ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN
SCIENCE
АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 1 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
1028
HUJUM HARAKATI
Gadayeva Mohigul Muxamedovna
Osiyo xalqaro universiteti
“Tarix va filologiya”kafedrasi assistenti.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10578929
Annotatsiya. Ushbu maqolada tarixda ayollarning paranji tashlagah davri voqealari,
sovet hokimiyati davrida majburiy tarzda amalga oshirilgan Hujum harakati haqida so`z boradi.
Kalit so’zlar: hujum, chachvon, paranji, artel, kooperatsiya.
ATTACK ACTION
Abstract. This article talks about the events of the era of women's veiling in history, the
offensive action that was forcibly carried out during the Soviet regime.
Key words: attack, chachvan, veil, artel, cooperation.
АТАКУЮЩЕЕ ДЕЙСТВИЕ
Аннотация. В данной статье рассказывается о событиях эпохи женского чадры в
истории, о наступательных действиях, насильственно проводившихся во времена
советской власти.
Ключевые слова: нападение, чачван, завеса, артель, кооперация.
Hujum
(turkiy tillarda — tajovuz, arabcha hujum) — 1920—1930-illarda sovetlarning
Oʻrta Osiyosida olib borilgan va ayollarning mavqeini oʻzgartirish uchun qilingan harakat. 1920-
yillarda butun SSSRda ayollarning jamiyatdagi rolini qayta koʻrib chiqish, ularni baʼzi uy
ishlaridan ozod qilish, ularga taʼlim olish va erkaklar bilan teng asosda ishlash imkoniyatini
berishga qaratilgan siyosat amalga oshirildi. Chunki „Sharq ayollari“ SSSRda ayollarning teng
huquqqa ega boʻlmagan toifasi deb hisoblangan. 1920-yillarning oʻrtalaridan boshlab „Sharq
ayollarini ozod qilish“ harakati uchun “Hujum” degan maxsus nom paydo boʻldi.
O‘tgan asrning 20–30-yillari O‘rta Osiyo mintaqasi ayollari taqdirida tub burilish yasadi.
Ularning turmush tarzi, ijtimoiy faolligi, jamiyatdagi o‘rni, ijtimoiy xulq-atvori tubdan
o‘zgardi. O‘rta Osiyoda kommunistlar oldida odamlarning ongini, turmush tarzini o‘zgartirish
vazifasi turar ekan, ular birinchi navbatda islom diniga zarar berish va ayollarni ko‘chaga
chiqarishni maqsad qildi. Bu yo‘lda ular eng avvalo dinni odamlar uchun zararli e’tiqod deb e’lon
qildi.
Ularning nazdida kommunistik jamiyatda yashaydigan insonlarning e’tiqodi “kommunistcha
dahriylik” bo‘lishi lozim edi. Ikkinchi tarafdan, Markaziy Osiyo ayollarining ko‘cha kiyimi
bo‘lgan paranjini yo‘q qilish uchun turli harakatlar boshlashdi. “Hujum”ning ilk tashviqot
harakatlari 1924-yilda tashkil etildi. Ammo u muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi. Sababi, O‘rta Osiyo
mintaqasidagi ayollarning aksariyati diniy e’tiqod ruhida tarbiya topgan va shu ruhda yashar edi.
Shuningdek, ko‘pgina erkaklar oilasidagi ayollar ko‘chada ochiq yuz bilan yurishini qabul qila
olmagan.
O‘zbek ayollari va qizlarining hayoti asrlar davomida islom dini shariati ko‘rsatmalari
asosiga qurilgan edi. Sovet hokimiyati o‘rnatilgach, Sharq ayollarini “ozodlik”ka chiqarish, eski
turmush tarziga hujum qilish, ayollarning chachvon va paranjisini tashlab yangi zamon
qurayotganlar safiga tezroq qo‘shilishi kabi muammolar kun tartibiga qo‘yildi. Bolsheviklar
ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN
SCIENCE
АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 1 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
1029
tomonidan O‘rta Osiyo respublikalarida, xususan, O‘zbekistonda bu muammo qisqa muddat
davomida shoshilinch hal qilindi.
1925–1926-yillarda “Hujum” harakati sustroq davom etdi. Ammo 1927-yildan bu harakat
qattiq avj oldi. Kommunistlar yangi artellar, kechki o‘quv kurslari tashkil etib, unga ayollarni jalb
etib yoki uyma-uy targ‘ibot qilib, ayollarni paranjidan ozod eta olmasliklarini tushunib yetdi va
endi boshqacha yo‘lga o‘tdi.
“Hujum” kompaniyasi 1926-yil sentyabrda O‘rta Osiyo xotin-qizlari
kengashida e’lon qilinib, uni 1927-yil 8-martdan boshlashga qaror qilindi. 1926-yil dekabrda
“Hujum” kompaniyasini o‘tkazish uchun O‘rta Osiyo respublikalari, xususan,O‘zbekistonda
maxsus komissiyalar tuzildi.
1927-yil8-martda Bolsheviklar Butunittifoq Kommunistik partiyasi MK O‘rta Osiyo
byurosining birinchi kotibi I.Zelenskiy boshchiligi bilan Samarqandning Registon maydonida
minglab o‘zbek ayollari ro‘mollarini yechdilar, ularni toʻplab, keyin olovda yoqib yubordilar. Shu
kuni 10 ming ayol paranjisini tashlagan.
Paranjisini olovga uloqtirayotgan ayollarni olomondan
himoya qilish uchun ko‘p sonli militsiya xodimlari to‘plandi; ular paranjisini olovga otgan
ayollarni maydonga kirishda ham, chiqib ketishda ham qo‘riqlab turdi.
Keyingi uch oy ichida yana
90 000 ayol paranjini yechdi.
Bu voqeadan so‘ng jamiyatda, ayniqsa erkaklar orasida noroziliklar avj oldi, ko‘plab
Harakat aholining qattiq qarshiligiga duch keldi. O‘zbek ayollari va qizlarining hayoti asrlar
davomida islom dini shariati ko‘rsatmalari asosiga qurilgan edi. Sovet hokimiyati o‘rnatilgach,
Sharq ayollarini “ozodlik”ka chiqarish, eski turmush tarziga hujum qilish, ayollarning chachvon
va paranjisini tashlab yangi zamon qurayotganlar safiga tezroq qo‘shilishi kabi muammolar kun
tartibiga qo‘yildi. Bolsheviklar tomonidan O‘rta Osiyo respublikalarida, xususan, O‘zbekistonda
bu muammo qisqa muddat davomida shoshilinch hal qilindi, natijada katta yo‘qotishlar yuz berdi,
ko‘plab xotin-qizlar eskilik va xurofot tarafdorlarinnig qutqusi bilan o‘z yaqinlari tomonidan
o‘ldirildi. 1927-1928 yillarda birgina Oʻzbekistonda ayollar boʻlimi aʼzolari, klub va kutubxona
mudirlari orasidan 2500 dan ortiq ayollar oʻldirilgan. Harakat aholining qattiq qarshiligiga duch
keldi.
Ilk qurbonlar Surmaxon Shermatova va yosh aktrisa Nurxon Yo‘ldoshxo‘jayevalar bo‘ldi
...
Ko‘plab xotin-qizlar eskilik va xurofot tarafdorlarinnig qutqusi bilan o‘z yaqinlari
tomonidan o‘ldirildi. O‘zbek ayollarini ozodlikka chiqarish va yangi turmushga jalb qilish,
darhaqiqat, kerak edi. Biroq bu ishni bolsheviklar va sovet hokimiyati vakillari tanlagan tezkor
yo‘l bilan emas, balki asta-sekin va bosqichma-bosqich amalga oshirilganda katta qurbonlar va
yo‘qotishlar bo‘lmas edi.
O‘zbek ayollarini ozodlikka chiqarish va yangi turmushga jalb qilish, darhaqiqat, kerak
edi. Biroq bu ishni bolsheviklar va sovet hokimiyati vakillari tanlagan tezkor yo‘l bilan emas, balki
asta-sekin va bosqichma-bosqich amalga oshirilganda katta qurbonlar va yo‘qotishlar bo‘lmas edi
.
Lekin shuni ham ta’kidlash lozimki, aksariyat ayollar bunday yangi harakatlarga umuman
qo‘shilmaydilar va bunday ishlarni o‘zlariga ep ko‘rmaydilar. Sababi din Turkiston ayollari
hayotining ajralmas qismiga aylangan bo‘lib, ular maishiy turmushdagi har qanday yangilik va
o‘zgarishni dinga qarshi chiqish deb hisoblaganlar. XX asrning boshlarida Toshkentda yashagan
rus etnografi V. Alekseyev mahalliy xalqning urf-odatlarini o‘rganish jarayonida “Toshkent
ayollarining hayoti butunlay diniy qobiqda ekan”ligini alohida qayd qilib o‘tadi. (Alekseyev V.
Sravnitelnaya etnografiya narodov Sredney Azii. M, 1986. S. 26.) So‘zining isboti sifatida u
ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN
SCIENCE
АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 1 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
1030
musulmonlar hayotida uchraydigan har qanday marosimlarga diniy tus berilishi va unda ayollar
ishtiroki zaruriy bo‘lishini keltiradi. Masalan, to‘y, aza, mavlud, beshik to‘yi, fotiha to‘yi, hayit
bayramlari kabi marosimlarni, asosan, ayollar tashkillashtiradi. Ular orasida yetakchi bo‘lgan ayol
o‘z qarorini barchaga singdiradi. Bunday hollarda ayollar psixologiyasida din, asosan, o‘zi bilan
bog‘liq turli marosimlarni asrlar davomida shakklanib kelgan marosim va an’analarni to‘g‘ri va
aniq tarkibda o‘tkazishdan iborat bo‘lib qoladi. Ba’zan ish shu darajaga borib yetadiki, bajarilishi
lozim bo‘lgan marosimda biror kamchilik yoki xato uchrasa, buni dindan tashqari, deb
hisoblaydigan ayollar ham uchraydi. Aslida, bularning sof ilmiy dingan hech qanday aloqasi yo‘q.
Etnograflar bunday holatni “din va maishiy hayotning o‘zaro haddan tashqari aralashtirib,
noto‘g‘ri va sun’iy bo‘lgan sinkretik holatning yuzaga kelishida” deb hisoblaydilar. (Fletcher W.
Soviet Believers: The Religions Sector of Population/ Lawrence. 1981. r.67.)
Paranji tashlash tadbirlari 1924-yilda boshlangan bo‘lsa ham, Markaziy Osiyoning turli
hududlarida 1940-yilgacha, hatto markazlardan uzoq hududlarda 1950-yillargacha paranji
yopinishdi. SSSRda paranjining ommaviy yo‘q bo‘lishi Ikkinchi jahon urushi boshlangan vaqtga
to‘g‘ri kelgan bo‘lsa, uning butunlay yo‘qolishi 1950-yillarga kelib amalga oshdi.
O`zbekistonda sovetlarning xotin-qizlar bilan bog`liq ijtimoiy-siyosiy tadbiri tufayli
o`zbek ayollari ruhan uyg`ondi, ijtimoiy hayotning barcha jabhalarida erkin, faol qatnasha
boshladi. Ammo sovet davrida bu jarayonga bir tomonlama qaralib, faqat ijobiy baho berilgan
bo`lsada, osha davrda tegishli ko`plab birlamchi manbalar mahalliy aholining tarixan tarkib topgan
turmush tarzi, urf-odatlari, islom dini bilan bog`liq an`analar hisobga olinmagani bois, bu ishlar
salbiy oqibatlar bilan kechganidan dalolat beradi.
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