Evaluation of the effectiveness of our chosen approach in the treatment of this
disease, which is confirmed by the results obtained – a low percentage of relapses of the disease, a
reduction in the need for additional treatment, a reduction in the duration of the patient’s stay in the
hospital, as well as the feasibility of early aspiration of purulent contents through the skin, preventing
spontaneous opening of the abscess with subsequent probing and washing of the tear ducts.
A differentiated approach in the treatment of phlegmon of the lacrimal sac, taking into account
the etiopathogenesis of the disease and the presence of concomitant pathology, helps to reduce the recurrence of the disease, the need for additional treatment, as well as a decrease in the inpatient number of patients.
The article dedicated for issues of surgical correction of Mirrizzi'syndrome type 2. This is one of the difficult complication with forming of gallbladder-duct fistula, very often - with mechanical jaundice and purulent cholangitis. Authors had observed 63 patients with gallbladder-duct fistula and resulted to conclusion of complex treatment starting from endoscopy. At low efficacy of endoscopy authors admitted patients for open surgical operations urgently. One of the ways to operate is fistula plastic with remodeling of gallbladder duct and CBD drainaging through new wall-formed channel. Key words: CBD, mechanical jaundice, gallbladder-duct fistula, Mirrizzi syndrome, purulent cholangitis
Бош мия қон-томир касалликлари тиббиётда ва иж тимоий ҳаётда долзарб муаммолардан бири бўлиб келмоқда. Ер юзида ЖССТ берган маълумотга кўра ҳар йили 15 млн.дан ортиқ аҳоли инсульт ташхиси билан рўйҳатга олинади, шуларнинг ярмидан кўпида 1 йил давомида ўлим ҳодисаси кузатилади. Тирик қолганларнинг 80%дан ортиғида ногиронлик келиб чиқади (27,26,19). Дастлабки 1-йилда инсульт ўтказганларнинг 5-25% ида қайта инсульт кузатилади, кейинги 5 йилда эса 20-40% беморларда кузатилади ( 21,8.). Такрорий инсульт натижасида эса 95-100% беморлар ногирон бўлиб қолишади ва уларнинг 65-80% и бегоналар ёрдамига мухтож бўладилар. 70% касалларда эса психик бузилишлар кузатилади (28). РАМН(РТФА) берган маълумотларга кўра ишемик инсульт(ИИ) билан касалланган беморларнинг 84,5% и 55 ёшдан юқори бўлган беморлар, эркаклар орасида бу кўрсаткич 40-55 ёшда 30% ни, аёллар орасида эса 40-60 ёшда 46,2% ни ташкил этади (6). Охирги йилларда инсультнинг бундай ёшариши бу муаммони нг долзарблигини янада оширмоқда.
Trigeminal neuropathy is more common in the elderly. In 43% of cases, the pain is localized in the innervation zone of the second and third branch of the trigeminal nerve, in 22% of cases the innervation zone of the second branch is involved. Depending on the presence or absence of stenosis, all patients were divided into 2 groups. The article details the features of cerebral hemodynamics in trigeminal neuropathy.
Нарушение двигательной функции желчных протоков, проявляющееся нарушением отведения желчи из печени или желчного пузыря в 12- перстную кишку ведет к развитию различных типов дискенезии желчевыводящих путей, которые могут осложниться желчнокаменной болезнью. Самым первым симптомом будет боль, так как области протока сосредоточено множество нервных окончаний.
The histological structure of the extrahepatic bile ducts in rabbits in normal conditions and after removal of the gallbladder.
Relevance of the problem.Despite the great successes of angiosurgery, the problem of surgical treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms does not lose its relevance. World health statistics records a steady increase in the incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysm (ABA). According to L.J. Melton et al. (1984) and L.K. Bickerstaff et al. (1984) in the USA the number of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm has increased 7 times in 30 years since 1951. In England and Wales, according to F.G. Fowkers et al. (1989) for the same period revealed a 20-fold increase in abdominal aortic aneurysms in men and 11-fold in women. According to the results of multicentre screening studies ABA was detected in 8% of the examined (E.S. Vourvouri, 2001), and in the age group of 64-69 years ABA was detected in 5.7% of the examined, and in the age group of 75-81 years - in 8.9% (R.A.P. Skott et al., 2001). A similar trend is observed in other countries. Accordingly, mortality from ABA is also increasing - aneurysm rupture in a number of countries is one of the ten most frequent causes of death among elderly and senile people (F.A. Lederle et al., 1990)
Currently, planned aneurysm resection has become a recognised standard of radical treatment of ABA patients and the number of these operations is steadily increasing. For example, about 40,000 ABA resections are performed annually in the USA (J.J. Grange et al., 1997). In Sweden during the period from 1987-89 to 1993-95 the number of ABA operations increased 5 times and currently 10 operations per 100,000 population are performed (A.Hallin et al., 2001), although this is 1.5 - 2 times less than the required number. However, postoperative lethality is still quite high and makes 5-7% (A.V.Pokrovskiy et al., 1992; Y.V.Belov et al., 1992; V.V.Vakhidov et al., 1992; A.W. Bradbury et al. Bradbury et al., 1997; A.Hallin et al., 2001).
E.W. Steyeberg et al. (1995) summarised the data of literature on 17238 ABA resection operations and gave an average mortality of 6.8%.
Multicentre studies in five major hospitals in the Netherlands found that only 74% of patients underwent ABA resection without complications; 26% had some complications, 9% of which were severe and 4.1% of which were fatal (G.J. Akkersdijk et al., 1998). Similar results were obtained in the Canadian Cooperative Study (K.W. Johnston et al., 1990). It was established that the peculiarity of complications in the majority of patients was their systemic character (L.L. Lau et al, 2001) The course of the postoperative period is most often complicated by cardiac, respiratory, renal, cerebrovascular, as well as complications associated with thrombosis and bleeding (W.E. Lloyd et al., 1996; R.D. Sayers et al., 1997; J.D. Blankenstein et al., 1998; R. Ayari et al., 1998). Ayari et al., 2001)
The undisputed leadership, without doubt, belongs to cardiac complications, the incidence of which varies from 10% to 20%. Moreover, cardiac complications account for 50-70% of total mortality. Cerebrovascular complications, although not uncommon, account for no more than 1-1.5%, but their mortality reaches 40%. Complications associated with thromboses and haemorrhages in the perioperative period reach 2-5% (M.M.Reigel et al., 1987; K.W.Johnson et al., 1990; N.Franklin et al., 1993; A.A.Milne et al., 1994).
Certainly, a large number of complications after resection of abdominal aortic aneurysms is caused by the initial severity of patients' condition, however, many unresolved tactical and technical issues of patients' preparation for the operation, stage of performance in case of combined lesions of several vascular basins play a practically significant role. Adequate management of the operation itself and the immediate postoperative period is no less important, taking into account the possibility of such dreadful complications as thrombosis and embolism, cerebral and cardiac death. Until now there is no unified complex analysis of the results of treatment of uncomplicated abdominal aortic aneurysms and, accordingly, recommendations for the prevention of possible complications.
All this determined our aim and objectives of the study.
The aim of the study is to improve the results of surgical treatment of ABA by developing an effective system for determining the main risk factors of surgical treatment and optimal surgical tactics to prevent possible complications.
Scientific novelty.For the first time a complex analysis of indications and contraindications to surgical treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms was carried out
The most significant concomitant pathology capable to lead to formidable complications and lethality during the intervention and in the nearest postoperative period was revealed. Adequate measures of their prevention and treatment were proposed.
The algorithm of surgical treatment tactics for patients with combined pathology of coronary arteries and aortic arch branch lesions was developed
The state of haemostasis system at all stages of reconstructive surgery on abdominal aorta, starting from skin incision to wound closure, was studied for the first time.
Conclusions:
1. The proposed original classification of ABA, based on mutual dependence on the etiology of the disease, localisation, concomitant diseases, clinic and its course, allows to determine the strategy of early diagnosis, to estimate the most significant risk factors, the stage of intervention in combined lesions of adjacent and distant vascular basins and, ultimately, to determine the ways to reduce complications and mortality in patients with ABA.
2. The most informative methods of ABA diagnostics are duplex scanning and computed tomography. Non-invasive diagnostics capabilities are enough to determine the aneurysm size, its relation to the renal arteries, as well as to find out the state of visceral branches and aortic bifurcation. Abdominal aortography is indicated in patients with concomitant arterial hypertension to identify the state of the renal arteries.
3. Significant risk factors in these patients are ischaemic heart disease (44.1%), arterial hypertension (49%), haemostasis disorders (almost 100%).
4. The leading concomitant disease in the development of postoperative complications is ischaemic heart disease. Its share in abdominal aortic aneurysms is 40%. Postoperative cardiac complications reach 14.9%. Diagnostics of ischaemic heart disease should be based on the stage-by-stage detection of coronary lesions and its functional-compensatory abilities.
5. The main complications of the postoperative period after ABA resections are acute heart failure (14,9%), cerebral circulatory disorders (1,5%), acute renal failure (3,33%).
6. When significant coronary vascular channel lesions are detected in patients with ABA, it is fundamental to solve the issue of intervention staging. At 3-4 functional classes of circulatory insufficiency, appearance of new zones of hypo- or akinesia, decrease of ejection fraction below 40%, the first stage should be myocardial revascularisation surgery
7. In patients with combined lesions of brachiocephalic vessels in patients with ABA it is reasonable to assess the cerebral blood flow. In the presence of 70% or more stenosis of VCA, presence of embologenic plaque, bilateral haemodynamically significant stenosis it is necessary to perform carotid artery intervention as the first stage.
8. One of the most difficult problems of reconstructive operations in ABA is the contiguous lesion of renal and visceral branches of the abdominal aorta. The principle is their one-stage reconstruction. The types of reconstruction of these branches should be variable depending on the volume and extent of the pathological process.
9. Patients with aneurysmal lesion of abdominal aorta initially always have significant disorders of haemostasis system. In 30% of patients with occlusive diseases of aorta and its branches in the preoperative period the activity of thrombocytic-vascular link of hemostasis is increased, antithrombotic ability of vascular wall endothelium is decreased and blood rheological properties are disturbed. Activation of fibrinolysis was noted in patients with aneurysmal lesion of abdominal aorta.
10. During the operation for abdominal aortic aneurysmal lesion, after starting the blood flow the level of plasminogen increases additionally by 30%, which is a risk factor for haemorrhagic complications in the perioperative period. On the 1-3 day after the operation there is a significant decrease of blood anticoagulant potential - antithrombin-Sh by 25-27%, protein C by 23-25%. This period is the most dangerous in terms of thrombohemorrhagic complications development.
11. When using standard heparin during the operation there is a consumption of antithrombin-Sh by 30-45% and increase of platelet aggregation by 10%, which is a threatening condition for the occurrence of thrombosis of deep veins of the lower extremities with subsequent TELA. When using fraxiparin during reconstructive vascular surgeries the consumption of antithrombin-Sh and increase in platelet aggregation do not occur, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time are lengthened insignificantly that testifies to expediency of its use for prevention of thrombohemorrhagic complications.
12. Application of the diagnostic methods proposed by us to detect the main risk factors during the operation and in the nearest postoperative period, use of the algorithm of stage and volume of intervention allowed to reduce significantly the number of threatening complications, thus the lethality decreased 4 times, and the number of non-fatal complications - 4 times non-fatal complications - 1.5 times.