The article analyzes the work of Arthur Schopenhauer, the theoretical ideas that motivated the formation of his worldview based on various sources. It reveals life factors that influenced the worldview of the thinker, the interaction between Arthur Schopenhauer’s creative activity in his practical life. In the philosophical views of the thinker, the issue of existence, his ideas about human will are analyzed, Schopenhauer’s doctrine of morality and attitude to religion are thoroughly covered. Schopenhauer’s philosophical system can be superficially compared to the «Four Noble Truths» of Buddhism. According to Schopenhauer, there is no doubt that the whole world, the whole life consists of pain and suffering. The cause of suffering lies in the mindless, wandering, disordered-chaotic will, which voluntarily and freely creates and destroys human life, does not give it any meaning. But suffering can be stopped: life can have meaning, if the mind refuses to serve the will, if it makes «Nothing» its goal, if it becomes absorbed in «Nothing». Schopenhauer suggests a way to escape suffering and reach Nothingness: suffering and asceticism. Looking at liberation in the context of Buddhist teachings, it can be said that Schopenhauer’s philosophy is a European version of nirvana. Schopenhauer promotes Buddhism and calls Indian terms synonymous with his own terms. As we will see below, the negation of «I» in Schopenhauer is based on a Brahmanic script, not a Buddhist one. Behind the immanent individuality is the groundless, substantial will, the «thing-in-itself» that «carries infinite individual possibilities.» In Buddhism, the «I» is disintegrated into a stream of ever-changing elements that appear and disappear every second. Indeed, in «Aphorisms of Life Wisdom» Schopenhauer does not reflect on human compassion and asceticism. In this treatise, the reader is offered a compromise: Schopenhauer forgets about the high moral and metaphysical point of view, and argues that it is possible to live happily from an everyday, empirical position. In his metaphysics, such a possibility turns out to be a lie and a mistake, so Schopenhauer agrees that the value of the «Aphorism ...» is conditional and nevertheless puts forward his advice. Schopenhauer’s idea that “will is the sign of totality” emerged as an analysis of the works of Kant and Fichte. He acquired the idea of the primacy of ideas or phenomena of will from Plato; the overall pessimistic outlook and the idea of abandonment of will in his works are acquired from Buddhism. The life ideal of the philosophers is the ascetism in Buddhist fashion. Despite fact that the worldview of Schopenhauer is heavily influenced by Eastern philosophical traditions, he insists on the independent emergence of his own philosophical system.
In the introductory part of the article the author
characterizes concept of international legal protection of the right to life. In the basic part the basic stages of formation of international legal protection of the right to life are considered.
In the conclusion the author comes to opinion that the world community should develop a consensus concerning international legal protection of the right to life and to generate corresponding international legal base.
Цифровая трансформация шаг за шагом меняет жизнь современного человека. Без сложных цифровых систем в настоящее время не возможно представить эффективно работающую экономику, качественное образование, современную развитую культуру, инновационные производственные процессы. По факту цифровой трансформации подверглась и повседневная жизнь человека, в ускорении этого процесс свою роль сыграла пандемия коронавируса
Преступления против жизни человека, в том числе убийство считаются одними из наиболее тяжких преступлений против личности, так как они посягают на природное и неотъемлемое право человека – право на жизнь, на благо, данное каждому самой природой и признанное государством высшей ценностью – человеческую жизнь.
These environmental problems and their impact on human life are analyzed. The science of ecology includes many disciplines that are aimed at developing measures and activities to prevent existing environmental problems. Accordingly, environmental psychology has developed as a branch of psychological science at the present time and is divided into “ecological personality”, “ecological psychoacoustics”, “ecological consciousness”, “ecological psychology”, “psychological ecology” and other areas. studied.
The article highlights social and economical life of Bukharian people by analyzing waqf documents at the end of 13 th – in the first half 14 th centuries, studying date of these documents shows social strata, taxes which were paid by Bukharian people and its names, policy of Mongols in the region in Chaghatay period. Furthmore, for full illuminating of the issue it was justified waqf documents which were explained status of agriculture and used terminology on farming.
The аrticle considers the strengthening of the Turkic fаctor in Egypt аfter the Mаmluk Emirs, nаtives from the Khwаrezm, Turkmen аnd Kipchаk tribes, who cаme to power in the second hаlf of the XIII century. The influence of the Turkic fаctor аffected аll аspects of life in Egypt. Under the leаdership of the Turkic Emirs, the Egyptiаns defeаted the crusаders who invаded Egypt in 1248. This defeаt of the 7th crusаde mаrked the beginning of the Generаl collаpse of the Crusаdes. Аnother crushing defeаt of the Mаmluks led by Sultаn Kutuz cаused the Mongols, stopping their victorious Mаrch through the Аrаb world. Аs а result of these brilliаnt victories, Egypt under the first Mаmluk Sultаns turned into а fаirly strong stаte, which developed аgriculture, irrigаtion, аnd foreign trаde. The аrticle аlso exаmines the fаctors contributing to the trаnsformаtion of Egypt in the XIII–XIV centuries in the center of Muslim culture аfter the fаll of the Аbbаsid Cаliphаte. Scientists from аll over the Muslim world cаme to Egypt, educаtionаl institutions-mаdrаssаs were intensively built, аnd Muslim encyclopediаs were creаted thаt аbsorbed the knowledge gаined in vаrious Sciences (geogrаphy, history, philology, аstronomy, mаthemаtics, etc.). Scholаrs from Khwаrezm, the Golden Horde, Аzerbаijаn, аnd other Turkic-speаking regions аlong with Аrаb scholаrs tаught hаdith, logic, orаtory, fiqh, аnd other Muslim Sciences in the fаmous mаdrаssаs of Egypt. In Mаmluk Egypt, there wаs а greаt interest in the Turkic lаnguаges, especiаlly the Oguz-Kipchаk diаlect. Аrаbic аnd Turkic philologists write speciаl works on the vocаbulаry аnd grаmmаr of the Turkic lаnguаges, аnd compile Аrаbic-Turkic dictionаries. In Egypt, а whole lаyer of аrtistic Turkic-lаnguаge literаture wаs creаted thаt hаs survived to the present dаy. The fаmous poet Sаif Sаrаyi, who cаme from the lower reаches of the Syr Dаryа river in Mаwаrаunnаhr wаs considered to be its founder. He wrote in Chigаtаi (old Uzbek) lаnguаge аnd is recognized а poet who stаnds аt the origins of Uzbek literаture. In аddition to his known the nаmes of eight Turkish-speаking poets, most of whom hаve nisbа "аl-Khwаrizmi". Notаble chаnges occurred in Аrаbic literаture itself, especiаlly аfter the decline of Pаlаce Аbbаsid poetry. There is а convergence of literаture with folk аrt, under the influence of which the poetic genres, such аs “zаzhаl”, “mаvvаl”, “muvаshshаh”, etc. emerge in the Egyptiаn poetry. In Mаmluk Egypt, the genre of “аdаbа” is rаpidly developing, аimed аt bringing up аnd enlightening the good-nаtured Muslim in а populаr scientific form. The works of “аdаbа” contаined а lаrge аmount of poetic аnd folklore mаteriаl from rivаyаts аnd hikаyаts, which mаkes it possible to hаve а more complete understаnding of medievаl Аrаbic literаture in generаl. Unfortunаtely, the culture, including the fiction of the Mаmluk period of Egypt, hаs been little studied, аs well аs the influence of the Turkic fаctor on the culturаl аnd sociаl life of the Egyptiаns. The Turkic influence is felt in the militаry аnd household vocаbulаry, the introduction of new rituаls, court etiquette, chаnging the criteriа for evаluаting beаuty, in food, clothing, etc. Nаtives of the Turkic regions, former slаves, historicаl figures such аs the Sultаn Shаjаrаt аd-Durr, Mаmluk sultаns аs Kutuz аnd Beybаrs becаme nаtionаl heroes of the Egyptiаn people. Folk novels-Sirs were written аbout their deeds. Аnd in modern times, their nаmes аre not forgotten. Prominent Egyptiаn writers hаve dedicаted their historicаl novels to them, streets hаve been nаmed аfter them, monuments hаve been erected to them, аnd series аnd TV shows dedicаted to them аre still shown on nаtionаl television. This аrticle for the first time exаmines some аspects of the influence of the Turkic fаctor on the culturаl life of Mаmluk Egypt аnd highlights some unknown pаges of culturаl relаtions between Egypt аnd Mаwаrаunnаhr.
In recent years, various levels of research in the field of linguistics have been carried out, based on the lexical-semantic and grammatical features of the language. In particular, effective work is being done to study the linguistic features of artistic sources on folklore. In subsequent years, scientific papers and studies appeared on the linguistic features of proverbs, phraseologies, as well as wishes and applause (applause-curses). They are studied by folklorists as cultural units. In particular, research was conducted on the names of epics, fairy tales, wedding ceremonies, the linguistic features of wedding songs, the lexical and semantic analysis of Uzbek folk riddles. It seems that there is not enough information about the work done or ongoing in the above areas related to the cultural life of the peoples of the East. This article is dedicated to Turkish wishes and applause, as well as the participation and art of colors in their linguistic landscape. There are aspects that should be considered when studying wishes and applause. These cultural units are characteristic of oral discourse, although they are found in both formal and formal literature. Naturally, in order to conduct research on such a subject, it is necessary to know the way of thinking of these people. The word applause comes from the ancient Turkic language and means praise, honor, wish good wishes. The participation of flowers in Turkish wishes and applause is aimed at revealing the meanings and artistic image of these flowers in terminology. In fact, everything around us is made up of different colors. Colors are an important tool for distinguishing things from each other. You can see the place and meanings of white in desires, the positive and negative meanings of black and the use of green in life as blessings and blessings. In addition, the article provides examples of synonyms for red and white.