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TARJIMADA DISKURS TAQDIMOTI YORDAMIDA TARJIMON USLUBI KO’RINISHI
Xolikova Nozima Nematilloyevna,
Buxoro davlat universiteti I bosqich tayanch doktoranti
Kalit so’zlar:
detektiv, tarjimashunoslik, uslub, yozma nutq bayoni, nutq bayoni, fikr bayoni,
diskurs taqdimoti, romanshunoslik.
Tarjimonning
uslubi
bu
manba
matnidan qat’iy nazar ongsiz ravishda o’z
tilining
xususiyatlaridan
foydalanishi
natijasidir. Tarjima jarayonida tarjimonning
uslubini
o’rganishda
manba
matnidagi,
tilidagi
muayyan
til
ko’rsatmalaridan
foydalanishda
maqsadli
strategiyalardan,
ya’ni bu ularning barcha tarjimalarida
izchillikni ko’rsatadi. Ushbu maqolada biz
J.H.Cheyz
asarlarining
To’lqin
Alimov
hamda Fathulla Namozov tomonidan qilin
tarjimalarini tadqiq qilamiz. Bunda biz
tarjimonning uslubini aniqlashga diskurs
taqdimotiga e’tiborimizni qaratamiz.
Kirish.
Tarjima jarayonini o’rganar
ekanmiz, odatda uslub manba matniga yoki
manba matnidagi muallifni nazarda tutamiz.
Dastavval tarjima jarayonida
"Sadoqat" yoki
"sodiqlik" tarjimalarni baholashda asosiy
konseptual vositalardan biri sifatida qabul
qilinadi.
Uslubshunoslik nuqtayi nazaridan,
tarjima jarayonida tarjimonning o’z uslubiga
ega bo’lishi mumkin emas. Chunki asar
muallifi tarjimon emas. Asliyatdan tarjima
asarda ayrim uslubiy ta’sirlarning o’tishi bu
tarjima jarayonining samarali yo’llaridan
biridir.
Keyinchalik
esa
tilshunoslikda
“ekvivalentlik” terminining asosiy mezonlari
paydo bo’ldi. Lekin baribir muallif uslubining
ham tarjima saqlanishi bu muttarjimning
mahoratini
belgilaydi.
Bu
borada
esa
tarjimonning vazifasi shunchaki muallif
uslubiga taqlid qilishlikni taqozo etadi. Yana
shuni ta’kidlash joizki, tarjimonning o’ziga
xosligi shundaki, u o’zining ijtimoiy hayoti
ta’siri ostida bo’lishidir.
Asosiy qism. Statistikaga asoslangan uslub
Jeyms Hedli Cheyz asarlari va uning tarjimalari: (1-Jadval)
Asar
Tarjima asar
Muttarjim
Nashr davri
Vulture is a patient
bird
Quzg’un sabrli qush To’lqin Alimov
Toshkent-
“O’zbekiston”. 2012.
Coffin from Hong
Kong
Gonkongdan kelgan
tobut
To’lqin Alimov
Toshkent-
“O’zbekiston”. 2012.
Come easy go easy
Seyfdagi pullar
Fathulla Namozov
Toshkent- “Yangi asr
avlodi”. 2013.
Lady - Here's Your
Wreath
Sirli xonim
Fathulla Namozov
Toshkent-
“O’zbekiston”. 2016.
Tarjimaning
diskurs
bayonida
mutarjimning uslubi aks ettirilar ekan, bunda
biz Cheyz asarlari va uning tarjimalarini tahlil
qilamiz. Cheyz asarlarining T.Alimov hamda
F.Namozov tomonidan tarjimalarini tahlil
qilish
davomida
tarjimonning
uslubini
aniqlash mumkin. Diskursiv tarjimada o’zbek
romanlari
noaniqlik
asosan
shaxs
olmoshlarining tarjimasida uchraydi.: “you-
sen/siz” and “I-men,” va ularning boshqa
shakllari: “you’re,” “you’ll,” “you’d,”
“you’ve,” “I’m,” “I’ll,” “I’ve,” “I’d,” va
xokazo. Shunga ko’ra, ular shaxs olmoshlari
va xabar maylini o’z ichiga oladi, va
qolganlari
ikki
guruhga
klassifikatsiya
qilinadi: Yozma va fikr bayoni. (YB/FB)
(jadval 2-jadvalga berilgan xabar mayli
o’rniga, rivoyatchining yozma bayoni (RYB),
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shu bilan birga bosh qahramonning erkin
ko’chma fikr (EKFB), bunda, agar xabar gap
tushurib qoldirilganda yoki ko’chirilganda 2-
jadvalda ko’rsatilgan bosh qahramonning
monologi shu bilan birga, uning o’zi uchun
belgilangan nutqidir. Ushbu klsssifikatsiyaga
ko’ra,
noaniq
diskurs
tarjimasi
ikki
tarjimonning jumlalar darajasiga asosan
olinganligi bilan shakllanadi va shaxs, zamon,
diskurs taqdimoti shakli sifatida tahlil
qilingan.
Noaniq diskurs taqdimotining ikki turi Cheyzning Seyfdagi pullar asarida.
2-jadval Two (my own translations in English)
Diskurs
taqdimotining
noaniq shakli
Misollar
Kategoriyalari
Subkategoriyalar
Xarakteristika
Yozma va fikr
bayoni (YB/FB)
1)
night
demands more
care and skill
than
daytime.
Naturally
one
can earn more
money.
Yozma
bayoni
(YB)
Rivoyatchining
bayoni (RB)
Xabar
mayli
bilan
2)
If
the
rickshaw
is
somehow
damaged,
of
course it has to
be paid. That
bothers
him
more, just like
adding
fuel
to the flames.)
Fikr bayoni (FB) Erkin
ko’chma
fikr
bayoni(EKFB)
Erkin
o’zlashtirma fikr
bayoni (EO’FB)
3)
(But,
he
realized
soon
that pulling a
rickshaw is an
easier way to
earn
money;
the income by
doing
other
hard work is
limited; pulling
a
rickshaw
offers one more
changes
and
opportunities.
One
doesn’t
know when and
where he will
get more pay
than
he
has
desired .)
Yozma bayoni
Rivoyatchining
bayoni (RB)
Xabar mayli siz,
birdan
sodir
bo’ladigan
4) (He began to Fikr bayoni
Erkin
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chew over the
words: for such
a compliment,
he should have
helped out the
shaved-head
young
man;
besides,
two
dollars
is
quite a sum and
not something
you can pick
up every day .)
o’zlashtirma fikr
bayoni (EO’FB)
Yozma va fikr
bayoni (YB/FB)
5) (Besides, he
had his own
ideas:
more
care and less
rush
should
lead
to
no
trouble .)
Yozma
bayoni
(YB)
Erkin
ko’chma
fikr
bayoni
(EKFB)
Birdan
xabar
mayli bilan
Erkin
o’zlashtirma fikr
bayoni (EO’FB)
6)
(Suddenly,
[he]
thought,
if he could earn
ten cents a day,
he could have
one
hundred
dollars
in
a
thousand days.
A
thousand
days !)
Fikr bayoni (FB) Erkin
ko’chma
fikr
bayoni
(EKFB)
Erkin
o’zlashtirma fikr
bayoni (EO’FB)
7) (…As long
as he worked
hard,
there
would
be
endless money
for him to earn
and
endless
food
and clothes for
him to enjoy.)
Yozma bayoni
Erkin
ko’chma
fikr
bayoni
(EKFB)
Xabar maylisiz,
lekin
o’zlik
olmoshlari bilan
Erkin
o’zlashtirma fikr
bayoni (EO’FB)
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8) (It seems
that a man is
nothing at all.
He is just like a
bird. Once you
try
to
feed
yourself, you’re
bound to end
up in a trap .)
Fikr bayoni
Erkin
ko’chma
fikr
bayoni
(EKFB)
Erkin
o’zlashtirma fikr
bayoni (EO’FB)
Tarjimon uslubining diskurs taqdimoti
tarjimasida namoyon bo’lishining turli xil
modellari
mavjuddir.
Fe’lning
zamon
shakllari, shaxs olmoshlari, so’z turkumlari,
yozma va fikr bayonlari o’zbek tilidagi
romanlar ingliz tilidagi bilan yoki aksinchasi
bilan mos kelmaydi. Ingliz romanlarining
o’zbek tilidagi tarjimalari orasidagi farqlar
mutarjimlarga
hamon
qiyinchilik
tug’dirmoqda.
Uslublarni tahlil qilar ekanmiz, bu
borada Xitoy olimi Liech va Shortning
diskurs taqdimoti analizlaridan foydalanamiz,
ular ushbu tahlilni fikr va nutq bayoni
shkalasiga bo’lib o’rganadilar. Biz esa ushbu
jadvallardan Cheyz asarlarini tahlil qilishda
foydalandik. (3-4-jadvallarda berilgan) Leich
va Short aytadilarki: “Nutq va fikr taqdimoti
rejimlari rasman juda o’xshashdir, lekin shuni
yodda tutish joizki, xarakter fikrining bayoni
hattoki juda tez o’zlashtirma shaklda ham
to’liq sun’iydir.” (1981: 337). Boshqa so’z
bilan aytganda, ikki kategoriya o’xshash
shakllarni namoyish etsalarda, fikr bayoni bu
qahramonning ongida sodir bo’ladigan so’zdir
va u hech qachon fizik holat bo’lolmaydi,
faqatgina
rivoyatchining
birir
narsaga
ishontirishidir. Bu borada qo’shtirnoq
ichidagi misollar * 4-jadvaldagi fikr bayonini
variantlar misolida ko’rish uchun.
(3-jadval fikr va nutq kategoriyalari Leich va Short jadvali)
Nutq bayoni
(NB)
Rivoyatchining
nutqiy
harakati
bayoni(RNHB)
O’zlashtirma
nutq
(O’N)
Erkin
o’zlashtirma
nutq
(EN)
Ko’chma
nutq
(KN)
Erkin
ko’chma nutq
(EKN)
Fikr bayoni
(FB)
Rivoyatchining
fikriy bayoni
(RFB)
O’zlashtirma
fikr (O’F)
Erkin
o’zlashtirma
fikr(EF)
Ko’chma fikr
(KF)
Erkin
ko’chma
fikr(EKF)
Fikr va nutq bayoni kategoriyalariga misollar – 4-jadval (Leich va Short jadvali)
Turlar
Nutq bayoni
Fikr bayoni
KN/KF
He said, “I’ll come back here
to see you again tomorrow”
He wondered, “Does she still
love me?”
He said, “I’ll come back here
to see you again tomorrow”
He wondered, “Does she still
love me?”
O’N/O’F
He said, he would return
there
to
see
her
again the following day
He said, he would return
there
to
see
her
again the following day
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He wondered if she still loved
him
He wondered if she still loved
him
EKN/EKF
He said I’ll come back here to
see you again tomorrow
*(He wondered, does she still
love me?) “I’ll come back
here
to
see
you
again
tomorrow” *(“Does she still
love me?”) I’ll come back
here
to
see
you
again
tomorrow Does she still love
me?
He said I’ll come back here to
see you again tomorrow *(He
wondered, does she still
love me?) “I’ll come back
here
to
see
you
again
tomorrow” *(“Does she still
love me?”) I’ll come back
here
to
see
you
again
tomorrow Does she still love
me?
EN/EF
He promised to return He
wondered about her love He
promised to visit her again
for him
He promised to return He
wondered about her love He
promised to visit her again
for him
RNHB/RFB
He would return there to see
her again the following day
Did she still love him? He
would return there to see her
again tomorrow *(Did she
still love him? He wondered)
He would come back there to
see her again tomorrow
He would return there to see
her again the following day
Did she still love him? He
would return there to see her
again tomorrow *(Did she
still love him? He wondered)
He would come back there to
see her again tomorrow
4-jadvalda keltirilgan misollarga ko’ra
nutq va fikr bayoni orasidagi asosiy farqlar
ingliz tilida xabar maylidagi fe’llarning
ishlatilishidan iboratdir. Oldingisi aytdi-
turidagi xabar yo’llovchi hamda uni qabul
qiluvchining bog’liqligidagi fe’llar bilan
xarakterlanadi, keyingisi esa fikr-o’y sifatida
ishlatiladigan
fe’llar,
bular
asosan
qahramonning monologi yoki o’zi bilan o’zi
gapirish
nutqidir.
Bularning
barchasini
mukammallashtiruvchi narsa bu xabar mayli
yoki zaruriy kontekst tushirilib qoldirilganda
yoki
ma’no
ko’chirilganda
birini
ikkinchisidan farqlash qiyin bo’ladi. Shunga
o’xshash rasmiy jihatlarning tanqisligi tufayli
tarjima romanidagi gaplarning qiymatini
baholash qiyin. Holbuki, ba’zi hollarda
asarlardagi
xarakterlar
monologi
fikr
monologi nutq bayoni sifatida ham qabul
qilinishi mumkin.
Bu ikki kategoriyalar kitobxonga
turlicha ta’sir o’tkazishi mumkin.: EN
qahramon va kitobxon orasidagi masofani
saqlashida, EF qarama-qarshi ta’sirga ega, u
kitobxonni qahramonning ongigacha olib
boradi. Qo’shimcha qilib, 4-jadvalda shuni
ko’rish mumkinki, xabar maylidan fikrlarni
aylantirganimizda, ya’ni EKN va EN qisman
EKF va EF ga shaklan juda o’xshashdir.
Shunday qilib, ingliz va o’zbek tilidagi asarlar
diskurs taqdimoti kategoriyasida noaniqliklar
shulardan iboratdir.
Tarjima
jarayonidagi
romanlarni
tadqiq qilar ekanmiz, Leich va Shortning
diskurs taqdimotidagi modeliga Semino va
Short yana qo’shimcha kategoriyalarni
qo’shadilar: yozma nutq bayoni singari va
uning yangi shkalasini yaratadilar. Yangi
model kategoriyalari yozma bayoni parallel
ravishda nutq va fikr bayoni bilan boradi. Bu
borada,
Semino
va
Short
diskurs
taqdimotining
barcha
kategoriyalariga
quyidagicha xulosaga keldilar:
1. NB juda tez uchraydi, FB esa YBdan
ko’ra ko’proq;
2. barcha subkategoriyalarda NB, EKN
va O’N birgalikda tez-tez uchraydi, EN esa
ikkinchi darajada;
3.
YN
va
RYNBning
barcha
subkategoriyalari tez-tez uchraydi;
4. FBning barcha subkategoriyalari IB,
EFdan keyin KF va EKF juda kam
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uchraydigan.
Bular shuni
ko’rsatadiki ingliz
tilidagi asarlarda nutq va fikr bayoni yozma
bayondan ko’ra ko’proq uchraydi.
Quyida ularning 5-jadvalini ko’rishingiz mumkin.
Kategoriyalar
O’ziga xos qisqartma shakllari
Nutq
bayoni(NB)
RO
RNBH
O’N
EN
KN
EKN
Fikr bayoni
(FB)
IB
RFBH
O’F
EF
KF
EKF
Yozma nutq
bayoni
(YNB)
RY
RYBH
O’Y
EY
KY
EKY
RO-Rivoyat qiluvchining ovozli bayoni, RNBH- rivoyatchining nutqni bayon qilish
harakati, IB- ichki fikr bayoni, RFBH- rivoyatchining fikrni bayon qilish harakati, RY-
rivoyatchining yozma nutq bayoni, RYBH-rivoyatchining yozma nutq bayoni harakati.
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yxati:
1.
Boase-Beier, Jean. 2006. Stylistic approaches to translation
.
Manchester: St. Jerome.
2.
Newmark, Peter. 1981. Approaches to translation
.
Oxford: Pergamon Press.
3.
Leech, Geffrey, and Mick Short. 1981. Style in fiction: A linguistic introduction to
English fictional
prose
.
London: Longman.
4.
Leech, Geffrey, and Mick Short. 1981. Style in fiction: A linguistic introduction to
English fictionalprose. London: Longman.
5.
Semino, Elena, and Mick Short. 2004. Corpus stylistics: Speech, writing and thought
presentation
in a corpus of English writing. London: Routledge.
6.
Chase J.H. Come easy-Go easy.-Granada:”Watfa books”, 1960.-P.80.
7.
Cheyz J.H. Seyfdagi pullar. Tarjima asar.-T.:”Yangi asr avlodi”,2011 .-224b.
Xolikova N.
Appearance of traslators' style with the help of discourse presentation in
translation
. This article analyzes the author's style and the translator's style by presenting the
English detective novelist James Hedley Chase's "Safe Money" (Discount) in translation. The
models and scales of Chinese linguists and translators Leich, Semino and Short were effectively
used in their analysis.
Холикова Н. Представление стиля переводчика при помощи презентации дискурса
.
В этой статье анализируется стиль автора и стиль переводчика, представляя в переводе
«Safe Money» Джеймса Хедли Чейза. Модели и шкалы китайских лингвистов и переводчиков
Leich, Semino и Short были эффективно использованы в их анализе.
