S H A R Q M A S H ’ A L I
113
ТАРИХШУНОСЛИК
ВА МАНБАШУНОСЛИК
GRƏˉHMĀ, GRƏˉHMŌ IN AVESTA AND UZBEK G‘ARAM,
PERSIAN GIROMI: (ETYMOLOGICAL ETUDE)
ISKHAKOV MIRSADIK
Doctor of history, professor, TSUOS
Аннотация. Ушбу мақола мазда Ясна (зардуштийлик) нинг муқаддас китоби Авеста китобидаги
грˉҳмā сўзининг этимологик таҳлилига бағишланган. Интимевропия поғонасидан олинган ва ўзбекча
ғарам (ғарам) ва форсча гироми асосида тикилган граҳм ва унинг кўплик шаклининг турли хил
этимологик маъноларини ва ўзгаришини қидиришга уринди.
Таянч сўз ва иборалар: Авеста, Гатҳас, Мазда Ясна, граҳҳмā, Бартҳоломае, Инслер, ўзбек,
тожик, Боголюбов, Ҳеннинг, граҳм, гарас, рус.
Аннотация. Данная статья посвящена этимологическому анализу слова grəˉhmā в священной
книге Авесты религии Mazda Yasna (зороастризм). Попытка найти различные этимологические
значения и трансформацию грихмы и ее формы множественного числа Grəˉhm, которая взялась из
индоевропийской основы и отразилась на узбекском гарам (gharam) и персидском giromi.
Опорные слова и выражения: Авеста, Гатас, Мазда Ясна, грихма, Варфоломей, Инслер,
узбекский, таджикский, Боголюбов, Хеннинг, грахм, гарас, русский.
Аbstrаct. This article devoted to etymological analysis of the word grəˉhmā in the holy book Avesta of
the religion Mazda Yasna (Zoroastrianism). Attempted to search for different etymological meanings and
transformation of the grəˉhmā and its plural form grə
ˉ
hmō, which had took from the indoevropian stem and
refleced on the uzbekian g‘aram (gharam), and persian giromi.
Keywords аnd expressions: Avesta, Gāthās, Mazda Yasna, grə
ˉ
hmā, Bartholomae, Insler, uzbekian,
tadjikian, Bogolyubov, Henning, grahm, garas, Russian.
Researchers of the Avesta have given various interpretations to the word found in the texts of
the Avesta, especially in verses of Gāthās of 32, 12, 13, 14 of the “Yasna” nask, in the forms
grəˉhmā, grəˉhmō
. For example, Christian Bartholomae considered the word
grəˉhmā
to be a
singular form of a grammatical noun, and the variant
grəˉhmō
to be a grammatical plural of that
form. However, Bartholomae interpreted this name in contrast to
Zarathustra
, calling him an enemy
and a group of his followers, and interpreting the root of this word as a derivative of the ancient
Aryan form
* g (h) rasma
.
Helmut Humbach once understood the word
grahm
to be related to the word
gras –
“to eat, to
swallow”
in the language of the ancient Hindu Vedas.
Consequently, he proposed to translate the
word as
“eater”
in the adjective sense.
Following V.B.Henning’s opinion, Stanley Insler described the word
grəˉhmā
as related to the Sogdian word
γr’m’k
“wealth” or “rich”
.
According to H.V.Bailey, the word
grəˉhmа
is related to
gram –
“differential, collection”.
M.N.Bogolyubov connects this word with
the Russian word
“громадный, громоздить”
(huge, pile up) made of
grom-core
.
S H A R Q M A S H ’ A L I
114
The occurrence of the
-h-
sound in the row, such as
gram-, gras-, grəˉhmā,
is controversial. In
a sense, this sound can be interpreted as a historical transformation of the ancient
-s-
into
-h-.
For
example,
sister
as in Iranian languages
xohar<hohar (h
v
ohar)
,
in addition, M.N.Bogolyubov
explains that the sound of the throat, which is adjacent to the origin of the word
grəˉhmā
is
pushed
in the direction
-h-
due to the incompetely of the two adjacent lip sounds
-fm- grafma - core.
In
addition to the
-b-
sound in front of the
-h-
in the primitive form of the
grafma -
form, it fell during
the slide towards the articulation of the throat. Thus, the distribution of meaning from the
*
grabh
-
stem is developed as follows:
qad, Hind, grabh-, grah-
“to take, to dust, to snatch, to plunder”.
Hence the Avesta
grab
- meaning “to take, to possess, to take away.”
This form, in turn, has the
same meaning as the Russian word
грабить “to plund”.
For, the historical core form of the
Avesta
grəˉhmā / grəˉhmō
is
grəˉhman-<
*
grafman.
It means “robber, invader.”
Below we quote the 32nd
song, verse 13 of
“Yasna”
based on the reading of M.N.Bogolyubov
:
Yā xshathrā grəˉhmō hishasat acishtahiiā demānē manangho
Aņheush marextaro ahiia yaecha mazda jigarezaţ kāmē
θbahiiā mąthrano dutim yeiš pāţ darəsāt ašahiiā
Translation:
The invading robbers are trying to occupy the address of the Evil Thought by force.
Oh, Mazda, they will complain about the Prophet (Zarathustra) in terms of the task you have
entrusted to him. It is as if Zarathustra is preventing them from seeing the light of Truth.
At the same time, the etymological meaning of the word “collected product” in the Uzbek
language is revealed when we think of the word
“g’aram”
formed from the shift of the meaning of
the Avesta word
grəˉhmā
in sogdian
γr’m’k
“wealth”,
γram
– “to collect”.
Then the russian
“громоздить”
quoted by M.N.Bogolyubov, that is, “to gather, pile up, pile on top of each other”
(for example, a pile of wheat, a pile of cotton, a pile of hay), the Avesta meaning
“accumulated,
wealth”
it is clear that.
In the Persian language, the word giromiy
“wealth”
continued from the same
root, and the spread of meaning continued as
“valuable, precious, honorable.”
ТРАДИЦИЯ “КИРК ХАДИС” / “СОРОК ХАДИСОВ”
ПУЛАТОВА МАЛОХАТ
PhD, ТГУВ
Аннотация. В восточной классической литературе традиция сорока хадисов (Хадис – слова пророка
Мухаммеда) - «Арбаин» занимает особое место.
В рукописном фонде института Востоковедения им. Абу Райхана Беруни Академии наук Узбекистана
хранятся десятки копий рукописей и изданий «Арбаин», написанных на арабском и персидском языках.
«Арбаин» – слово арабского происхождения, обозначает сорок . Есть хадис Пророка Мухаммеда, в
котором говорится: «Кто будет знать наизусть сорок моих хадисов, будет следовать им и обучать других,
тот в судный день будет под моей защитой ». Поэтому стремились выучить наизусть сорок хадисов и
донести их до народа. В каждую эпоху существовал свой «Арбаин», в котором пропагандировались
определенная тема и цель. При толковании и комментировании хадисов важную роль играли предания,
рассказы и повести. Некоторые арбаины подтверждались аятами Корана, а в других для правильного
