Одним из основных направлении политики Советского государства была национальный вопрос. Поэтому одним из первых нормативных актов которая была принята Советским государством является «Декларация прав народов России» (2(15) ноября 1917 г). По своему значению этот документ был уникальным. Потому что впервые в истории впервые признавалась право на равенство, сувсрсннность и самоопределение народов в многонациональной стране. Исследователи этот документ приравнивают с Вестфальской системой международных отношений [1]. На наш взгляд Вестфальская система в межгосударственных отношениях внедрила«принцип национального государственного суверенитета». Декларация не только признала, но и притворила в жизнь равенство и суверенность народов, входящих в многонациональное государство.
The article is devoted to the formation of the theoretical and legal basis of the cash waqf in Muslim society, the creation of a mechanism for the exploitation of this type of property and the history of this practice in the Khanate of Khiva. First, the study of this scientific problem in world historiography is briefly described by the example of other Muslim countries and published works on the history of the cash waqf in the Khanate of Khiva was also analyzed. It also discusses the views of representatives of various schools of Islamic law on the cash waqf and the arguments presented by them regarding this practice. In particular, despite the fact that the majority of theologians and representatives of Islamic jurisprudence considered the creation of a cash waqf unlawful, some recognized the legitimacy of this practice under certain conditions. As a result, based on the arguments about the permissibility of the monetary waqf, the Ottoman Empire issued a fatwa on the admissibility of the cash waqf and, on this basis, the decree of Sultan Suleiman (1520-1566). Later, on the basis of this legal framework and practice, the procedure for the creation and exploitation of cash waqfs was spread in other Muslim countries. In particular, from the second half of the 19th century, the creation of cash donations began to gain popularity in the Khanate of Khiva, and by the end of the century it became the main type of waqf property. This study also analyzes the factors that led to the popularity of the cash fund in the Khanate of Khiva, as well as inner features of waqf document, i.e. waqfnāma. The documents on cash waqfs from Khorezm often stipulate that the property converted into waqf could be used mainly on a lease basis or on the basis of muḍaraba (partnership). However, as the analysis of historical documents shows it was very common to make profit from cash waqf under lease agreements. In order to determine the reasons for this, various aspects and procedures of these two practices were disclosed. It should be noted that special attention is paid to the internal structure of historical documents and their hermeneutic analysis, reflecting the procedure for exploitation of cash waqfs issued in the the Khanate of Khiva.
The aim of the research consists in development of offers and recommendations about further improvement of criminal-legal and criminological measures of fight against crimes in the sphere of information technologies and safety.
The object of the research work is the system of the public relations regulating criminal-legal, criminological and organizational measures for counteraction to crimes in the sphere of information technologies and safety.
The scientific novelty of the research consists of the following:
the expediency of establishment of administrative responsibility for violation of personal privacy at compliance with the law about protection of private life, ensuring protection of the rights of citizens and also completion of legal gaps is proved;
need of establishment of responsibility for infringement of personal privacy in article 1411 Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan when ensuring criminal legal protection of personal privacy and inevitability of responsibility is proved;
for ensuring the principles of justice and humanity in the criminal legislation the expediency of awarding punishment in the form of restriction of freedom on the persons who have committed crimes in the sphere of information technologies is proved;
high degree of public danger of some crimes (illegal activities for attraction of money and (or) other property (article 1881 of CK), production, storage, distribution or demonstration of the materials containing threat of public safety and to public order (article 2441 of CK)) committed with use of networks of telecommunications and the Internet is explained;
establishment of responsibility for bringing to suicide and inducement to suicide with use of networks of telecommunications and the Internet is proved;
need of introduction of responsibility of the blogger for placement of public negative information of a certain look for the Internet is proved;
inadmissibility of use of personal data of the participants at implementation of electronic commerce for who aren't provided by the contract, need of nondisclosure of the specified data are proved;
establishment of the ban on distribution among children of the information justifying illegal behavior and promoting commission of offense, calling for promotion of the destructive ideas in society and also responsibility for the specified acts is offered;
expediency of application of a method of «confidential dialogue» concerning the persons who have committed information crimes, need of implementation of inquiry, the investigation and preventive measures proceeding from their psychological state are specified;
need of recognition of the actions exerting negative impact to life, health and morality of the personality, made with use of means of information technologies as socially dangerous act is offered.
Implementation of research results. The results of the study are used:
the proposal on establishment of administrative responsibility for violation of personal privacy has found the reflection in article 461 of the Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan about the administrative liability entered by the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of September 23, 2016 No. ZRU-411 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from September 28, 2016, No. 06/1-05/1148-vkh). This change provides compliance with the law about personal privacy, protection of the rights of citizens and also completion of a legal gap in the legislation;
the proposal on establishment of criminal liability for violation of personal privacy has found the reflection in article 1411 of the Criminal code of the Republic of Uzbekistan entered by the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of September 23, 2016 No. ZRU-411 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from September 28, 2016, No. 06/1-05/1148-vkh). Establishment of criminal liability for commission of the act breaking personal privacy provides criminal legal protection of private life of the person and inevitability of responsibility;
offers on expediency of awarding punishments in the form of restriction of freedom concerning the persons who have committed crimes in the sphere of information technologies, have found the reflection in articles 2781-2786 Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan according to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan from August 10, 2015 No. ZRU-389 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 06/1-05). This offer serves purpose of alternative punishment for crimes in the sphere of information technologies;
high degree of public danger of commission of some types of crimes with use of networks of telecommunications and the Internet has found reflection in article 1881, the «g» point of third part of article 2441 Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan according to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of April 25, 2016 No. ZRU-405 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 06/1-05). According to this offer criminal liability for use of information technologies in criminal intents has been established;
responsibility for bringing to suicide, the inducement to suicide made with use of networks of telecommunications and the Internet have been established in article 103 and 1031 Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan according to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of June 13, 2017 No. ZRU-436 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 06/1-05). This offer has served establishment of criminal liability for the information attacks encroaching on human life;
regulations on responsibility of the blogger for dissemination of public negative information of some look on the Internet are introduced in articles 3 and 121 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan from December 11, 2003 No. 560-II «About informatization» (the act of Committee on questions of innovative development, information policy and information technologies of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 05/2-01-71). This offer serves prevention of various crimes committed with use of the Internet;
offers on inadmissibility of use of personal data of the participants at implementation of electronic commerce for who aren't provided by the contract need of nondisclosure of the specified data have found the reflection in article 18 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of May 22, 2018 No. ZRU-385 «About electronic commerce» (the act of Committee on questions of innovative development, information policy and information technologies of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 05/2-01-71). This offer became a basis for the ban illegal use of personal data from participants of electronic commerce;
offers on establishment of the ban on distribution among children of the information justifying illegal behavior and promoting commission of offense, calling for promotion of the destructive ideas in society and also responsibility for the specified acts are introduced in article 16 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of September 8, 2017 No. ZRU-444 «About protection of children from information doing harm to their health» (the act of Committee on questions of innovative development, information policy and information technologies of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 05/2-01-71). This offer has served recognition of dissemination of information among children of information doing harm to their health as illegal behavior;
offers on improvement of criminal liability for crimes in the sphere of information technologies and safety have been used by preparation of analytical notes within the Concept of improvement of the criminal and criminal procedure legislation approved by the resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan of May 14, 2018 No. PP-3723 (the act of Committee on questions of innovative development, information policy and information technologies of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 05/2-01-71). This offer serves a proving of inevitability of responsibility for crimes in the sphere of information technologies and information security;
offers on expediency of application of a method of «confidential dialogue» concerning the persons who have committed information crimes, need of implementation of inquiry, the investigation and preventive measures proceeding from their psychological state have been introduced in activity of the relevant structural divisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan (the act of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018 No. 33/1985). This offer has served increase in efficiency of prevention of crimes in the sphere of information technologies and information security;
offers on need of definition of external influence, level of competence and practical skills of employees, motives of offense when studying the reasons of crimes in the sphere of information technologies and information security and also conducting monitoring of social networks have been introduced in activity of the relevant structural divisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan (the act of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018 No. 33/1985). This offer has served definition of the reasons and early warning of crimes in the sphere of information technologies and information security;
offers that the information security is object of criminal legal protection taking into account its direct connection with the state interests have found the reflection in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About modification and additions in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About the principles and guarantees of freedom of information» (the act of the Center of information security and assistance in ensuring public order at the Ministry of information technology development and communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan from November 13, 2017 No. 03-07-02/124). This offer has served protection of information security as object of criminal legal protection;
offers on need of implementation of complex measures from law enforcement agencies for ensuring information security at information security have found the reflection in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About modification and additions in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About the principles and guarantees of freedom of information» (the act of the Center of information security and assistance in ensuring public order at the Ministry of information technology development and communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan from November 13, 2017 No. 03-07-02/124). This offer has provided orientation of activity of law enforcement agencies on information security;
offer that threats of information security exert essential harm to the interests of the personality, society and state information have found the reflection in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About modification and additions in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About the principles and guarantees of freedom of information» (the act of the Center of information security and assistance in ensuring public order at the Ministry of information technology development and communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan from November 13, 2017 No. 03- 07-02/124). This offer has allowed to estimate high degree of public danger of information threats as a factor of commission of information crimes;
the rule about protection of the personality against illegal information influence taking into account that impact on consciousness of the personality with use of means of information technologies exerts negative impact on life, health and morality of the personality, has found the reflection in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About modification and additions in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About the principles and guarantees of freedom of information» (the act of the Center of information security and assistance in ensuring public order at the Ministry of information technology development and communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan from November 13, 2017 No. 03-07-02/124). This offer has served recognition of the specified actions as socially dangerous act.
Structure and volume of the dissertation. The thesis consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, a list of used literature and applications. The volume of the thesis is 260 pages.
In this article, media freedom of speech and the right to receive information was discussed, the topic was thoroughly studied and revealed by examples of evidence
Mazkur maqolada raqamli iqtisodiyot tushunchalari, uning rivojlanishi O‘zbekistonda raqamli iqtisodiyotga o‘tishning elementlari va muammolari, qolaversa, dunyo tajribasida raqamli iqtisodiyotning istiqbolli belgilari ko‘rsatilgan. Raqamli iqtisodiyotning jamiyatimiz taraqqiyotiga bosqichma-bosqich o‘tilishi ko‘plab iqtisodiy va istiqbolli muammolarni yechishga yordam beradi.
This article briefly reveals some aspects of using and interpreting some terms according to their stylistic gradation in official and other documents, in particular shows the commonness and difference between the official documents in modern Chinese language.
The present article examines the provi sions of the labor legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, regulating the conclusion of the labor contract for remote work and the conclusion of the labor contract of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The current epidemiological situation in the country and in the world has significantly changed the process of fulfillment of labor duties. At present, there is a need to revise the provisions of the labor legislation concerning the labor contract on distant work. When considering the labor contract on distant work, it can be noted that the very perfor mance of labor duties has a specific nature and represents the work performed by the employee outside the employ er's location. The development of technology and the In ternet has contributed to the development of a nonstandard form of the employee's employment function, which takes place outside the employer's location, such as telecommuting. At the present time, distant work is poorly regulated at the legislative level, and availability of not elaborated works generates a lot of questions from the parties of labor relations. The current Labor Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan provides for only one article deal ing with distant work and the lack of detailed consideration of this work requires its improvement. There is also a need to supplement the labor legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan with the provisions on the labor contract on distant work. Currently, distant workers and employers are very interested in a clearer regulation of the conclusion of the labor contract on distant work and therefore it seems necessary to pay special attention to the resolution of this issue.
This article discusses the purpose of implementing design work when planning the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the processes and conditions being studied during development, the division into functional zones, the results that need to be achieved, and the effectiveness of this document in urban planning.
This article is devoted to the study of historical documents stored at the Center for Oriental Studies (COS) and the importance of the researches conducted within the framework of projects. Besides, special attention was drawn to the procurement of the government Decrees directed to the investigation of saving historical documents.
The article deals with the issues of the execution of judicial acts as the final stage of the civil process, the problems arising during the execution of court decisions are also given recommendations and suggestions for their elimination.
In article the author carried out the analysis of international legal regulation of electronic commerce and international legal documents in this sphere. The author carried out critical analyze of the international documents and showed their value in regulation of electronic commerce.
Modernism can be regarded as a movement of thought that has emerged in Europe since the midseventeenth century and influenced the entire world. Modernism, which is based on the idea of enlightenment, has become the opposite of the traditional in every field with the Industrial revolution. Modernism, which affects all areas of society, also causes changes in the field of art and literature. Ottoman society, art and literature were not unfamiliar to this trend, which developed especially under the leadership of European thought and art. After the French Revolution, thoughts affecting the whole world raise Europe as a center. All the world's attention and face turns there. The interest of Ottoman society develops in the same direction. But in the first place, the attention of the Ottoman is for military area. Lost wars and lands, the future of the army, which has lost its former glory and power, is in the West. So the first transformation moves begin on the army. After that, change will begin in other social areas. However, it has been discussed for a long time how these developments and changes will be; in which direction they will affect society and art. The modernization of the Ottoman Empire has taken the road with the dream of capturing the west, reaching that level and living like the west. With the publication of the Tanzimat Fermanı (1839), modernization appears to have exceeded an important threshold. The expression of equality of all citizens in the edict has in some sense been the most modernist breakthrough. Therefore, despite the existence of various changes before it, the proclamation of the Tanzimat edict is considered the beginning of modernism.
Жаҳон глобаллашув жараёнида рақамли архивлар, кутубхоналар ва музейларга бўлган эҳтиёж кескин ошиб бормоқда. Жаҳон архивлари тарихидан маълумки, қадимги даврларда ҳужжатлар сопол, ёғоч тахтачаларда, тош жисмлар, деворлар, қоятошларда, папирусларда, дарахт пўстлоқларида, махсус ишлов берилган териларга битилган. Ўзбекистонда архивларнинг пайдо бўлиши бевосита уч минг йиллик давлатчилик тарихи билан боғлиқ ҳисобланади