The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 08-2020
144
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
(ISSN
–
2689-100x)
Published:
August 14, 2020 |
Pages:
144-150
Doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue08-21
I
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ABSTRACT
The article presents an analysis of research and scientific-theoretical solutions and proposals of
foreign researchers in the field of studying the processes of human capital development. Comments
on the conceptual views of economists and sociologists on the development of human capital are
given.
KEYWORDS
Human capital, labor, sociology, economics, society, innovation, education, health, ability,
investment.
INTRODUCTION
The main factor in the development of
modern
society
is
education,
health,
professionalism, creativity, as well as the
scientific and innovative development of
information, technologies.
Every social phenomenon in society arises as
an element of the social system, and human
capital becomes its main object. Human
capital - requires constant development and
investment, thereby forming various sectors
and indicators of society. To date, a number of
books, scientific papers and dissertations have
been written on the concept of human capital.
All of them are doing research to create more
opportunities for people, to make life easier,
and to find answers to questions about when
everything will be fine.
Some Thoughts On The Evolution Of Approaches To The
Concept Of Human Capital
Muhriddin Mahamadaminovich Sodirjonov
Researcher, Namangan State University, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
http://usajournalshub.c
om/index,php/tajssei
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 08-2020
145
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
(ISSN
–
2689-100x)
Published:
August 14, 2020 |
Pages:
144-150
Doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue08-21
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Improving human capital is one of the most
important scientific and practical issues in the
study of socio-economic and political relations
in the country.
From the second half of the twentieth
century, attitudes toward human capital and
education
began
to
change
radically.
Theoretical and practical aspects of human
capital development were first studied by
foreign economists - scientists A.Smith,
T.Shults,
G.Becker,
E.Denison,
R.Solou,
S.Fisher [1]. According to T. Schultz [2], it
allows for a consistent distribution of capital:
human capital and material capital [3.45]. G.
Becker [4], one of the theorists of human
capital, was the first to apply the concept of
human capital at the micro level.
THE MAIN FINDINGS AND RESULTS
A. Smith emphasizes the importance of
human capital in the process of upbringing a
person, developing his ability to work, as well
as his specialization for the benefit of society
[5]. We believe that human capital was
measured by the ability to work to create new
value from the point of view of the time.
Views of economists on human capital
Economists
Economic views of economists on human capital
The uniqueness of economic
views
A. Smith
(1723-1790)
The increase in production depends primarily on the
capacity of the employee, and then on the fact that
the employee is armed with tools.
Particular attention is paid
to
the
individual
characteristics of people,
and this factor is associated
with labor productivity.
T. Shults
(1902-1998)
Improving the well-being of the poor depends on
knowledge, not on land or technology.
People’s level of education
depends on their income
level.
E. Denison
(1915-1992)
The cost factor of human capital is not a primary
factor, but their resulting quality indicators are one
of the key factors of economic growth.
Emphasis is placed on the
efficiency of human capital
development expenditures.
G. Becker
(1930-2014)
General education is equally beneficial for all firms
and increases the productivity of workers, while
special education serves to increase the productivity
of the firm that provides training, which is superior
to other forms of training. In a competitive
environment, the level of wages is determined by
high productivity and applies to the entire firm.
Therefore, the firm is not in favor of pure “general
education” overhead.
People’s
professionalism
and level of specialization
are considered to be the
main factors of competitive
advantage.
S.Fisher (1943)
The ability that can bring income to a person is
human capital. Human capital is classified as innate
ability, talent, as well as learned (acquired).
The role and importance of
internal
(innate)
and
external (lifelong) factors in
the formation of human
capital are highlighted.
The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 08-2020
146
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
(ISSN
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2689-100x)
Published:
August 14, 2020 |
Pages:
144-150
Doi:
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According to S.Voronina’s interpretation of
human capital, the level of health of the
population is a particularly important issue,
which is the basis of socio-economic
development in any country. It is the level of
health of the population that forms human
capital [6. 141].
I.V. Ilinsky believes that human capital consists
of educational capital, health capital and
cultural capital [7. 127].
The principle of a functional approach should
be taken into account for a broader analysis of
the composition of human capital. The
methodological principle of the functional
approach requires that the phenomenon be
considered not only in terms of its internal
structure, but also in terms of its functional
purpose, the ultimate use purpose.
According to the Russian economist S.A.
Dyatlov, according to this principle, human
capital is a certain reserve of health,
knowledge, skills and abilities, motivation,
formed as a result of investment and
accumulated by man. When this reserve is
used in a certain sphere of social production, it
helps to increase labor productivity and
production efficiency, which in turn affects
the increase in wages (income) of the
individual [8. 72].
V.T. Smirnov and I.V. Skoblyakova argue that
human capital should be valued at the level of
an individual, an individual enterprise or a
group of enterprises [9].
The theory, scientific and practical aspects of
“human capital” in our country, the
development of human capital in Uzbekistan
in a market economy and the improvement of
its investment practices, the mechanism and
support for strong social policy were
developed by Uzbek economists, L.M.
Toshpolatova,
N.
Abdullaeva,
Q.X.
Abdurahmanov [10.542], Problems related to
the improvement of marketing services in the
market of educational services A.V Vakhabov,
Sh.Sh.Shodmonov,
H.P.
Researched
by
Abdulkasimov, T.T Juraev, S.S Gulomov, E.G
Nabiev, G.N Akhunova, M.H Saidov, A.S
Kucharov, K.S Alimdjanov, M. Saidov, A.O
Ergashev, G.S Kasimova and A.H Eshboev [11].
Human capital has also been studied from a
social point of view by M. Bekmurodov [12],
M. Kuronov [13], A. Umarov, U. Hayitov, M.
Abdujabbarova and others.
The history of world economics the economic
literature states that until the beginning of the
twentieth century, physical capital, ie the
means of production, material resources
played a key role in the production process. By
the middle of the twentieth century, the rapid
development of science and technology has
brought knowledge, research, and human
potential to the forefront. Direct man has
become the driving force of economic
development. The category of “human
capital” began to form in economics. Its
emergence was a response to the demands of
economics and life of economics and related
sciences.
An in-depth study of the pace of development
of society and the economy, as well as the
intellectual potential accumulated by man and
him, has become a vital necessity.
In the social sciences of the Western world in
general, human capital is not interpreted as a
great opportunity to improve the spiritual and
moral condition of society, to create
prosperity, to mobilize people for creative
work. In the process of work, a person does
not have the opportunity to understand
himself as an integral part of the community,
society, as well as a person who consciously
benefits those around him.
Human capital is a set of human qualities. It
means his ability to work in society and in the
institution, his position in production, which is
a source of income for himselfs.
The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 08-2020
147
The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations
(ISSN
–
2689-100x)
Published:
August 14, 2020 |
Pages:
144-150
Doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue08-21
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2020:
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Human capital is a resource that shapes
human beings as they develop all areas of
society and the country.
Resources or resources accumulated in a
person are a certain level of health, skills,
experience, potential, acquired knowledge
and profession, ability to work, and similar
human characteristics.
The following arguments are identified as
evidence:
-
It takes the form of basic capital because
of a person’s ability in society. The
richness of a person’s abilities and
position in life, his personality, is a natural
human skill. These features cannot be
taken or sold in isolation.
-
The qualities of a person's creativity are
the qualities that enable him to achieve
great material and spiritual benefits in the
future.
-
Human’s creative ability is not only
material, but also spiritual, social and
spiritual.
-
For the formation of creative ability in a
person,
society
must
attract
the
necessary
requirements
for
each
individual. It must be spent. (Every
individual must pay attention to himself in
the investment for the formation of
human capital, not only the individual,
but also society, the state must take
certain measures.
Typically, the elements of human capital
include:
Educational capital, based on general and
specialized knowledge,
Preparatory capital in the production
process
(degree,
skill,
production
experience);
Health capital;
Acquiring income-generating, growth-
generating,
economically
relevant
information.
The following indicators can be used to assess
human capital on an individual basis:
-
Structure
of
organization
and
management of human resources;
-
Satisfaction with life, the level of
gratitude;
-
Level of education;
-
Profession, experience;
-
High spirituality and culture;
-
Time and cost of education;
-
Health, prevention;
-
Activity, ability and talent;
Human capital is a social factor that has a
significant impact on the country’s innovation.
The following properties of human capital can
be distinguished:
First, human capital is inseparable from its
owner - an enterprise worker or a resident of
the region;
Second, the major part of the human capital
(which is why it is sometimes called the health
capital), which includes the physiological
characteristics and natural abilities of man, is
inherited from generation to generation; the
other part in the form of knowledge, skills,
and competencies is bestowed as a result of
the aspirations of the individual and society;
Thirdly, human capital, like other capital, can
be used in the field of social production and is
one of the most important factors in
increasing its efficiency;
Fourth, human capital is used by its owner for
the purpose of making a profit, so the
increase in income justifies the fact that
individuals increase their intellectual power
through the acquisition of knowledge and
skills.
The main aspects of human capital are defined
as follows:
I.
Sources of a certain level of knowledge,
skills, and different levels of production
qualities and human potential formed in
the process of investing in a person;
The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 08-2020
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II.
Based on the accumulated knowledge, a
person develops slowly and develops
himself in one or another area of
development in society.
III.
Based on the accumulated skills, a person
achieves a balanced wealth, and in the
form of a monthly salary, he and the
society’s national income is created.
IV.
By investing in it, the society is
coordinated to ensure the growth of
income, its acquisition of new knowledge,
skills and experience in the future.
Human capital is a set of human qualities. It
means his ability to work in society and in the
institution, his position in production, which is
a source of income for himselfs. Human
capital is a resource that shapes human beings
as they develop all areas of society and the
country. Resources or resources accumulated
in a person are a certain level of health, skills,
experience, potential, acquired knowledge
and profession, ability to work, and similar
human characteristics.
Socio-economic development - human capital
can be achieved only through the formation of
knowledge, skills, qualities, abilities and skills
that provide personal and social well-being.
Education is a key factor in shaping human
capital. People are choosing to get a quality
education and a modern career. Indeed, the
process of globalization is fueling the need for
technological
skills
and
developing
opportunities to increase the importance of
human capital.
CONCLUSION
Unfortunately, today for many people this
opportunity is not considered sufficient for
the full development or realization of their
abilities and talents. Even in developed
countries, one fifth of young people cannot
complete secondary school, which seriously
limits
their
opportunities
for
further
employment. This failure often leads to
certain communities separating them from
the economic and social flow.
Globalization is a complex and controversial
phenomenon that encompasses a wide range
of social, political, cultural and economic
spheres, and has led to the disappearance of a
simple truth in the nature of trends: national
boundaries. Signs of globalization can be seen
everywhere - the rapid spread of technology is
permeating
the
processes
of
cultural
universalization.
Poverty doesn’t just mean, no money; which
means a shortage.
Knowledge enables the use of existing
opportunities in society, while skills provide
social development and economic growth.
This phenomenon requires constant funding
for education.
This was once a decisive factor for success. It
is important to work in factories, to be
comfortable and close to a natural place for
boat or train stations.
Human capital is the level of personal, social
and economic well-being at which a person
possesses knowledge, skills and abilities.
Every developed country has paid special
attention to the cost of education in the first
place. The list goes on and on, with the United
States, Germany, Japan, Singapore and more.
As a result of the development of mass
education around the United States, large-
scale economic growth was achieved in the
late 19th century.
In recent years, the “Asian Tiger” is
considered a priority policy of the state for
quality education on the basis of socio-
economic prosperity of Singapore and Korea.
Long before children go to school, they begin
to develop. Since childhood, every parent
strives to constantly improve the knowledge
The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 08-2020
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(ISSN
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and skills of his child. They recognize the
importance of paying special attention to
improving their reproductive status and
intellectual potential. Investing in children's
health and education helps them to develop
human capital. Economists have proven that
spending or investing in education at a young
age is justified, and various theoretical and
practical studies have been developed.
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Pages:
144-150
Doi:
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