На сегодняшнее время хроническая сердечная недостаточность является самой распространённой и угрожающей жизни последствием болезней сердечной сосудистой системы. В развитых странах, частота встречаемости заболевания сердечно- сосудистой системы у 2%, а в возрасте после 70 лет, это число увеличивается до 10%. В Узбекистане этот показатель чуть больше чем в развитых странах. На сегодняшнее время хроническая сердечная недостаточность является самой распространённой и угрожающей жизни последствием болезней сердечной сосудистой системы.
The most relevant comorbid conditions of clinical significance in patients with pneumonia are considered: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, diffuse liver disease, chronic alcoholism, tumor diseases, systemic vasculitis treated with glucocorticoids and cytostatics, alimentary insufficiency and some other diseases.
In addition, the presence of concomitant pathology with functional disorders in the liver and kidneys creates certain difficulties and can become a source of errors in the choice of antibiotics, its dosage, routes of administration, duration of therapy, etc. pathology in general, or its underestimation in relation to the risk of the toxic effect of antibiotics.
Здоровье новорожденного в значительной степени определяется течением антенатального периода. В
настоящее время установлено, что наиболее частой причиной нарушений состояния плода во время
беременности является плацентарная недостаточность (Глуховец Б. И., 2002; Касабулатов Н.М., 2004;
Милованов А.П., 1999; Сидельникова В.М., 2006). Плацентарная недостаточность служит основной причиной
внутриутробной гипоксии, задержки роста и развития плода, преждевременных родов, поэтому очень важно
во время беременности правильно оценить функцию плаценты и провести адекватную терапию ее недостаточности с целью пролонгирования беременности до срока, с которого возможно выхаживание ребенка. Важным диагностическим критерием плацентарной недостаточности является уровень гормонов в крови беременной
Information over is brought about evolutional development of term "premature insufficiency of ovaries"(STUMP). STUMP is a clinical syndrome, uniting the heterogeneous group of diseases, in that ovarian insufficiency can be caused by different reasons, with large probability of presented of the inherited factors. The role of immunological comes into question as one of candidates for development of STUMP. Cited data allow to examine STUMP as a result of violation immunological status
Relevance of the problem.Despite the great successes of angiosurgery, the problem of surgical treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms does not lose its relevance. World health statistics records a steady increase in the incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysm (ABA). According to L.J. Melton et al. (1984) and L.K. Bickerstaff et al. (1984) in the USA the number of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm has increased 7 times in 30 years since 1951. In England and Wales, according to F.G. Fowkers et al. (1989) for the same period revealed a 20-fold increase in abdominal aortic aneurysms in men and 11-fold in women. According to the results of multicentre screening studies ABA was detected in 8% of the examined (E.S. Vourvouri, 2001), and in the age group of 64-69 years ABA was detected in 5.7% of the examined, and in the age group of 75-81 years - in 8.9% (R.A.P. Skott et al., 2001). A similar trend is observed in other countries. Accordingly, mortality from ABA is also increasing - aneurysm rupture in a number of countries is one of the ten most frequent causes of death among elderly and senile people (F.A. Lederle et al., 1990)
Currently, planned aneurysm resection has become a recognised standard of radical treatment of ABA patients and the number of these operations is steadily increasing. For example, about 40,000 ABA resections are performed annually in the USA (J.J. Grange et al., 1997). In Sweden during the period from 1987-89 to 1993-95 the number of ABA operations increased 5 times and currently 10 operations per 100,000 population are performed (A.Hallin et al., 2001), although this is 1.5 - 2 times less than the required number. However, postoperative lethality is still quite high and makes 5-7% (A.V.Pokrovskiy et al., 1992; Y.V.Belov et al., 1992; V.V.Vakhidov et al., 1992; A.W. Bradbury et al. Bradbury et al., 1997; A.Hallin et al., 2001).
E.W. Steyeberg et al. (1995) summarised the data of literature on 17238 ABA resection operations and gave an average mortality of 6.8%.
Multicentre studies in five major hospitals in the Netherlands found that only 74% of patients underwent ABA resection without complications; 26% had some complications, 9% of which were severe and 4.1% of which were fatal (G.J. Akkersdijk et al., 1998). Similar results were obtained in the Canadian Cooperative Study (K.W. Johnston et al., 1990). It was established that the peculiarity of complications in the majority of patients was their systemic character (L.L. Lau et al, 2001) The course of the postoperative period is most often complicated by cardiac, respiratory, renal, cerebrovascular, as well as complications associated with thrombosis and bleeding (W.E. Lloyd et al., 1996; R.D. Sayers et al., 1997; J.D. Blankenstein et al., 1998; R. Ayari et al., 1998). Ayari et al., 2001)
The undisputed leadership, without doubt, belongs to cardiac complications, the incidence of which varies from 10% to 20%. Moreover, cardiac complications account for 50-70% of total mortality. Cerebrovascular complications, although not uncommon, account for no more than 1-1.5%, but their mortality reaches 40%. Complications associated with thromboses and haemorrhages in the perioperative period reach 2-5% (M.M.Reigel et al., 1987; K.W.Johnson et al., 1990; N.Franklin et al., 1993; A.A.Milne et al., 1994).
Certainly, a large number of complications after resection of abdominal aortic aneurysms is caused by the initial severity of patients' condition, however, many unresolved tactical and technical issues of patients' preparation for the operation, stage of performance in case of combined lesions of several vascular basins play a practically significant role. Adequate management of the operation itself and the immediate postoperative period is no less important, taking into account the possibility of such dreadful complications as thrombosis and embolism, cerebral and cardiac death. Until now there is no unified complex analysis of the results of treatment of uncomplicated abdominal aortic aneurysms and, accordingly, recommendations for the prevention of possible complications.
All this determined our aim and objectives of the study.
The aim of the study is to improve the results of surgical treatment of ABA by developing an effective system for determining the main risk factors of surgical treatment and optimal surgical tactics to prevent possible complications.
Scientific novelty.For the first time a complex analysis of indications and contraindications to surgical treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms was carried out
The most significant concomitant pathology capable to lead to formidable complications and lethality during the intervention and in the nearest postoperative period was revealed. Adequate measures of their prevention and treatment were proposed.
The algorithm of surgical treatment tactics for patients with combined pathology of coronary arteries and aortic arch branch lesions was developed
The state of haemostasis system at all stages of reconstructive surgery on abdominal aorta, starting from skin incision to wound closure, was studied for the first time.
Conclusions:
1. The proposed original classification of ABA, based on mutual dependence on the etiology of the disease, localisation, concomitant diseases, clinic and its course, allows to determine the strategy of early diagnosis, to estimate the most significant risk factors, the stage of intervention in combined lesions of adjacent and distant vascular basins and, ultimately, to determine the ways to reduce complications and mortality in patients with ABA.
2. The most informative methods of ABA diagnostics are duplex scanning and computed tomography. Non-invasive diagnostics capabilities are enough to determine the aneurysm size, its relation to the renal arteries, as well as to find out the state of visceral branches and aortic bifurcation. Abdominal aortography is indicated in patients with concomitant arterial hypertension to identify the state of the renal arteries.
3. Significant risk factors in these patients are ischaemic heart disease (44.1%), arterial hypertension (49%), haemostasis disorders (almost 100%).
4. The leading concomitant disease in the development of postoperative complications is ischaemic heart disease. Its share in abdominal aortic aneurysms is 40%. Postoperative cardiac complications reach 14.9%. Diagnostics of ischaemic heart disease should be based on the stage-by-stage detection of coronary lesions and its functional-compensatory abilities.
5. The main complications of the postoperative period after ABA resections are acute heart failure (14,9%), cerebral circulatory disorders (1,5%), acute renal failure (3,33%).
6. When significant coronary vascular channel lesions are detected in patients with ABA, it is fundamental to solve the issue of intervention staging. At 3-4 functional classes of circulatory insufficiency, appearance of new zones of hypo- or akinesia, decrease of ejection fraction below 40%, the first stage should be myocardial revascularisation surgery
7. In patients with combined lesions of brachiocephalic vessels in patients with ABA it is reasonable to assess the cerebral blood flow. In the presence of 70% or more stenosis of VCA, presence of embologenic plaque, bilateral haemodynamically significant stenosis it is necessary to perform carotid artery intervention as the first stage.
8. One of the most difficult problems of reconstructive operations in ABA is the contiguous lesion of renal and visceral branches of the abdominal aorta. The principle is their one-stage reconstruction. The types of reconstruction of these branches should be variable depending on the volume and extent of the pathological process.
9. Patients with aneurysmal lesion of abdominal aorta initially always have significant disorders of haemostasis system. In 30% of patients with occlusive diseases of aorta and its branches in the preoperative period the activity of thrombocytic-vascular link of hemostasis is increased, antithrombotic ability of vascular wall endothelium is decreased and blood rheological properties are disturbed. Activation of fibrinolysis was noted in patients with aneurysmal lesion of abdominal aorta.
10. During the operation for abdominal aortic aneurysmal lesion, after starting the blood flow the level of plasminogen increases additionally by 30%, which is a risk factor for haemorrhagic complications in the perioperative period. On the 1-3 day after the operation there is a significant decrease of blood anticoagulant potential - antithrombin-Sh by 25-27%, protein C by 23-25%. This period is the most dangerous in terms of thrombohemorrhagic complications development.
11. When using standard heparin during the operation there is a consumption of antithrombin-Sh by 30-45% and increase of platelet aggregation by 10%, which is a threatening condition for the occurrence of thrombosis of deep veins of the lower extremities with subsequent TELA. When using fraxiparin during reconstructive vascular surgeries the consumption of antithrombin-Sh and increase in platelet aggregation do not occur, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time are lengthened insignificantly that testifies to expediency of its use for prevention of thrombohemorrhagic complications.
12. Application of the diagnostic methods proposed by us to detect the main risk factors during the operation and in the nearest postoperative period, use of the algorithm of stage and volume of intervention allowed to reduce significantly the number of threatening complications, thus the lethality decreased 4 times, and the number of non-fatal complications - 4 times non-fatal complications - 1.5 times.
Хронической сердечной недостаточность (ХСН) поражают различные органы и ткани, что приводит к нарушению их функций, порой настолько значительному, что становится непосредственной причиной смерти больных. Одним из таких органов мишеней являются почки. Учеными было обнаружено сходство между факторами риска ССБ и предикторами прогрессирования ренальной дисфункции: возраст, пол, артериальная гипертензия, дислипидемия. Для обозначения выявленной связи между сердечно-сосудистыми событиями и дисфункцией почек был предложен термин «кардиоренальный континуум». Ранняя нефропротективная и кардиопротективная стратегия у больных с ХСН позволяет улучшить клинический и трудовой прогноз пациентов, снизить количество осложнений и смертность, а также сократить экономические затраты государства на лечение, это достигается за счет снижения стоимости и длительности госпитализации больных, уменьшения потребности в экстренных диализах, успешного формирования сосудистого доступа
Одним из наиболее частых диагнозов в амбулаторной и стационарной практике является «вертебрально-базилярная недостаточность» — ВБН (син.: «недостаточность кровообращения в вертебрально-базилярной системе-ВБС»,«дисциркуляция в ВБС»)
In order to study the activity of fecal elastase in 108 preterm infants born at gestational
age from 22 to 32 weeks, stool samples were collected at the age of 13-14 days. Pancreatic
insufficiency was found in preterm infants born at gestational age from 22 to 28 weeks by the age of
2 weeks; in premature babies with a gestational age of 28–32 weeks, the values of full-term babies
are reached in the same age period of pancreatic elastase activity.The relationship between the
gestational age of newborns and the degree of pancreatic insufficiency has been established.
Fecal elastase activity was significantly lower than in children who received breast and mixed
feeding. The necessity of early replacement therapy in such newborns to prevent exocrine
pancreatic insufficiency is substantiated.
Парентеральное питание (ПП) – наиболее сложный и технологичный вариант клинического питания, осуществляемый путем внутривенного введения в организм питательных веществ. Оно предназначено для больных, у которых невозможно или недостаточно применение других способов питания и занимает высшую ступень в иерархии вариантов клинического питания, поскольку считается наиболее сложным как по технике проведения, так и по разнообразию принятия решений при его назначении в клинической практике у наиболее тяжелого контингента больных. Одной из основных причин смерти у пациентов при полиорганной недостаточности, является развитие иммунного и воспалительного ответа. Ряд исследований показал снижение тяжести и частоты развития септических осложнений, у пациентов на энтеральном питании, после тяжелых механических и термических травм, после объёмных оперативных вмешательств, также оно позволяет сохранять и поддерживать барьерную функцию кишечника, что предотвращает транслокацию микрофлоры. Исходя из вышесказанного, можно предположить, что энтеральное питание будет иметь положительный эффект и на течение при полиорганной недостаточности.
Недостаточность углеводного обмена в печени, нарушение ее глюкостатической функции может носить первичный наследственный и вторичный приобретенный характер. Причем приобретенные формы печеночной недостаточности в поддержании углеводного гомеостаза могут возникать как следствие прямого цитотоксического действия на паренхиму печени патогенных факторов бактериально-токсической, иммунноаллергической, онкогенной природы экзогенного или эндогенного происхождения.