use or consumption. They must meet the basic requirements of stability of quality indicators, help to increase production efficiency on a planned basis, taking into account scientific and technical achievements, ability to meet certain needs according to specific tasks. Functional indicators describe the properties of the product, determine their main tasks, determine the field of application of the product.

Abstract. Currently, it is becoming clear that standard techniques for heart valve replacement are suboptimal. Non-physiological hemodynamics, the presence of prosthesis-dependent complications in the form of thrombosis, prosthetic endocarditis, early biodegradation are the main factors that do not allow these prostheses to be an "ideal replacement" for the affected valve. Modern operations on the aortic valve allow almost complete reproduction of the natural anatomy and give encouraging results of application. This review is devoted to the discussion of modern trends in heart valve replacement.

Annotation: This article explores the theory and application of dynamical systems generated by rational functions. The study focuses on the iteration of rational functions on the Riemann sphere, key concepts such as Julia and Fatou sets, stability of periodic points, and applications in complex dynamics and fractal geometry. The article synthesizes modern literature, highlights computational methods, and presents results on system behavior under different rational mappings. It also discusses theoretical implications and potential avenues for future research in mathematics and applied sciences.

Annotation: This article explores the theoretical foundations and practical significance of multidimensional linear systems. These systems, characterized by variables depending on more than one independent parameter (such as space and time), have become essential in advanced control theory, signal processing, and system modeling. The paper discusses classical and modern approaches to modeling, analyzes recent literature, and presents methodological insights into system stability, controllability, and observability. The study concludes with results from recent simulations and suggests avenues for future research and practical applications.

Annotation: One-dimensional (1D) systems represent a fundamental concept in physics and materials science, particularly in the study of condensed matter and nanotechnology. This article explores the theoretical foundations, experimental models, and emerging applications of one-dimensional systems. It includes a literature analysis of key developments, reviews methodological approaches for simulating and studying these systems, and discusses experimental results with implications for quantum transport, optical properties, and device engineering. The study highlights the significance of 1D systems in modern physics and proposes future directions in research and application.

Mamlakatimizning sanoat tarmoqlari ichida eng katta qo‘shimcha qiymat yaratish bo‘yicha paxta-to‘qimachilik sanoati alohida ahamiyat kasb etadi. Shuningdek, to‘qimachilik sanoati aholi bandligini ta’minlashning yetakchi sohalaridan biri hisoblanadi. Ishlab chiqarish sohasining o‘zida deyarli 7000 ta korxonada 200 mingdan ortiq ishchi-xodimlar mehnat qilayotganligi yuqoridagi fikrimizning dalilidir. Paxta-to‘qimachilik sanoati Namangan viloyati sanoatining eng rivojlangan tarmoqlaridan biri hisoblanadi. Viloyat uchun bu tarmoqni yanada rivojlantirishning muhimligi, birinchi navbatda mahalliy xom-ashyo bazasining mavjudligi, shuningdek, nisbatan yuqori mehnat sig‘imliligi bilan bog‘liq. Bu esa bandlik va aholining turmush darajasini oshirish kabi muammolar yechimini topishi nuqtai nazaridan ham muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi.

Аннотация. Статья представляет собой обзор исследований, посвящённых системе ценностных ориентаций женщин в Узбекистане. Рассматриваются теоретические подходы к определению ценностей, выявляются доминирующие ориентации в социокультурных условиях современной республики. Особое внимание уделяется влиянию факторов, способствующих трансформации женских установок: образования, урбанизации, традиций и глобализации. Сделан вывод о формировании гибридной модели женской идентичности, сочетающей традиционные и современные ценности. Определены направления для дальнейших исследований.

Annotatsiya: Mazkur maqolada Picea smithiana (g‘arbiy Himolay archasi) navining in vitro sharoitida ko‘paytirilib, Namangan viloyati iqlimiga moslashtirilgan namunalarining fenotipik va morfologik ko‘rsatkichlari tahlil qilindi. Tadqiqot davomida o‘simliklarning o‘sish sur’ati, igna barglarining shakli va uzunligi, ildiz tizimining rivojlanish darajasi kabi asosiy morfologik belgilar aniqlanib, Namangan iqlim sharoiti bilan bog‘liq o‘zgarishlar baholandi. Olingan natijalar ushbu navning mahalliy ekologik sharoitda ommaviy ko‘paytirish imkoniyatlarini aniqlashda muhim ahamiyatga ega.

Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada olma mevalarining saqlanish muddatiga boshqariladigan atmosfera (BA) sharoitida etilen gazining ta’siri o‘rganildi. Tadqiqotda turli etilen kontsentratsiyalarida saqlangan olma namunalarining fiziologik holati, pishish jarayoni, rangi, shirinligi va umumiy saqlanuvchanlik darajasi baholandi. Boshqariladigan atmosfera texnologiyasi yordamida meva atrofidagi kislorod va karbonat angidrid miqdori nazorat qilinib, etilen gazining saqlanishga ta’siri statistik jihatdan tahlil qilindi. Olingan natijalar, etilen miqdorini nazorat qilish orqali olma mevasining pishishini sekinlashtirish va sifatini uzoq muddat saqlab qolish mumkinligini isbotladi.

Abstract: The past perfect tense, a grammatical construct often referred to as the pluperfect, plays a crucial role in conveying temporal relationships and sequencing events in the English language. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the past perfect tense, encompassing its formation, various functions, and nuanced usage within different contexts. The study explores the structural components of the tense, its role in establishing temporal order, and its application in expressing completed actions prior to a specific point in the past. Furthermore, the paper examines the past perfect in conjunction with other tenses, such as the simple past, to illustrate its significance in complex sentence structures and narratives. The paper also delves into common errors and difficulties encountered by English language learners and offers pedagogical implications for effective teaching and learning of the past perfect tense.

Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada nafas olish sistemasining asosiy qismlarining (burun bo‘shlig‘i, halqum, traxeya, bronxlar va o‘pka) gistologik tuzilishi har tomonlama yoritilgan. Har bir strukturaviy komponentning epitelial qoplami, biriktiruvchi to‘qimalari, bezlar va maxsus hujayralari haqida tafsilotlar berilgan. Maqolada normal holatdagi gistologik xususiyatlar bilan bir qatorda funksional ahamiyati ham tahlil qilingan. O‘pka alveolalaridagi gaz almashinuvi uchun moslashgan tuzilma va uning gistologik asoslari ilmiy adabiyotlar asosida izohlangan. Bu maqola talabalarga va yosh tadqiqotchilarga nafas olish sistemasining mikroskopik anatomiyasini chuqur tushunishga yordam beradi.

Annotatsiya: Mazkur maqolada diniy matnlarda, xususan, Qur’oni karim, hadislar va Shayx Muhammad Sodiq Muhammad Yusuf asarlari misolida sifat leksemalarining o‘rni, vazifasi va ma’naviy-estetik yuklamasi tahlil etiladi. Sifatlar diniy matnlarning semantik tuzilmasida muhim rol o‘ynab, Allohning sifatlarini, payg‘ambarlarning fazilatlarini va muqaddas hodisalarni tasvirlashda faol qo‘llaniladi. Tadqiqotda sifat leksemalarining lisoniy funksiyalari, ularning ilohiy ma’no va diniy qadriyatlar bilan bog‘liqligi keng yoritilgan.

Ўзбекистон Республикаси Конституциясининг 65-моддасида: “Фуқаролар фаровонлигини оширишга қаратилган Ўзбекистон иқтисодиётининг негизини хилма-хил шакллардаги мулк ташкил этади. Давлат бозор муносабатларини ривожлантириш ва ҳалол рақобат учун шарт-шароитлар яратади, истеъмолчиларнинг ҳуқуқлари устуворлигини ҳисобга олган ҳолда иқтисодий фаолият, тадбиркорлик ва меҳнат қилиш эркинлигини кафолатлайди.

Ўзбекистон Республикасида барча мулк шаклларининг тенг ҳуқуқлилиги ва ҳуқуқий жиҳатдан ҳимоя қилиниши таъминланади. Хусусий мулк дахлсиздир. Мулкдор ўз мол-мулкидан қонунда назарда тутилган ҳоллардан ва тартибдан ташқари ҳамда суднинг қарорига асосланмаган ҳолда маҳрум этилиши мумкин эмас” – деб белгилаб қўйилган.

Abstract: The past perfect tense, a grammatical construct often referred to as the pluperfect, plays a crucial role in conveying temporal relationships and sequencing events in the English language. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the past perfect tense, encompassing its formation, various functions, and nuanced usage within different contexts. The study explores the structural components of the tense, its role in establishing temporal order, and its application in expressing completed actions prior to a specific point in the past. Furthermore, the paper examines the past perfect in conjunction with other tenses, such as the simple past, to illustrate its significance in complex sentence structures and narratives. The paper also delves into common errors and difficulties encountered by English language learners and offers pedagogical implications for effective teaching and learning of the past perfect tense.

Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada fizika fanidan olib boriladigan darsdan tashqari ishlarning, xususan, to‘garaklar va loyiha faoliyatining o‘quvchilarning fanga qiziqishini oshirish, amaliy bilim va ko‘nikmalarni rivojlantirishdagi roli yoritilgan. Maqolada zamonaviy ta’lim yondashuvlari asosida tashkillashtirilgan darsdan tashqari faoliyatlar orqali ta’lim sifatini oshirish yo‘llari ochib beriladi.

Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada kross-platformali dasturlash texnologiyalari, xususan Flutter va React Native platformalari asosida mobil ilovalarni ishlab chiqishning nazariy va amaliy jihatlari tahlil qilinadi. Mobil ilovalarga bo‘lgan talabning ortib borishi zamonaviy texnologik yondashuvlarni joriy etishni talab qilmoqda. Flutter va React Native’ning arxitekturasi, dizayn yondashuvlari, samaradorlik darajasi, foydalanuvchi tajribasi va amaliy loyihalar asosida ularning imkoniyatlari solishtirildi. Amaliy tajriba orqali bu texnologiyalarning o‘ziga xos afzalliklari, cheklovlari va real foydalanishdagi samaradorligi baholandi. Maqola natijalariga ko‘ra, kross-platformali yondashuvlar mobil dasturlash sohasida tejamkorlik va funksionallikni ta’minlashda muhim ahamiyat kasb etmoqda.

Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada mikroprotsessorlarning avtomatlashtirish va robototexnika sohasidagi asosiy o‘rni, ularning ishlab chiqarish, xizmat ko‘rsatish, tibbiyot va kundalik hayotdagi qo‘llanilishi, zamonaviy texnologik taraqqiyotdagi ahamiyati tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, raqamli boshqaruv tizimlari, aqlli qurilmalar va sun’iy intellekt bilan integratsiyalashuvdagi roli yoritiladi.

Annotasiya: Mazkur maqolada Samarqand viloyati, Kattaqo‘rg‘on tumanidagi Kattaqo‘rg‘on suv ombori joylashgan hududning tabiiy-iqlim sharoitlari tizimli ravishda o‘rganilgan. Maqola iqlim jihatdan arid subtropik-kontinental (BSk) sinfiga kiruvchi mintaqaga kiradi. Iqlimning bu xususiyatlari suv ombori ekotizimiga, sug‘orish tizimlariga, suv resurslari boshqaruviga va ekologik xavfsizlikka bevosita ta’sir ko‘rsatilgan.

Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada tibbiyot hodimlarini muloqot madaniyatining ahamiyati tahlil qilinadi. Muloqot madaniyati shifokorlar, hamshiralar va boshqa tibbiyot xodimlarining kasbi, irqi, jinsidan qa’tiy nazar bemorlarga nisbatan shirin so‘z, ochiq ko‘ngil, samimiy bo‘lishlik tushiniladi. Shuningdek, maqolada “bir og‘iz shirin so‘z bilan insonni davolasa bo‘ladi” tibbiyot xodimlarini etikasi to‘g‘risida so‘z boradi. Samimiylik nafaqat tibbiyot balkim boshqa kasblarda xam muxim axamiyat kasb etadi. Bir og‘iz shirin so‘z bilan inson qalbiga nur bag‘ishlay olish faqatgina tibbiyot xodimlari tomonidan amalga oshiriladi.

“Dorining ozi davo, ortig‘i zahar” degan hikmatli ibora dori-darmonlarni faqat belgilangan me’yor va shifokor ko‘rsatmalariga muvofiq qo‘llash zarurligini eslatadi. Chunki dori o‘z vaqtida, to‘g‘ri dozada qabul qilingandagina foyda keltiradi, aks holda esa salomatlikka jiddiy xavf tug‘dirishi, hatto inson hayoti uchun xavfli oqibatlarga olib kelishi mumkin.

Dori vositalari har bir inson organizmiga turlicha ta’sir qiladi, shuning uchun dori ishlatishdan oldin albatta shifokor bilan maslahatlashish kerak. Masalan, oddiygina diklofenak og‘riqni kamaytirishda samarali bo‘lsa-da, oshqozon yarasi bilan og‘rigan bemorlarga qat’iyan tavsiya etilmaydi. Shuningdek, nitroglitserin arterial bosimi juda past bo‘lgan bemorlarda hushdan ketish va hayot uchun xavf tug‘dirishi mumkin. Penitsillin kabi antibiotiklarga allergiyasi bor odamlar esa nafaqat penitsillin, balki unga o‘xshash boshqa antibiotiklarni ham qabul qilmasligi lozim.

Дактилоскопия – это способ идентификации человека по следам пальцев рук, основанный на неповторимости рисунка папиллярных линий подушечков пальцев рук.

Дактилоскопирование трупа – это комплексная деятельность, осуществляемая в рамках закона с использованием специальных технических средств и приемов по четко определенной методике специально уполномоченными лицами с соответствующими навыками с целью получения образцов-отображений участков папиллярной и граничащей с ней поверхности рук трупов и их частей, содержащих папиллярные потоки и узоры, но после того, когда уже проведен отбор под ногтевого и ногтевого содержимого и наслоений различных веществ на коже, с соблюдением технической, личной и санитарно-эпидемической безопасности, с целью диагностики и идентификации личности, и (или) проверки фактических данных, имеющих значение для эффективного проведения оперативно-розыскного мероприятия и (или) раскрытия и расследования преступления.

Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada autizm spektri buzilishi (ASB) bo‘lgan bolalarning ijtimoiy moslashuv jarayonida uchraydigan asosiy muammolar, mavjud imkoniyatlar va samarali yondashuvlar tahlil qilinadi. Jamiyatda bunday bolalarni to‘laqonli integratsiyalash, ularning ijtimoiy ko‘nikmalarini shakllantirish va mustahkamlash yo‘llari yoritilgan. Maxsus pedagogika va psixologiya nuqtai nazaridan asoslangan tavsiyalar orqali ijtimoiy moslashuvni qo‘llab-quvvatlovchi mexanizmlar ko‘rib chiqiladi.

Annotatsiya. Ushbu maqolada O‘zbekistonda quyosh energiyasi asosida amalga oshirilayotgan yirik investitsiya loyihalari va ularni tender mexanizmi orqali joriy etish jarayonining iqtisodiy samaradorligi tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqot natijalariga ko‘ra, raqobatbardosh tenderlar orqali taklif etilgan tariflar xalqaro miqyosda eng past ko‘rsatkichlardan biri bo‘lib, bu esa energiya tejamkorligi, tabiiy gaz importini qisqartirish va xizmat sifatining oshishiga olib kelmoqda. Xalqaro investorlar (Masdar, ACWA Power, Voltalia) ishtirokidagi loyihalar asosida tejalgan tabiiy gaz, o‘zini oqlash muddati va operatsion xarajatlar tahlili keltirilgan. Natijalarga asoslangan holda tender baholash mezonlarini kengaytirish va barqaror energetika siyosatini shakllantirish bo‘yicha takliflar ishlab chiqilgan.

Abstract: The future continuous tense, also known as the future progressive tense, is a grammatical construct used to describe actions that will be in progress at a specific point in the future. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the future continuous tense, encompassing its formation, diverse functions, and nuanced usage within various contexts. The study explores the structural components of the tense, its role in expressing ongoing actions, predicting events, and making polite inquiries. Furthermore, the paper examines the future continuous in conjunction with other tenses, such as the simple future, to illustrate its significance in creating temporal contrasts and expressing nuanced future scenarios. The paper also delves into common errors and difficulties encountered by English language learners, and offers pedagogical implications for effective teaching and learning of the future continuous tense.

Annotation:  The main goal of this article is to reform the education system in Uzbekistan, to train young personnel, and to see measures in this direction.