Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Researches of human population genomic variety and scenarios of its genetic pool formation arc one of perspective directions of modem genetics. Prompt progress in this field has allowed defining the basic routes of continents settlement. However the information about Central Asian (CA) populations even on «classical» genetic markers has accidental, fragmentary character, and requires additional large-scale investigations. Besides, according to historical, archeological, paleontological and some anthropogenetic studies, given region was playing certain role in ancient moving of modem human ancestors throughout Eurasian continent. Therefore it is extremely important to summarize and perform complex assessment of new and collected data on Central Asian populations as practically there arc no multivariate analyses studies of given region as a complex population system.
In studies of human population genetic structure arc usually used various approaches allowing understanding concept of populations subdivision and character of genetic relationships between them. Among these techniques the prominent place belongs to approaches based on an assessment of genetic distances between populations with their subsequent analysis by multivariate statistics methods. For even more compelling picture of the relationships between the populations on tree diagram we composed «the genetic landscape» of area, where the description of population genetic structure is presented by equally spaced figures consistently consolidating populations according to their genetic distances from each other and thus creating a genetic landscape. This approach is not only a tool for elementary population boundary detection, but also can be effectively used for identification of borders and sizes of population as naturalistic unit.
Multigcnctic landscape is a collection of different genetic systems which arc specific to the region and ethnic groups, which have their geographical areas, their geographical, historical and cultural boundaries. Gene flows arc run through these conventional boundaries, but they arc less intense than in the limits of area. These limits arc ambiguous and fluid, but it is real. You can identify them by studying, for example, the structure of marriage migration. Therefore anthropogenesis of different populations will inevitably differ from each other. Ethnogenetic composition tends to change over time, from generation to generation, and hence there is a need to understand the structure of the genepool, not only at a given time, but also in the study of genetic processes that form and reform the gcncpooL In this regard, the studying of multigcnctic landscapes is in close contact with the demographics, medical and genetic ecology, anthropology, ethnology, archeology and history of the peoples, that is, with a range of areas, not only natural, but also the humanities knowleges.
Study of genomic diversity is important not only to address questions of origin and genetic history of different ethnic groups, but is also the basis for molecular epidemiology of hereditary and multifactor diseases. Each region is characterized by a specific set of common genetically determined diseases. To understand the causes of the prevalence of disease in different regions, and to develop approaches to their early DNA diagnosis and effective prevention, initially it is necessary to conduct population-based studies, which determine the development of the disease.
Purpose of research is to implement a comprehensive description of the structure of indigenous Central Asian populations genetic pool, examine demographic, phylogenetic and evolutionary features of Central Asian populations through the analysis of genetic variety of mtDNA, Y-chromosomal (NRY), autosomal, X-chromosomal microsatcllites and immunogcnetic variants of Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) and hepatitis В virus (HB V).
To achieve this goal the following tasks of research is solved:
specification of immunogcnetic variants of H.pylori and HBV, allocated at the patients in Central Asian region, with the subsequent comparative phylogenetic analysis of H.pylori and HBV regional versions with those in other regions of the world;
examination of genetic variety and degree of genetic differentiation of Central Asian populations according to classical population-genetic objects -polymorphisms of mtDNA, Y-chromosomal, autosomal and X- chromosomal STRs;
assessment of the Western and East-Eurasian lines of population inheritance contribution to Central Asian populations’ genetic pool at regional, ethnic, sub-cthnic levels and in a level of elementary populations;
reviewing of character of regional populations relationships by genetic variety of mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal STRs markers in view of ethnographic, social and linguistic data;
evaluation of sex-specific genetic structure and the social organization according to polymorphisms of mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal markers in the region;
determination of ancient ways of migrations and scripts of formation of Central Asian populations according to mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal STRs markers and immunogcnetic variants of H.pylori and HBV',
evaluation of ethnogenetic position of studied Central Asian populations in the system of genetic pools of Eurasia and the world in general through comparative analysis of all studied population-genetic parameters.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
for the first time was performed a study of genetic pool structure of 26 Central Asian populations from 6 ethnic groups as complete population systems using a wide range of genetic objects;
for the first time was made an assessment of informativeness of each type of genetic subjects. For the first time was received detailed characteristic of genetic pool structure of indigenous Central Asian population on the basis of variability lines of the spectrum of genetical objects;
for the first time was defined the ratio of Westem-and the East-Eurasian lines in a genepool of Central Asian population and were made an assessments of genetic variety level and genetic differentiation degree of regional populations as a whole;
for the first time phylogenetic analysis of major haplogroups of investigated genetic subjects was conducted;
for the first time the position of Central Asian population in population genetic pool system of surrounding regions and Eurasia in the whole was studied;
for the first time the evolutionary-adaptable mechanisms, necessary in the forecast of formations of multigenic pathologies in region were studied at 6 ethnoses of Central Asian.
CONCLUSION
1. H.pylori from Central Asian territory is similar to Western Europe isolates, and shaped by two ancestral populations genotype Ancestral Europe 1 (dominant) and Ancestral Europe2 and for AE1-genotype Central Asian region probably is the source. H.pylori from the territory of Central Asia form a separate cluster group: close relationship of Tadjik, Uzbek strains and Iranian isolates from the north of Iran is established. Kirghiz isolates were found to be closer to populations from territory of Siberia.
2. High diversity of HBV genotypes in Central Asia was found -4 genotypes (A, C, D, and G). Phylogenetic analysis of Central Asian genotype HBV-with options for other regions of the world showed a close relationship between the dominant genotype D (0,78), the D1-subtype with variants of the virus in Europe, the Middle East and Africa.
3. The rates of genetic affinity for STR-NRY in Kazakhs, Turkmens, Karakalpaks Turtkul at the level of the same lineage were high: 0,58 (p<0,001); 0,34 (p<0,01) and 0,77 (p<0,001), respectively. The coefficients of relationship at the level of clan for Kazakhs, Turkmens, Uzbeks and Karakalpaks from Kungrad and Turtkul were lower: 0,30 (r<0,01); 0,21 (p<0,001) and 0,40 (r<0,001); 0,07 (p<0,05) and 0,09 (p<0,05), respectively. At the level of the tribe, the indicators were negative for all Turkic populations: -0,02 (r<0,05);-0,04 (r<0,001);-0,07 (p<0,01); -0,0011 (r<0,1) and -0,10 (r<0,01), respectively.
4. The analysis of mtDNA HVS-1 showed that total rate of differentiation level for all populations was low: FST=0,013; p<0,0001. Level of diversity between groups was 0,6% (p<0,001) of the total variability. Parameter of genetic differences between Turkic and Indo-Iranian populations made 0,55% (p<0,0283) of the total genetic variability. The rate of genetic differentiation on a sub-ethnic level was significantly expressed in Indo-Iranian group (FST=0,0197;r<0,001) than among the Turkic-speaking (0,3%; p=0,10). In all populations, in general, wasn‟t detected the correlation between genetic and geographic distances at the global level on mtDNA HVS-1: r=0,00682; p=0,502.
5. Analysis of STR-NRY showed that the level of the genetic differentiation between ethnic groups was 5,6% (p<0,02); general differentiation between populations made RST=0,186 (p<0,001). Combined analysis, taking into account the language and way of life of Turkic and Indo Iranian populations, showed the general differences between the two groups – 9,1% Value of genetic differentiation when comparing the ethnos-ethnos was slightly lower than the level within ethnos: 5,6% among ethnic groups, 18,6%, and 13,7%-between populations within the ethnic group.
6. Analysis of heterozygosity (H) and the average number of pairwise differences (p) of mtDNA, were high in nomadic populations (av.H=0,99; av.p=5,29) and farmer populations (av.H=0,99; av.p=5,32). Heterozygosity (H) on Y- chromosome was lower in nomadic groups than in the agrarian – 0,86 and 0,99,respectively (p<0,01). Nomadic populations exhibit a higher level of population differentiation (RST) in comparison with farmers - 0,19 and 0,06, respectively (p<0,01). Indicators of population growth (r) were lower in nomadic populations compared with farmers - 1,004 and 1,008, respectively (p=0,056).
7. The level of genetic differentiation in all ethnic groups was higher on the Y chromosome in comparison with mtDNA. The farming populations showed no significant difference in the genetic differentiation FST (Y)=0,069 and FST (mtDNA)=0,034, while among patrilineal nomadic population the level of genetic diversity was higher in the male line of inheritance - FST(Y)=0,177 and FST (mtDNA)=0,010. Genetic diversity of population structure in patrilineal nomads on autosomal and X-linked markers were: FST (A)=0,008 (0,006-0,010) and FST (X)=0,011 (0,001-0,004) (H0: FST(A)=FST(X); H1: FST(A)>FST(X); p=0,02). In bilinear farmer populations the differences of autosomal and X-chromosomal markers were insignificant: FST (A)=0,014 (0,012-0,016) and FST (X)=0,013 (0,008-0,018 at p=0,36).
8. Analysis of mtDNA indicated that the age of expansion on the territory of Eurasia (τw) declined significantly from East to West (r=0,72; p<0,001). The age of expansion had a pronounced tendency to decrease from 30 thousand years in China to 17 thousand years in Western Europe. Age of expansion in Central Asia amounted to 26 thousand years. Results of expansion analysis on NRY also show a decrease in genetic diversity from the East to the West of Eurasia (r=0,49; p<0,001). In Central Asia this age was 16 thousand yrs. According STRs-NRYBatwing analysis of the minimal age of Uzbek population origin was 1232,71 yrs old (Ne=14088 (6765-23942); α=0,0108 (0,0065-0,0155)).
9. The apportionment of multilocus genetic variations among ethnic and linguistic groups of Central Asian populations showed that more than 98% of all variations were within the population (p<0,0001). Evaluation of the ethnic and linguistic affiliations in the observed variations showed reliable conformity - FST=0,007; p<0,0001 and FST=0,011; p<0,0001, respectively. We didn‟t find evidence of geographical isolation within each of the Turkic and Indo Iranian groups of populations (p=0,363 and p=0,772, respectively).
10. Analysis of multilocus allelic diversity (AR) and heterozygosity (He) showed differences among the Central Asian and other populations in allelic variety (χ2 =105,29; d.f.=25; p<0,0001) and heterozygosity (χ2=67,98; d.f.=25; p<0,0001). Population differentiation at multilocus analysis at populations of Central Asia is more pronounced than in the other regions of Eurasia: in European and Middle Eastern groups pairwise estimation of FST ranged from 0,011 to 0,015 and -0,008-0,021, respectively; in East-Asian groups from -0,011 to 0,046; and finally, in Central Asia these rates ranged from -0,004 to 0,056. Heterozygosity was significantly higher in the group of the Indo-Iranian populations than among Turkic-speaking (He=0,818 and He=0,787, respectively; Z=-4, 55; p<0,0001). According to multilocus analysis all 26 Central Asian populations slightly but significantly differed (FST=0,015; CI99%=0,011-0,018; p<0,01).
The current examination expects to analyze the concern that pedant occurrence in commanding of illuminate investigation compute, to uncover the motivation of the concern and to create arrangement proposals. Contextual investigation plan of subjective examination techniques was utilized in this exploration and it incorporates 41 volunteer pedant. Organized meeting structure was utilized in information assortment and the information were examined with content examination. It was discovered that the majority of the concern pedant occurrence in commanding of educating investigation compute were identified with understudies. They likewise had concern with study hall/course the board. In commanding of illuminate investigation cycles of the pedant, concern were identified with understudies, actual foundation, instructive framework and society/climate. It very well may be stated that a large portion of the concern can be settled if their motivation are resolved and taken care of. Likewise it is proposed that approaching pedant who are new to scholastic life need to follow the guidelines that incorporates understudy discipline guidelines and the understudies should be educated about the negative practices and their results toward the start of the term.
In the article explores the differences in the approaches of each Central Asian country to regional cooperation. The initiatives put forward by the leaders of the countries of the region were analyzed. The author describes the features of the foreign policy concepts of the countries of the region. The factors of foreign policy of the Central Asian countries are analyzed. The need for regional integration was explained by analyzing the evolutionary processes taking place in Uzbekistan's neighbors in Central Asia. Regional cooperation is based on an understanding of the evolution of geopolitical processes in the modern world, where the tendency to build international, political, economic, and other relations is growing. It is emphasized that such a view is extremely relevant for modern Central Asia, which is a link interconnected by relatively different ancient local ties. Some factors were considered, the development of a special legal document or a concept that reveals prospects aimed at enhancing the development of the countries of the region directly with neighbors. The speeches of the leaders of the countries of the region from the tribunes of influential international organizations and forums on the creation of a new system of international relations in the region have been studied. The main regional and international initiatives of the Central Asian states in the field of security and development were highlighted. Analyzed issues are the measures taken by the countries of the region to solve border problem
Relationships between nations of Central Asia and China of Tang era in the Chinese source "Jiu Tang Shu" of the period Wu-dai (the old history of Tang) and “Xin Tang Shu” (the new history of Tang) were researched in the article. The dynasty chronicle "Jiu Tang Shu" contains 200 juans (chapters) and step by step tells the events with missing some details. “Xin Tang shu” consists of 225 juans and perfectly complements those missing details. Also, the article discusses the reasons for the active foreign policy of the Chinese emperors in relation to the state of Central Asia. In addition to information about the works, there is also information about the author and editors who, due to political circumstances, were able to implement these historical projects. In the source "Jiu Tang Shu" more attention was paid to the information about the relationship of the Tang state with the Yenisei Kyrgyz and Uighurs. However, there is information about other peoples, but they are smaller in volume. These relationships are mostly trade-embassy, religious and cultural. Historico-geographical data on various regions of Central Asia and China have also found their place in the work. As stated above, "Xin Tang Shu" is a new and revised version of the old book. Every pubescent detail has been illuminated and supplemented. Dates and terms deserve special attention because of their precise definitions and translations. Unlike the previous book, "Xin Tang Shu" is divided into clear sections, in which the events of the mowing dynasty are systematically told. Information about relationships can be found in two chapters, which are also divided into internal blocks. In addition to information about the Yenisei Kyrgyz, Uyghurs and other Turkic peoples, there is also information about the Sisi and Shiwei people who also played a huge role in shaping China's foreign policy with the peoples of Central Asia.
In the 10th-12th centuries there had been a rapid flourishing of literary creativity in the Arabic language in the regions of Central Asia such as Mawaraunnahr and Khwarezm. Tens of thousands of Arabic language manuscripts have been stored in manuscript collections all over the world, including the manuscript collection of our Republic. Some of them have been selectively studied by orientalists. At the same time, the number of still unexplored manuscripts is very large, and there are manuscripts containing vivid artistic creations among them. Translating and researching of these works in order to bring the treasures of spiritual and aesthetic heritage to our people is a responsible and honorable task of Uzbek orientalists. This article expounds on the contributions of the Central Asian thinkers in the development of Arabic literature in the 10th-12th centuries, in the establishment of its genres, and the formation of its primary trends. In the article, a brief overview of the main literary works of the period and their influence on the direction of the literary development both in Central Asia and the entire world of Islam is given. The rich Arabic literature of Mawarannаhar and Khwarezm spurred vibrant cultural growth locally during the first stage of the Islamic Renaissance and further development of the social and moral thought of its peoples. Abu Bakr al-Khwarezmi, Abu Ali Sina, Mahmud al-Zamakshari, and many other Central Asian thinkers combined both scientific and literary endeavors throughout their lives. During this very period, the main body of the greatest literary monuments was created. Additionally, the perspectives of a deeper study of this literary heritage as part of the world heritage and the entire human civilization are examined in this article. A comprehensive study of the Arabic literary heritage of the 9th-12th centuries may, on one hand, help to fill out the gap in the studies of the literary activities of the period. On the other hand, even though certain steps in this direction have been made, prospects of research from the position of literary studies demand a deeper exploration of literary activities, thematic categories, poetics, uniqueness of local genres, and other facets, which will help make certain the size of the contribution of Central Asian scholars to the development not only of Eastern literature but of Western as well.
The article examines Iran's active efforts to establish cooperation in the field of educational and cultural projects with the states of the region are shown. An overview is given of Iran's potential in Central Asia to use soft power, particularly public diplomacy, and examples of Tehran's use of these resources are shown. The reaction of the political elites of Central Asian countries to the policy of Tehran is studied. The dynamics of Iranian presence in the Central Asian educational market are analyzed. In particular, the increase of Iranian presence in the educational market of Kyrgyzstan and its relative decrease in Tajikistan in recent years are noted. It also reveals the peculiarities of Iranian education policy in Central Asian states and the fear of local elites about the growing influence of religious identity in the region.
The article provides a brief historical retrospective of the evolution of approaches to regional integration of the newly independent States of Central Asia. Particular attention is paid to the new policy of Uzbekistan towards neighboring States, articulation of fundamental principles and approaches of the Republic aimed at strengthening regional integration. Article includes detail examples of formation of new approaches to Central Asia by external centers of influence, considering as a single regional international subsystem.
Scientific study of Central Asia has its deep roots in Russian science. The ramified system of oriental scientific and educational institutions, the richest collections of oriental manuscripts, books, objects of material culture served as a sufficiently representative source base for the research of oriental scholars. The deep and disinterested interest of scientists in the achievements of Eastern civilizations played a certain role in acquainting the peoples of other countries with the culture and history of Central Asia. One of such representatives of Russian oriental studies, who, with his works and social and scientific activities, made a certain contribution to the development of science and culture of the peoples of Central Asia, in particular, to the history of the study of Uzbekistan, was Petr Ivanovich Lerkh. The range of scientific interests of Petr Ivanovich was extensive. He could study the languages, dialects and dialects of various peoples; he could be carried away by prehistoric archeology, as a result of which a number of interesting articles appeared in this direction; the result of his enthusiasm for oriental numismatics was the release of his corresponding scientific work. Moreover, it should be borne in mind that the geography of his scientific research, whatever direction they were, was also extensive: from remote provinces of Russia to the newly annexed neighboring outskirts. This is evidenced by archival materials where the works of P.I. Lerkh on archeology, linguistics, numismatics, ethnography, etc. He also did not reject the study of the works of foreign scientists concerning history, ethnography, oriental studies, in particular. The trip made by P.I. Lerkh in Khiva and Bukhara expanded the scope of the scientist's scientific activity. Since then, Central Asian countries and peoples, eastern numismatics, as well as primitive antiquities began to enter the circle of his scholarly research. During the trip 1858-1859 the scientist acquired over 30 oriental manuscripts for the Asian Museum. The versatility of scientific interests and abilities of a scientist can also be judged by his scientific reports in scientific communities. The article uses a wide range of sources of archival scientific institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in particular, materials from the personal fund of P.I. Lerkh from the scientific archive of the Institute of Oriental Languages in St. Petersburg.
This article is to introduce the ‘New North Policy’ of the Moon Jae-in’s government (since May 2017) of the Republic of Korea, and explain the contents and performance of the 2019 Korea-Central Asian State Summit (Korean President and Prime Minister’s official visit to Central Asia) and cooperation in Central Asia under the ‘New North Policy’. By analyzing the significance of 2019 Summit Diplomacy with the relation of New Northern Policy, the conclusion is to propose a couple of plans for future cooperation of Korea and Central Asian states.
The article below provides a brief description of the triad of reforms in Central Asia of romanization. At the same time, special attention is paid to the goals and interests of both the political elites who initiated language reforms, as well as their supporters and opponents. The article analyzes the implementation of language policy and the transition to the Latin alphabet in Central Asia. An analysis of this problem indicates that the leadership of the Soviet Union is pursuing the task of switching to the Latin alphabet, providing a contradiction to the policy of «indigenization.» A clear confirmation of the negative consequences of the processes in this area was the conduct in Central Asia; they serve as excellent indicators of the degree of freedom or non-freedom of society from state control and from the manipulation of public opinion by political elites.
The history of all societies is associated with human activity, his economic and cultural needs, therefore, activity and needs as vital qualities of people are widely reflected in their interaction with nature and the environment. In the process of labor and production, nature is the main object of human activity, and certain economic and cultural types have developed in different geographic conditions. This law of historical and cultural development is confirmed by the example of the history of the Bronze Age in Central Asia.
In the Bronze Age, among the population living on the territory of the steppes, the socio-economic system was preserved, characteristic of the tribal communities of cattle-breeding tribes, which were at the stage of decomposition of primitive communal relations. In Central Asia at this time, the process of allocation of historical and cultural regions and ethnic territories was noted.
This article is dedicated to analysis of features of historical and cultural development of Central Asian population in different geographical conditions. The main attention is paid to the fact that the history of economic-cultural types and their development is connected with geographical atmosphere.
Geopolitical transformations and their impact on the energy system are closely related to the formation of the modern world order, and the energy factor plays an increasingly important role in international relations. Currently, energy security is regulated not only by the laws of a market economy, but also by geopolitical interests. Recently, it has been observed that subjects of international relations are trying to use the energy and raw materials factor to advance their interests. In the modern world order, fierce competition and the struggle for energy resources have taken a new turn. Leading countries are striving to establish themselves firmly in regions with large reserves of raw materials. Relations in the field of production, transportation and supply of energy to foreign markets are directly related to geopolitical processes. Therefore, under the influence of geopolitical transformations, this form of relationship changes systematically and functionally. The modern international energy system is affected by the forces and factors inherent in the world order, and is becoming increasingly complex. Geopolitical transformations have a significant impact on the international energy regime, creating a new configuration of geopolitical forces. New large consumer centers are emerging in the international arena, and competition between them is growing. The emergence of new centers of power has a significant impact on international energy relations. Energy conflicts between power centers and other actors weaken the foundations of global energy security. At the same time, the lack of effective international legal mechanisms to ensure energy security complicates the energy situation. This article discusses the impact of geopolitical transformations in East Asia on energy security, geopolitical processes in the region, the impact of the geostrategic, geo-economic interests of leading countries on international and regional energy relations, the impact of economic competition and political tension on markets, investment and energy resources of the countries of the region on the total security of the region, the geopolitical situation in the region and the participation of leading states, as well as international and regional political and economic structures. Also highlights problems of energy security in East Asia, the energy situation in the region, current issues of energy in the region, energy policy and cooperation of the countries of the region, the main directions of modern architecture of energy security in East Asia, energy strategies of the countries of the region, the institutional foundations of energy security, the problems facing energy diplomacy of the states of the region, the impact of regional conflicts on energy security and other relevant issues facing today's energy security in the region. It also provides analytical forecasts of the future energy situation in the region and in the international arena. The article concludes with scientific recommendations aimed at ensuring energy security and enhancing the effectiveness of cooperation in the context of geopolitical transformation.
In this article, the author analyzes the work of the Buddhist monk Xuanzang, who visited the Central Asian region in the early Middle Ages, "Da Tan siyuy tzu" and other sources on the history of Central Asia, which are not equivalent with this source. This article addresses one of the most serious issues in early medieval Central Asian history. It is known that the travellers of Buddhist monks who visited the Central Asian region in the early Middle Ages, the information contained in them, are not yet available in Arabic-Persian sources and cover a relatively dark period, and the article fills this gap. Among them, Xuanzang's "Da Tan siyu tzu" stands out. Therefore, this article serves as additional material to the work published so far.
The monograph comprehensively examines the issues of transformation of the world order in the context of the processes of modern regional construction in Central Asia. Theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of the category “world order” are analyzed, the author’s vision of the evolution of the principles of the Westphalian model in the context of globalization is outlined, and a transformational model of world order from the position of theoretical pluralism is proposed. The features, conditions and factors of transformation of the modern world order are studied through the prism of regional processes in Central Asia. The author's conceptual approaches to the problems of regionalism and regional order in Central Asia in the context of the transformation of the modern international political system are outlined. The foreign policy of the states of the region is analyzed in detail in the context of their national development strategies and the position of extra-regional actors in relation to Central Asian regionalism. Particular attention is paid to the system-forming role of the Republic of Uzbekistan in Central Asia in the light of the implementation of its own new foreign policy doctrine. The monograph is intended for master's students, doctoral students, teachers and researchers, as well as undergraduate students in the field of International Relations and Political Science. It will also be useful to readers interested in international relations and foreign policy.
Денежное обращение древнего и античного периодов в Средней Азии – тема широко обсуждаемая специалистами, археологами, нумизматами и искусствоведами, как отечественными, таки зарубежными. Первая характеристика древних монет Средней Азии, найденных в 1917-1927 гг., осуществлена М.Е. Массоном в 1928 г.[14]
The article discusses interdisciplinary Russian-Central Asian relations with a focus on its economic component. The specifics of the ongoing research, which is the basis for the article, is an attempt to systematically evaluate the key elements of interaction between Russia and Central Asian countries in the areas of politics, security, the economy (including in the energy sector), as well as in the social sphere. Through this lens, the most important factors and stages of relations in the period of 1991-2018 are also identified, and statistics not previously combined in one material are provided. Over the past years, since the declaration of independence of the Central Asian countries, economic relations between the Russian Federation and the regional countries have been characterized by a series of "ups" and "downs". A noticeable activation of Russian business and the overall economic policy of the Russian Federation in Central Asia began to be observed from the beginning of the 2000s. Russia's strategic interests have touched the oil and gas sector, where the vast majority of Russian investments have been represented. In recent years, in the face of continuing Western sanctions, the Central Asian region has become one of the most important, and non-alternative, economic regions for Russia. At present, new trends are beginning to intensify and deepen economic cooperation, including diversification of ties across sectors of the economy, expanding geography and improving the quality of cooperation. Investments from the Central Asian countries themselves in the Russian Federation have played and continue to play an important role in the development of economic relations. Moreover, relations between Russia and Central Asian countries in the labor migration segment have been developing dynamically and on a large scale for many years. In general, the importance of labor migration is high not only for the Russian Federation, but also for the Central Asian countries themselves. It is concluded that in recent years, Russian-Central Asian relations have been characterized by rather high dynamics. There is no doubt that the development of interaction is largely favored by traditionally close bilateral and multilateral ties: due to historical commonality, geographical proximity, socio-cultural and other proximity, the presence of institutional formats, and mutual desire for cooperation.
The article analyzes regional cooperation among Central Asian countries based on identity dimension. The peoples of the region share common cultural and civilizational values, economic ties, history, ethnic and linguistic kinship, common security challenges and threats. This allows us to declare that now regional interaction is a priority for political, social, economic and cultural and humanitarian spheres of life among Central Asian states. The presence of regional identity is an important foundation for regional cooperation and acts as a guarantor of deepening interstate relations in Central Asia. The development of regional cooperation strengthens the role of Central Asia as an independent subject of international relations system.
The article discusses the participation of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and the influence of the organization as the main factor of regional cooperation in today's context. Today Pakistan considers membership in the SCO as a cornerstone of its regional policy. Participation in the Shanghai organization allows Islamabad to strengthen its international position, facilitate the realization of geostrategic and geo-economic potential, develop relations with the Russian Federation, People's Republic of China, Central Asian countries, strengthen its positions in the field of regional security, and also “restrain” its traditional opponent – India. The effectiveness of the Shanghai organization in a new format is studied. The expansion of the SCO through the accession of Pakistan and India has turned the organization into one of the main instruments of multilateral cooperation. It began to be perceived as the Asian counterpart of the G7 group, which could become a new center of power of global importance. Pakistan and India have changed the balance of power within the organization, and the contradictions between Islamabad and Delhi, as well as between Delhi and Beijing, may reduce the effectiveness of the Shanghai organization in a new format. Finally, the article discusses promising areas of cooperation between Pakistan and the member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Islamabad is counting on strengthening cooperation with the countries of the Shanghai organization, enhancing the effectiveness of a regional approach to the problems of terrorism and extremism, making its contribution to regional development, security and stability, and informing about its point of view on regional issues. Islamabad is counting also on more active involvement of the Shanghai organization in resolving the problem in Afghanistan with the participation of Russia, China and the states of Central Asia. In economic terms, for Pakistan the Shanghai Organization is the main platform for promoting its interests in the energy and transport and communications sectors. Among its most important goals in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Islamabad considers gaining access to the energy resources of Central Asian countries for consumption and transit, as well as providing the Shanghai Organization with its territory for access to the World Ocean, the Middle East, and South and Southeast Asia.
In the second half of the XIX - early XX centuriesThousands of scientific studies, works, and works on the natural sciences were created in Central Asia. These works are currently in preservation in the collections of manuscripts and libraries of Uzbekistan. In particular, the rich scientific and spiritual heritage of the famous thinker Ahmad Danish has its place among the sources of the manuscript fund of the Institute of Oriental Studies named after Abu RayhanBiruni of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The article indicates the registration numbers of his works and essays. The analysis of the views of Ahmad Donish on science, in the works. The author of the article pays great attention to the study of his works and works, where a place is given to the description of natural phenomena.The article also presents the scientific thoughts of Ahmad Donish about nature, about the origin and structure of the Earth, about the existence and movement of the planets, about the eclipses of the Sun and the Moon. In the works devoted to the natural sciences, he presents natural phenomena, based on scientific arguments. In covering the topic of a scientific article, the author used such scientific methods as historicity, analysis of phenomena in a particular historical context and explanation. It should be noted that Central Asia in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. became the object of active research of Russian and foreign researchers. As a result, hundreds of new studies have emerged. This justifies the level of the highest development of the science of geography in the second end of the XIX - beginning of the XX centuries. Innovations in the field of natural sciences directly influenced the work of the enlighteners of Central Asia. In view of the developing educational movement at the end of the
Lots of people may think China has a great influence in South-East Asia particularly in Archipelago of Malaysia, but India’s impact for civilization can be seen in all areas. South-East Asia was under the Indian cultural influences. From 290 BC to the XV century, local policies coped the Hindu-Buddhist civilization. India actively used its south-eastern coast in trading and establishing cultural and political relations with Burma, Thailand, Indonesia, the Malay Peninsula, the Philippines, Cambodia and Champa. This position brought into the cause of Indianising and sanskritation in South-East Asia. The merchants, tourists, teachers and priests of South India remained the dominant influence about 1,500 years in South-East Asia. Hinduism and Buddhism spread from India to these countries and lived for many hundreds of years in mutual tolerance. After all, many states became mainly Buddhists. Majority of local Indian ethnic groups in Malaysia consist of Tamil Hindus people. Today, they are in the third place after ethnic groups of China and Malay in Malaysia. Most of them were descended from the emigrants who had moved to Malaysia during the British colony in India. Entering the Indian civilization really gave a new status in a lifestyle and culture of the people in Malaysia. As a result, the mixture of cultures appeared in the life of the people in Malaysia. Certainly this occurrence shows the development of civilization in education, economy, culture, literature and social contributions
The opinions of China on provision of regional security in Central Asia within a framework of SCO are analyzed in the article. The peculiar emphasis is made on interrelation of regional security in Central and South Asia