European Journal of Humanities and Educational Advancements (EJHEA)
Available Online at:
https://www.scholarzest.com
Vol. 4 No.4, April 2023
ISSN:
2660-5589
142 | P a g e
A STUDY OF TWO ARABIC SOURCES OF CLASSICAL RHYME
Hamroyeva Orzigul Jalolovna
DSc, asisstent professor
TSU of Uzbek language and literature named after Alisher Navoi
Article history:
Abstract:
Received:
February 11
th
2023
The article examines two important sources reflecting the theory of
classical rhyme: "Mafatih ul-ulum" by Abu Abdullah Khorazmi and "Miftah ul-
ulum" by Yusuf Sakkoki.
Accepted:
March 11
th
2023
Published:
April 17
th
2023
Keywords:
rhyme, poetics, rhyming letters, rhyme faults, types of rhyme.
INTRODUCTION
The formation and development of classical poetry as a science is directly related to Arabic literature. This
science first appeared in Arabic literature, and later it was adapted and entered Persian and Turkish literature based on
language possibilities. For this reason, one of the main tasks is to refer to the primary sources about the rhyme in order
to study the specific features of the Turkish rhyme.
METHODS
Abu Abdullah al-Khorazmi's work "Mafatih ul-ulum" is one of the important works that provide information about
the science of classical poetics, the theory of allusion and rhyme. Manuscripts of Khorezmi's work "Mafatih ul-ulum" are
stored in the British Museum, Berlin Library and Istanbul City Libraries. The first researcher of the work was the Dutch
orientalist Van Floten, who published the work "Mafatih ul-ulum" in 1985. The work is an encyclopedic work in the form
of a dictionary and covers almost all fields of science. The work "Mafatih ul-ulum" consists of two parts, as the author
himself said, "...I composed this work in two parts.
The first part will be devoted to Sharia and related Arabic sciences, and the second part will be devoted to non-
Arabic sciences, that is, Greek and other nations. The scientific parts of the work have been seriously studied by
scientists, and the theories of classic poetics, aruz and poem structure, and rhyme have been studied by scientist M.
Ziyovuddinova.
In the first part of Khorezmi's "Arabic" sciences, eleven chapters were devoted to jurisprudence (fiqh), seven
chapters to speech(kalom), twelve chapters to grammar (use and nahw), eight chapters to business management, five
chapters to poetry and aruz, rhyme, and nine chapters to the explanation of historical terms. The scientist distinguishes
several types of rhyming in the work. It emphasizes that only two lines rhyme within one stanza, the ends of lines
rhyme within several stanzas, not only the ends of two lines within one stanza rhyme, but the rhyming words are
sometimes repeated with non-rhyming words.
The third part of the work is dedicated to the theory of classical rhyme, and at the beginning of this part, the
names of rhyme letters, actions, types of rhyme such as rhyme, vasl, khuruj, ridf, tasis, rass, ishbo', hazf, tavjid, majro,
nifaz, mutakovis, mutaqarib, mutadorik, mutarodif is explained. The scientist defines rhyme as "the last word of a verse
in a poem." He says that phenomena such as tasri', tarsi' and tasmit help in determining the rhyme system of a poem,
and he explains them one by one.
Khorezmi pays particular attention to internal rhyme. In Eastern poetry, poets emphasize that they follow not
only the rhyme at the end of the verse, but also the internal rhyme between the verses. Provides information about
tasri', tarsi', tasmit based on internal rhyme. Tasri' is an internal rhyme that occurs when the last word in the first line
rhymes. V. Freytag gave the same definition to the painting.
In poetry, tasri' is the rhyming of the first lines, usually observed within a stanza. He emphasizes that only the
first verse of Khorezmi's poem rhymes with each other, and the rest of the parts are in the same form. The first stanza
of a ghazal and a qasida - matla' - must rhyme with each other, and this situation does not have to be continuous. If a
ghazal consists of stanzas that rhyme, such a ghazal is considered a ghazal beauty in the science of classical poetics.
In Mafatih ul-Ulum, tarsi' is given as an incorrect rhyme. A tarsi' is a construction of individual stanzas from rhyming
parts.
Khorezmi considers the mutual rhyming of words in verse verses as tarsi'. This rhyme is not at the end of the
lines, but is usually built on the words at the beginning and in the middle of the lines. The theory of Tarsi' was first
developed by Qudama ibn Ja'far, and its practical result was realized by Khorezmi. Khorezmi explains tarsi in his work
European Journal of Humanities and Educational Advancements (EJHEA)
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143 | P a g e
"Mafatih ul-ulum" and gives examples from Abu Ali al-Basir and the Holy Qur'an. The work provides information on
internal rhyme (tasri'), incorrect rhyme (tarsi') and fully repeated internal rhyme (tasmit).
Tarsi', tasri' occurs only in some stanzas, unlike tasmit, all stanzas of the poem are based on internal rhyme.
While explaining the uniqueness of internal rhymes, Khorezmi explains it on the example of the qasida genre.
Qasidai musammata emphasizes that the internal rhyme in all verses creates tasmit.
Abu Nasr Jawhari, a contemporary of Khorezmi, also evaluates as-samt (tasmit) as the rhyming of a quarter
verse in a poem.
This internal rhyme does not have the same rhyme scheme in all stanzas. Rhymes based on an internal rhyme
at one point do not cross-rhyme with words that create an internal rhyme in the next stanza. It is known that the form
of ghazal musajja' and musjaj' poetry in general requires that the poem be based on internal rhyme from beginning to
end. I.Yu. Krachkovskii also points out that the form of musajja' poetry has existed since ancient times, and that such
an internal rhyme is called tasmit.
The 3rd chapter of "Mafatih ul-Ulum" is devoted to the theory of rhyme, while the 4th chapter gives a complete
explanation of rhyme faults. Khorezmi presents the theoretical foundations of iyto, iqvo, ikfo, synod as rhyming faults.
In Yusuf Sakkoki's work "Miftah ul-ulum" the science of adulthood is presented in a complete form. "I included
in my book the necessary fields of linguistics, except lexicology. They are the following: the usage of the Arabic language
and the semantic and descriptive sciences. I understood that in order to acquire the knowledge of meaning and
description, it is necessary to be able to analyze poetry and prose, and at the same time, I was convinced that a poet
needs to know the knowledge of aruz and rhyme. For this reason, I decided to cover these issues perfectly."
Bayan and Ma'oni science were reflected in almost all treatises on poetics in the 12th-13th centuries as balagat
sciences in Arabic literature. Yusuf Sakkokiy is considered one of the founders of puberty science. In the work "Miftah
ul-ulum" special attention is paid to science of education, science of explanation and science of ma'oni, and it differs
from other sources in this way. This work is important as a general summary and compilation of treatises created in the
pre-Saccoc period.
In the part of the work "On Meaningful and Descriptive Sciences", Sakkoki rearranges the sciences that form the basis
of balagat, calling them "ilmu-l-maaniy" and "ilmu-l-bayan". The first chapter of Islamic science is divided into five
chapters and they are
بابلا لوللإا يف ينمتلا
("The first chapter is about desire"),
بابلا يناثلا يف محفتسللإا
") The second
chapter is about questioning"),
بابلا ثلاثلا يف رملا
") The third chapter is about command"),
سماخلا بابلا
fy") The fourth
chapter is about negation ("
نلا يف عبارلا بابلا
HY
ادنلا
ʾ") The fifth chapter is called about encouragement"). In the
second season, he gave information about the composition of bayan science: tashbih, metaphor, istiora, and kinoya.
In the later parts of the work, types of spiritual art: muqabala, tibaq, maro'atu-n-nazir, mushakala, muzovaja,
tafriq, laff va nash, jam', taksim, al-jam' ma'a-t-tafriq, al-jam' ma'a-t- taksim, ihom, tavjih, iltifot; He discusses the types
of verbal arts: tajnis, ishtiqaq, raddu-l-'ajz 'ala-s-sadr, qalb, saj', tarsi'. In the 13th century, two large treatises were
created simultaneously in Arabic and Persian.
"Miftah ul-Ulum" is the work of Bir Yusuf Sakkoki, while Persian literature is Shamsuddin Qays Razi's treatise
"Al-Mo''jam". Yusuf Sakkoki's work "Miftah ul-ulum" is considered an independent and complete scientific treatise on
the science of poetics. The work "Miftah ul-Ulum" is noteworthy as a collection of original treatises in the science of
Arabic poetics. The work explains the science of poetics based on five parts. Three sections on rhyme, aruz and ilmi
badi, and ilmi bayan and maaniy ilmi are given under separate headings.
СONCLUSION
Later, the theoretical foundations of the science of classical poetics were scientifically improved in the sources
of the Persian language. At first, in the sources created under the influence of Arabic literature, the science of literature
was studied as an independent science, unlike Arabic literature. Rhyme was initially studied within the framework of art
science, but from the 12th century, several treatises on its research and theory were created. These treatises served to
improve the theory of rhyme science.
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Zhirmunsky V.M. Rhyme, history and theory. -Petrograd, 1923. -P.117.
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