Vol. 4 No. 13 (2025)

Electronic commerce (e-commerce) has revolutionized how businesses operate, interact with customers, and deliver value. For small businesses, e-commerce offers avenues for market expansion, operational efficiency, and competitive positioning. However, assessing the actual impact of e-commerce initiatives remains a complex task, particularly in the case of small enterprises with limited resources and analytical capabilities. The objective of this study is to develop a methodological approach tailored for evaluating e-commerce performance and effectiveness specifically in small business settings.

Ushbu ilmiy tezisda zamonaviy bank tizimi va kriptovalyutalar o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro munosabatlar, ularning moliyaviy muhitdagi integratsiyasi hamda yuzaga keladigan asosiy xavf-xatarlar har tomonlama o‘rganiladi. An’anaviy bank tizimi markazlashgan boshqaruvga asoslangan bo‘lsa, kriptovalyutalar markazlashmagan va ochiq kodli texnologiyalar asosida faoliyat yuritadi. Mazkur qarama-qarshi yondashuvlar banklarning regulyativ roli, to‘lov tizimlaridagi ishtiroki va mijozlar bilan ishlash amaliyotiga jiddiy ta’sir ko‘rsatmoqda. Tadqiqotda banklar tomonidan kriptoaktivlarga nisbatan shakllanayotgan strategiyalar, ularni qabul qilish yoki qarshilik ko‘rsatish holatlari, shuningdek, moliyaviy barqarorlik, AML/CFT xavflari va texnologik risklar yoritiladi. O‘zbekiston va boshqa davlatlar tajribasi asosida takliflar ishlab chiqiladi.

Ushbu tezisda O‘zbekiston aholisi orasida Islomiy moliyaviy xizmatlarga nisbatan shakllangan talab va xabardorlik darajasi tahlil qilinadi. Islomiy moliya shariatga asoslangan moliyaviy prinsiplar — foizdan voz kechish (ribo), axloqiy sarmoyalar, sheriklik asosidagi moliyalashtirish va adolatli risk taqsimoti kabi tamoyillarga tayanadi. Tadqiqotda aholi orasida bu tushunchalarga nisbatan xabardorlik darajasi past bo‘lgani holda, foizsiz, halol moliyaviy xizmatlarga bo‘lgan ehtiyoj yuqoriligi aniqlangan. So‘rovnoma natijalariga ko‘ra, ayniqsa yoshlar, ayollar va chekka hudud aholisining Islomiy moliyaviy mahsulotlardan foydalanishga katta qiziqish bildirayotgani kuzatildi. Shu bilan birga, Islomiy moliyaviy xizmatlar haqida aholiga yetarli axborot berilmayotgani, marketing va moliyaviy savodxonlik bo‘yicha mexanizmlarning sustligi asosiy to‘siq sifatida baholandi. Tezisda, shuningdek, bu xizmatlarni O‘zbekistonda rivojlantirish bo‘yicha zarur bo‘lgan huquqiy, institutsional va ta’limiy takliflar ishlab chiqilgan.

Mikrokreditlash tizimi rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlarda, xususan, O‘zbekistonda tadbirkorlik subyektlarini qo‘llab-quvvatlash va ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy barqarorlikni ta’minlashda muhim rol o‘ynaydi. Ushbu maqolada tijorat banklarining mikromoliyalashtirishdagi ishtiroki, mavjud muammolar va ularni bartaraf etish yo‘llari tahlil qilinadi. Jumladan, raqamli texnologiyalar, kredit skoring tizimlari, fintech kompaniyalar bilan integratsiya, mobil banking xizmatlarining kengayishi kabi zamonaviy yondashuvlar orqali mikrokreditlash tizimini takomillashtirish imkoniyatlari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Anorbank AJ va boshqa tijorat banklari misolida o‘zbek bank tizimidagi ilg‘or amaliyotlar va xalqaro tajriba solishtiriladi. Tahlil natijalariga asoslanib, mikrokreditlash samaradorligini oshirishga qaratilgan taklif va tavsiyalar ishlab chiqilgan. Mazkur tadqiqot bank-moliya sohasi mutaxassislari, ilmiy izlanuvchilar va siyosat yurituvchilar uchun amaliy ahamiyatga ega bo‘lishi mumkin.

Современная ортодонтия — это не просто исправление положения зубов. Это комплексный подход к лечению, который требует всестороннего понимания анатомических, функциональных и эстетических особенностей пациента. Одним из важнейших компонентов точной диагностики в ортодонтии является лучевая (рентгенологическая) диагностика.

ХIХ аср охири ХХ аср бошларида вужудга келган Бухоро амирлигида вужудга келган маърифатпарварлик ҳаракати ўз олдига асосий мақсадларидан бири қилиб Бухорони озод ва фаровон давлатга айлантиришни қўйган эди.  Бунинг учун давлатга малакали мутахасислар, билимдон маҳаллий кадрлар зарур бўлар эди. Бухоро амирлигида, жумладан Россия империясиинг колониясига айлантирилган Туркистон ўлкасида ҳам дунёвий фанларни ўргатадиган мактаблар йўқлиги сабабли маърифатпарварлар маҳаллий бухоролик болаларни хорижий мамлакатларда ўқитиш ҳаракатига тушдилар. Аммо бу ҳаракатга монелик қилувчи бир сабаб бор эди – ёшларни хорижда ўқитиш учун маблағ керак бўлар эди. Хева   ҳам, Бухоро амири ҳам, Туркистон ўлкасини мустамлака қилиб олган рус маъмурлари ҳам мазкур мақсадлар учун маблағ ажратмас эди.

This article analyzes the problem of unfair competition within the framework of both international and national legal systems. Using the examples of the USA, Germany, France, Japan, Canada, and others, the author explores legal mechanisms, legislative approaches, and practical differences in combating unfair competition. The article compares broad and narrow interpretations of the concept and classifies countries into three legal groups based on their regulatory approach. It also addresses the legal uncertainty surrounding unfair competition, forms of liability, and the need for legal adaptation in the context of the digital economy. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating international best practices into national antitrust policy frameworks.

This study presents a comparative analysis of machine and human translation of tourism brochures in the Uzbek-English language pair. Using a corpus of official tourism materials, the research evaluates the accuracy, cultural appropriateness, stylistic coherence, and pragmatic functionality of both translation approaches. Drawing on theories from translation studies—particularly functionalist and communicative models—the paper reveals that while machine translation offers speed and basic lexical equivalence, it frequently fails in maintaining cultural nuance, idiomatic expression, and register sensitivity. In contrast, human translators demonstrate greater flexibility in localizing content, adapting metaphors, and aligning with target audience expectations. The study employs error analysis and expert evaluation to categorize common issues and strengths in both methods. The findings underscore the importance of human involvement in translating tourism discourse and suggest a hybrid approach that combines the efficiency of machine translation with the cultural and contextual depth provided by human translators.

This research examines why heritage tourists choose to visit the historic city of Samarkand in Uzbekistan. Drawing on push–pull theory, cultural capital insights, and models of heritage-tourism motivation, the analysis points to four main drivers: cultural curiosity, aesthetic appreciation, spiritual meaning, and a quest for authenticity. Because Samarkand sits at the heart of the old Silk Road, its rising visitor numbers urge planners to match site management with these varied motives. The insights are intended to help craft richer, better-focused and more sustainable experiences for people who come to explore the city's past.

Для большинства молодых государств, появившихся на месте бывших колоний, создание собственных вооруженных сил является очевидной необходимостью. В сознании широких масс армия служит неоспоримым символом их независимости и суверенитета.        

Yakka tartibdagi tadbirkorlar uchun taklif etilayotgan imtiyozlar va qo‘llab-quvvatlash mexanizmlari ham yoritiladi. Ushbu ma’lumotlar, kelajakda yakka tartibdagi tadbirkorlikni rivojlantirish strategiyalarini ishlab chiqishda yordam berishi mumkin. Mazkur mavzu iqtisodiy barqarorlikni ta’minlash va tadbirkorlarga qulay sharoit yaratishda muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi.

Maqolada sog‘lom ovqatlanishning diabet, yurak-qon tomir kasalliklari va semirishning oldini olishdagi ahamiyati yoritiladi. Ratsiondagi muvozanat, shakar va yog‘larni cheklash, sabzavot-mevalarni ko‘paytirish bo‘yicha tavsiyalar beriladi.

Ushbu tezisda tijorat banklarida raqamli transformatsiya jarayonlarining xizmatlar sifati va mijozlar qoniqishiga ta’siri ilmiy jihatdan tahlil qilinadi. Raqamli texnologiyalar — mobil ilovalar, internet-banking, sun’iy intellekt asosidagi xizmatlar va avtomatlashtirilgan operatsiyalar — bank faoliyatida tezkorlik, qulaylik va xavfsizlikni ta’minlash orqali mijozlar ehtiyojini qondirish darajasini oshirmoqda. Tadqiqotda raqamli transformatsiyaning xizmatlar sifatiga bevosita va bilvosita ta’sir mexanizmlari yoritilgan, xalqaro tajribalar tahlil qilinib, O‘zbekiston sharoitida qo‘llash bo‘yicha tavsiyalar berilgan. Natijada, bank xizmatlari sifati va mijozlar qoniqishini baholash uchun asosiy ko‘rsatkichlar tizimi taklif etilgan hamda raqamli strategiyalarni samarali joriy etish yo‘llari ishlab chiqilgan.

This article analyzes the essence of project-based recruitment strategies widely used in international companies, their advantages and limitations, and the need to adapt them to the conditions of the Uzbek labor market. The study examines the effectiveness of global HR practices, including the competency model, the Agile HR approach, the use of artificial intelligence and ATS systems. Adaptation mechanisms are developed taking into account local legal norms, cultural factors, and the specifics of the technological infrastructure. As a result, a hybrid HR model that combines international experience and local practice is proposed, and recommendations are made to increase the efficiency of the personnel selection process and the level of employee adaptation.

This article analyzes the main stages of the process of teaching technical movements within the modern handball sport, their content and significance based on a scientific and pedagogical approach. The role of the gradual implementation of technical training, taking into account the psychophysiological characteristics of the age period and an individual approach in the training of handball players is widely covered. The article also analyzes modern methods, innovative technologies and effective teaching methods used in teaching technical movements, and reveals their impact on the effectiveness of training. The study is enriched with practical recommendations for specialists in the field of sports pedagogy, coaching and education.

Ushbu ilmiy ish tijorat banklarida lizing operatsiyalarini hisobga olish va auditini tashkil etishning nazariy, me’yoriy-huquqiy hamda amaliy jihatlarini tahlil qiladi. Tadqiqotda lizingning moliyaviy va operatsion shakllari, ularning IFRS 16 hamda milliy buxgalteriya standartlariga muvofiq aks ettirilishi, shuningdek, bank ichki nazorat tizimida lizing operatsiyalarining ahamiyati yoritiladi. Lizing shartnomalarini tuzish, aktiv va majburiyatlarni tan olish, amortizatsiya hisoblash va foiz xarajatlarini aniqlash jarayonlarida uchraydigan muammolar ham ko‘rib chiqiladi. Audit jarayonida risklarni baholash, hujjatlarni tekshirish, lizing portfeli rentabelligi va sifatini tahlil qilish usullari amaliy misollar bilan asoslanadi. 2020–2024 yillar statistik ma’lumotlari asosida O‘zbekiston tijorat banklarida lizing portfeli hajmining o‘sish dinamikasi, mijozlar tarkibi, soha bo‘yicha diversifikatsiya darajasi va samaradorlik ko‘rsatkichlari tahlil qilinib, ularni takomillashtirish bo‘yicha tavsiyalar ishlab chiqiladi.

Представлены результаты комплексного исследования вещественного состава серебросодержащих сульфидных руд месторождения Нукракон. Изучены минералогические, химические и текстурные характеристики руд. Определены формы нахождения благородных металлов и установлены оптимальные технологии их извлечения.

Every country strives continuously to strengthen its production capacity in order to secure a stable position in the global market. In this process, analyzing and optimizing the composition of imports, as well as enhancing export potential, are of vital importance for successful entry into foreign markets and improving competitiveness. The liberalization of foreign trade serves precisely these objectives.

This article discusses in detail the possibility of improving the quality of education through the use of innovative interactive technologies. It also provides an analysis of the types of many pedagogical technologies aimed at increasing student activity in the educational process, their brief descriptions, and the effective results achieved when using them in the educational process.

This thesis investigates speech acts and politeness models in English and Uzbek, determining requests, apologies, and compliments. According to Austin (1962) and Searle’s (1969) speech act theory, as well as Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness strategies, it analyzes how cultural norms, social hierarchy, and interpersonal connections can be reflected by linguistic choices. Based onvarious research, it is displayed that, English expresses explicit politeness markers integrated with indirectness, while Uzbek highlights contextual cues, honorifics, and culturally grounded indirectness to convey respect.

В статье рассматривается роль и значение рынка платных услуг в структуре современной рыночной экономики. Анализируются основные сегменты и виды платных услуг, их влияние на экономическое развитие, занятость населения и качество жизни. Особое внимание уделяется тенденциям и факторам, определяющим динамику данного рынка, включая технологические инновации, изменение потребительских предпочтений и глобализацию. Рассмотрены проблемы и перспективы развития отрасли в условиях цифровизации и усиления конкуренции.

В статье анализируется применение и эффективность механизмов цифрового маркетинга для промышленных предприятий Кашкадарьинской области. Основная цель исследования-определить, как промышленные предприятия в провинции используют инструменты цифрового маркетинга, и оценить их эффективность. Этот анализ помогает оптимизировать стратегии цифрового маркетинга для промышленного сектора в провинции. Результаты исследования показывают, что многие промышленные предприятия в Кашкадарьинской области используют механизмы цифрового маркетинга лишь в ограниченной степени, что приводит к их отставанию в рыночной конкуренции. Эффективность стратегий цифрового маркетинга также различается между проанализированными предприятиями: некоторые предприятия внедрили передовые технологии, в то время как другие испытывают трудности с их реализацией. В исследовании также содержатся рекомендации по повышению уровня применимости механизмов цифрового маркетинга.

Препарирование твёрдых тканей с погружением края коронки в десневую борозду часто сопровождается развитием краевого протезного пародонтита либо непрогнозируемой рецессией десны. Одной из причин таких последствий может служить ретракционная процедура перед получением двойного оттиска, если она проводится без учета индивидуального фенотипа десневого края.

Представлен систематизированный обзор методов сушки дыни (Cucumis melo L.), применяемых в условиях промышленной и фермерской переработки бахчевых культур. Рассмотрены физико-технологические принципы процессов, их влияние на сохранение органолептических и пищевых свойств продукта, а также приведён сравнительный анализ энергоэффективности, технологической сложности и экономической целесообразности различных подходов. Особое внимание уделено современным комбинированным методам сушки, сочетающим высокую производительность с сохранением качества продукции.

Ушбу мақолада онлайн банк хизматлари ривожланиш жараёнида ахборотларни ҳимоялаш технологияларининг ўрни ва аҳамияти ёритилади. Рақамли банк тизимида мижоз маълумотларини ҳимоя қилиш, киберхавфсизлик чораларини кучайтириш ҳамда фирибгарлик ва ҳужумларнинг олдини олиш бўйича замонавий усуллар таҳлил қилинади. Дунё тажрибасида қўлланилаётган криптография, икки факторли аутентификатсия, биометрик идентификатсия каби технологиялар мисолида уларнинг самарадорлиги баҳоланади. Шунингдек, Ўзбекистон банк тизимида онлайн хизматлар хавфсизлигини ошириш истиқболлари ва таклифлар келтирилади.

Ushbu ilmiy tezisda zamonaviy bank tizimi va kriptovalyutalar o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro munosabatlar, ularning moliyaviy muhitdagi integratsiyasi hamda yuzaga keladigan asosiy xavf-xatarlar har tomonlama o‘rganiladi. An’anaviy bank tizimi markazlashgan boshqaruvga asoslangan bo‘lsa, kriptovalyutalar markazlashmagan va ochiq kodli texnologiyalar asosida faoliyat yuritadi. Mazkur qarama-qarshi yondashuvlar banklarning regulyativ roli, to‘lov tizimlaridagi ishtiroki va mijozlar bilan ishlash amaliyotiga jiddiy ta’sir ko‘rsatmoqda. Tadqiqotda banklar tomonidan kriptoaktivlarga nisbatan shakllanayotgan strategiyalar, ularni qabul qilish yoki qarshilik ko‘rsatish holatlari, shuningdek, moliyaviy barqarorlik, AML/CFT xavflari va texnologik risklar yoritiladi. O‘zbekiston va boshqa davlatlar tajribasi asosida takliflar ishlab chiqiladi.

Пневмония остаётся одной из самых распространённых инфекционных патологий, поражающих дыхательную систему, и занимает значительное место в структуре общей заболеваемости и смертности. Несмотря на успехи современной медицины в диагностике и лечении острых воспалительных процессов в лёгких, нарастающее число клинических наблюдений указывает на существенный рост частоты формирования стойких фибротических изменений в лёгочной ткани у пациентов, перенёсших пневмонию, особенно тяжёлого или затяжного течения.

This study investigates the lexical and stylistic characteristics of phraseological units that refer to human age, specifically youth and old age, in English and Uzbek. Drawing on theoretical frameworks from phraseology, stylistics, and comparative linguistics, the paper explores the structural makeup, metaphorical imagery, emotional coloring, and stylistic purposes of age-indicative idioms. Through a contrastive analysis, it reveals how idioms related to age not only convey biological stages but also reflect the cultural values, humor, and social ideologies embedded in each language. The findings demonstrate significant differences in lexicalization and stylistic use, with Uzbek idioms favoring respectful and poetic imagery, while English idioms often carry humorous, ironic, or critical tones.

This article analyzes the necessity and prospects of developing small business and entrepreneurship in the context of the New Uzbekistan. It examines the role of small business in the national economy, the reforms aimed at supporting it, and the changes implemented in recent years based on economic indicators.

На Земле существуют камни, обладающие собственной ценностью, и камни, не имеющие конкретной ценности, а также их названия в языке. На самом деле мир камней и их названия занимают особое место в языковом ландшафте мира, придавая ему особую красоту и значимость. Хрематонимия в узбекском языкознании изучена крайне мало. Монографических работ, посвящённых названиям камней, их семантическим аспектам и проблемам исследования, практически нет. В повседневной жизни люди широко используют названия драгоценных камней (хрематонимы) при выборе имён для своих сыновей и дочерей, в пословицах, поговорках, красивых сравнениях, метафорах, аллегориях. Названия драгоценных камней как средство художественного выражения нашли отражение и в литературных шедеврах. Нашу мысль подтверждает и тот факт, что Хазрат Мир Алишер Навои эффективно использовал названия драгоценных камней как выразительное средство в своих произведениях.

Mazkur maqolada quyosh hovuzlarida akkumulyatsiya qilishda fazaviy o‘tuvchi materiallardan samarali foydalanish asoslari tahlil qilinadi. Fazaviy o‘tuvchi materiallar, ya’ni Phase Change Materials (PCM) — bu moddalar faza o‘zgarishi (odatda qattiq ↔ suyuq) jarayonida katta miqdordagi issiqlikni yutadi yoki chiqaradi. So‘nggi yillarda quyosh hovuzlarida fazaviy o‘tuvchi materiallar (PCM) dan foydalanish — tizimning issiqlik saqlash sig‘imini oshirishda istiqbolli yondashuv sifatida ko‘rilmoqda.  PCM moddalari atrof-muhit haroratidan yuqori haroratda eriydi va kristallanadi, bu esa katta hajmdagi yashirin issiqlikni yutish yoki ajratish imkonini beradi. 

Ushbu maqolada iqtisodiyotga davlat aralashuvining nazariy va amaliy jihatlari tahlil qilinadi. Asosiy e’tibor bozor mexanizmlarini mustahkamlash, xususiy sektor rolini kuchaytirish, raqobat muhitini yaxshilash, subsidiya va preferensiyalarni qisqartirish orqali davlat aralashuvini bosqichma-bosqich kamaytirish masalalariga qaratilgan. Maqolada rivojlangan davlatlar tajribasi asosida O‘zbekistonda amalga oshirilayotgan islohotlar baholangan va takliflar bildirilgan.

Maqolada qurilish sohasining iqtisodiyotdagi o‘rni va uning makroiqtisodiy o‘sishga ko‘rsatayotgan ta’siri tahlil qilinadi. Xususan, yalpi ichki mahsulot (YaIM), investitsiyalar, bandlik va infratuzilma rivoji kabi makroiqtisodiy ko‘rsatkichlar bilan bog‘liq aspektlar ko‘rib chiqiladi. Qurilish sektorining multiplikativ ta’siri, strukturaviy o‘zgarishlardagi roli va barqaror iqtisodiy o‘sishga hissa qo‘shishi muhim yo‘nalish sifatida tahlil qilinadi.

The expansion of digital technologies has reshaped the concept of inheritance, introducing the new phenomenon of digital inheritance. This paper explores the legal status, rights, and obligations of various subjects involved in digital inheritance relations, such as heirs, digital service providers, notaries, and state institutions. By analyzing comparative legal approaches, including the legislation of the European Union, the United States, and Uzbekistan, the paper identifies legal gaps, the role of contractual terms (such as Terms of Service Agreements), and the need for regulatory harmonization. The study pays special attention to the legal nature of digital assets, the intersection of privacy and succession rights, and the role of fiduciary duties in managing digital estates. The article concludes by offering policy and legislative recommendations to clarify and protect the interests of stakeholders in digital inheritance.

Maqolada innovatsiya va ta’limda innovatsiya, ularga berilgan xorijlik va O‘zbekistonlik olimlar tomonidan berilgan ta’riflar keltirilgan. Shuningdek, тa’lim berishda turli xil usullar ya’ni, metodlar mavjudligi, innavatsion yondashuv, dars mashg‘ulotlarida ta’lim metodlari va innovatsion metodlardan foydalash, innovatsion taraqqiyot yo‘lida kelajagimiz davomchilari bo‘lgan yoshlarning ijodiy g‘oyalari va ijodkorligining har tomonlama qo‘llab - quvvatlash, xorijiy tajribalar, xalqaro mezon va talablar asosida baholash tizimini takaomillashtirish yuzasidan fikr-mulohazalar bayon etilgan.

The number of oncological diseases is growing from year to year. This is due to the widespread use of computer-based visualized research methods in the modern world. Brain tumors occupy a special place among oncopathology. The treatment of brain tumors is an urgent problem of modern neuro-oncology, since the survival rate of patients remained low until recently, and the disease itself led to an increase in cases of disability and a decrease in quality of life. Along with surgical and drug treatment methods, radiation therapy is currently widely used, which allows for long-term remission, even complete recovery, in some diseases. Modern innovative methods of radiation therapy in combination with other types of therapy undeniably increase the survival of patients, especially with primary brain tumors.

The article studies the theoretical aspects of the harmonization of legal education and moral education in New Uzbekistan, the socio-philosophical and legal analysis of the harmonization of legal education and moral education in New Uzbekistan, the socio-educational tasks and prospects of the harmonization of legal education and moral education in New Uzbekistan. The theoretical and methodological foundations of the harmonization of legal education and moral education in New Uzbekistan are also analyzed.

Ushbu maqolada xorijda mehnat qilayotgan Oʻzbekiston fuqarolarining mamlakat iqtisodiyotiga qoʻshayotgan hissasi va  ularning jamiyatdagi oʻrni tahlil qilinadi.Shuningdek, chet ellarda ishlayotgan vatandoshlarni yurtga qaytarish zarurati, bu jarayonning ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy oqibatlari muhokama qilinadi.Tadqiqot davomida xorijdagi mehnat migratsiyasining foydali va salbiy jihatlari aniqlanib, optimal yondashuv boʻyicha tavsiyalar beriladi.

Maqolada tibbiy bioetika va kasbiy axloqning mazmuni, tamoyillari va ularning o‘zaro aloqasi tahlil qilingan. Shifokor faoliyatida inson huquqlarini hurmat qilish, bemor sha’nini himoya qilish va halollik tamoyillari muhimligi yoritilgan.

Central Europe has historically been considered the “heart of Europe,” both geographically and politically. Situated between East and West, the region has served as a bridge of cultures, economies, and political systems throughout centuries. From the legacy of the Roman Empire to the influence of the Habsburg Monarchy, from the devastations of the two World Wars to the Soviet domination and the eventual integration into the European Union and NATO, Central European states have played a decisive role in shaping the continent’s history. This article provides a comprehensive historical and contemporary analysis of Central Europe as a region of contest, coexistence, and cooperation.