Viral hepatitis (VH) belongs to the category of infectious diseases of the human body that develop under the influence of viruses, which are diverse in nature, in the ways of their spread and transmission from a patient to a healthy person and have one identical attribute - liver damage. VG is an atroponous infection, which means that their pathogens in natural conditions can only be present in the human body.
In hepatitis of viral origin, pathogens have a selective similarity (tropism) to liver cells. For this reason, the early location of viruses and their replication (reproduction) are manifested mainly in the liver tissue, primarily in liver cells (hepatocytes).
According to the nature and duration of development, hepatitis of viral origin is divided into acute and chronic. The threshold among these two types of disease is relatively taken into account 6 months from the onset of the disease or in certain patients from the onset of infection (if the disease does not develop) and up to 6 months - acute hepatitis B or acute virus carrier, after 6 months - chronic hepatitis or chronic virus carrier. [4; 8].
According to WHO, in different countries of the world more than 2 billion people are infected with viral hepatitis (VH), while about 350 million are carriers of hepatitis B and 500 million of hepatitis C [3; 5].
All known hepatitis viruses are present in the CIS countries. In relation to parenteral infections of viral hepatitis, the CIS countries belong to the region with a moderate incidence rate (35.2 cases per 100,000 people). In Tatarstan, the share of viral hepatitis "B" and "C" in the total number of viral hepatitis is 80%. According to some authors [1], the number of so-called "virus carriers" of infection is growing in our republic, more than 10,000-12,000 primary carriers of hepatitis B and C viruses are registered annually. However, the registered incidence is only a part of the true incidence and only the visible part of the "iceberg". This is due to the fact that most cases of hepatitis B occur outside the scope of medical diagnosis, without jaundice and with minor clinical symptoms. However, the anicteric form of parenteral hepatitis is less dangerous than the icteric form in terms of infection and consequences [10].
Viral hepatitis B and C belong to the group of viral hepatitis with a parenteral transmission mechanism. These pathogenic viruses are taxonomically distinct. Common features are the parenteral transmission mechanism and the obligatory circulation of the virus in the blood [7].
Viral hepatitis B is a strictly parenteral infection caused by the IIBV virus, including CMV; IIBV is highly resistant to cold, heat, chemical and physical attack. It persists for 3 months at room temperature and 25 years in dried plasma; a direct correlation has been demonstrated between IIBV duration and blood levels. [6].
The source of transmission of the virus (HBV) can be all forms of acute and chronic HBV, as well as virus carriers. More important as the main source of infection for the epidemic potential are chronic forms of HBV infection than acute ones. An important role is played by chronic carriers of HbsAg and patients with clinically icteric form of IIBV; the ability of IIBV to persist for a long time, often for life, in the human body is considered as an ecological form of its existence [3; 5].
The most fully studied artificial (artifacial) ways of HBV infection as a result of various parenteral therapeutic, diagnostic, therapeutic and non-medical manipulations, leading to a violation of the integrity of the mucous membranes and skin. The source of infection can be contaminated blood products, medical equipment and instruments, transplanted organs and tissues; transfusion of blood or blood products containing HBV can also cause infection (post-transfusion hepatitis) [8; 11].
In addition to medical procedures, non-medical parenteral injections are of paramount importance in the transmission of IIBV infections. This is especially true of intravenous administration of drugs, which has become widespread in recent years. According to a number of authors [2], it has been shown that in recent years there has been a rapid increase in the number of patients with acute viral hepatitis "B", which is associated with the use of intravenous drugs, and a quantitative increase in the incidence is observed among young men aged 15 to 30 years. . Below is a list of the most common causes of acute viral hepatitis B.
The purpose of this study is to substantiate the functional features of periodontal tissues in chronic hepatitis B, C and mixed infection B + C.
Viral hepatitis C (HCV) is one of the most important problems of modern medicine. According to WHO statistics, there are between 500 and 700 million HCV carriers worldwide. The aim of the study was to study the clinical and immunological features of the course of chronic viral hepatitis C, depending on the genotype of the virus, and to assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of immunological disorders. The clinical and laboratory features of the course of chronic viral hepatitis C depending on the genotype of the virus, the immunological features of the course of chronic viral hepatitis C depending on the genotype of the virus were studied, the diagnostic and prognostic value of immunological indicators as objective criteria for assessing the severity of the disease and the prognosis of the disease was determined. We examined 83 patients with chronic viral hepatitis, 35-50 years old with chronic viral hepatitis C, and 20 practically healthy individuals of the same age and gender.
The aim of the research work is to improve the results of surgical treatment of chronic anterior-medial dislocations of the radial head in children based on the improvement of the method of surgical treatment.
The object of the study was 83 patients with chronic antero-medial dislocations of the head of the radius, treated in the department of the consequences of childhood injuries of the Samarkand branch of the RSSPMC of Traumatology and Orthopedics for the period 2017-2020. The scientific novelty of the research work is the following: it is proved by histological examination that, in case of injuries from up to 1 month ago, the anterior wall of the joint capsule is thin and elastic, which is easily stretched, and from 3 months ago, it thickens, scars and forms fibrous tissue; the possibility of using a fibrous-modified joint capsule for annular ligament plasty in the surgical treatment of chronic antero-medial dislocations of the radial head from 3 months ago was proved; the tactics of surgical treatment of chronic antero-medial dislocations of the head of the radius depending on the deformity of the bones of the forearm were determined; a direct relationship between the results of surgical treatment of chronic antero-medial dislocations of the head of the radius, depending on the duration of the injury, has been proven.
The introduction of research results. Based on the obtained scientific results on the optimization of surgical treatment of chronic antero-medial dislocations of the radial head in children:
based on the results of the development of a method for annular ligament plasty, a patent for an invention was obtained from the Intellectual Property Agency of the Russian Federation “A method for the surgical treatment of chronic anterior medial dislocation of the radial head in children by capsuloplasty according” (patent № 2749870 dated 06/17/2021). The results obtained made it possible to improve the results of surgical treatment, to reduce the period of penetration in the hospital and after the surgical rehabilitation period; based on the results of scientific research on the surgical treatment of chronic anterior medial dislocations of the radial head, the guidelines “Surgical treatment of chronic dislocations of the radial head in children” were approved (Conclusion of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan 8 n-z / 81 dated February 21, 2022). The results obtained have improved the quality of early diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic anterior medial dislocations of the radial head in children; based on the results of scientific research on the surgical treatment of chronic antero-medial dislocations of the head of the radius, the methodological recommendations “Conclusion of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan 8 n-z / 289 of August 31, 2021” were approved. The results obtained have improved the quality of early diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic anterior medial dislocations of the radial head in children;
Scientific results have been introduced into the practice of healthcare (Conclusion of the Ministry of Health 08-32955 of October 24, 2022), in particular, the Samarkand branch of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics, the Bukhara branch of the Republican Scientific Center for Emergency Medical Care, and the Samarkand Regional Children's Multidisciplinary Medical Center. The proposed method for the treatment of chronic anterior-medial dislocations of the radial head in children allowed to reduce the frequency of relapses, increase excellent and good results from 75.6% to 92.9%.
The structure and scope of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, 5 chapters, conclusion, conclusions, practical recommendations, a list of references and applications. The volume of the dissertation is 109 pages.
Conceptual Field tests were attempted on sandy soils with three trimming frameworks at India for a very long time during 2011-2013. The trials were executed in split plot plan by relegating h2o dissolvable phosphorus composts in primary plot and suggest ed portion of phosphorus in sub-plot with three replications. The most extreme practical yield of rice, child corn and Chickpea were recorded with the utilization of . The most extreme efficient yield of progressive harvests - wheat, mustard and groundnut were recorded with the application of treatment. Practically comparable patterns were seen as far as side-reaction yield, supplement take-up and leftover soil richness status. Every one of the degrees of in compound manures were discovered to be similarly successful for grain yield, straw yield, supplement take-up, and leftover soil richness.
The purpose of the study is to determine the significance of genetic factors in the development of chronic nephritic syndrome in children and to clarify the features of the clinical course
The оbject of research were 129 children aged 4-15 years who were treated for chronic nephritis in the nephrology department of the Samarkand Regional Multidisciplinary Paediatric Medical Centre.
The scientific novelty of the study is as follows:it has been established that the severity of chronic nephritic syndrome in children is associated with clinical manifestations (gradual development, dyspepsia, abdominal pain) and an increase in the amount of Cystatin C in the blood;for the first time, it was revealed that the development of sclerotic lesions due to increased proliferation in patients with the presence of the MMP-9 (A-8202G) rs 11697325 genotypes in chronic nephritic syndrome leads to a worsening of the clinical course of the disease; established early diagnostic marker MMP-9 (A-8202G) rs 11697325 and its tissue inhibitor TIMP-2 (C536T) rs 11551797 in chronic nephritic syndrome in children in the diagnosis of the disease; for the first time, the prognostic value of the alleles of the MMP-9 (A-8202G) rs 11697325 genes and the homozygous G/G genotype in determining the risk of developing the disease in children with chronic nephritic syndrome has been proven.
Implementation of the research results. Based on scientific results of evaluation of the role of polymorphic genes of matrix metalloproteinase and its tissue inhibitors in chronic nephritic syndrome in children: methodological recommendation “The role of polymorphic genes of matrix metalloproteinase and its genetic inhibitors in the development of chronic nephritic syndrome in children” was developed and approved (reference of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 8n-r / 554 of 30.02.2022).
This methodological recommendation made it possible to predict the development of chronic nephritic syndrome in children and improve preventive measures; approved and developed on the basis of scientific results of research on early diagnosis and prognosis of chronic nephritic syndrome “Dynamics of clinical and laboratory parameters in nephritic syndrome in children”, (reference of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 8n-r / 555 of 30.02.2022).
This methodological recommendation made it possible to optimize the diagnosis and treatment tactics for various forms of nephritic syndrome in children;
The results obtained were implemented in the practice of health care, in particular, in the Republican Children's National Medical Center, in the 1st clinic of the Samarkand State Medical University, in the Samarkand Regional Children's Multidisciplinary Medical Center (conclusion No. 8 n-r/324 of 21.06.2022 of the Ministry of Health of Uzbekistan).
The application of the obtained results to practice has made it possible to reduce the frequency of recurrence of the disease in children, prevent complications of the disease, improve the quality of life of patients, diagnose and prevent the disease.
The structure and scope of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, 4 chapters, conclusions, practical recommendations. The volume of the dissertation is 120 pages.
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global public health problem of the same magnitude as tuberculosis, HIV and malaria. The International Coalition to Eliminate HBV (ICE- HBV) is a coalition of experts to accelerate the discovery of a cure for chronic hepatitis B. After extensive consultations with more than 50 scientists from around the world, as well as with key stakeholders, including people affected by it. We believe that research should focus on discovering interventional strategies that will permanently reduce the number of productively infected cells or permanently silence the covalently closed circular DNA in these cells. There is also an urgent need to create repositories of standardized HBV reagents and protocols that can be accessed by all HBV researchers around the world. The HBV cure research agenda set out in this position paper will make a significant contribution to the goal of eliminating HBV infection worldwide.
Purpose: transition of anemia chronic disease along with other chronic diseases
Materials and methods: 82 patients with chronic anemia were observed
Results: Anemia occurs in infectious diseases, non-infectious diseases, asthma, and autoimmune diseases. The frequency of anemia in chronic diseases is 100%. In terms of prevalence, anemia ranks second after iron deficiency anemia in the elderly, from 2.9 to 61% in men and 3.3 in women. from 41%. Chronic anemia occurs in half of all patients with systemic diseases of the connective tissue. In chronic diseases of the kidney, the hemoglobin level is below 100 g/l. In the treatment of anemia in this category, the main disease is treated first (in infectious diseases, antibacterial treatment against infection, basic and anti-inflammatory treatment in rheumatic diseases, surgery treatment if there is an indication (abscess in the head of the abdomen, purulent pyelonephritis, etc.
Recommending iron preparations and vitamin 12 to these patients will be ineffective because the underlying disease must be treated:
Conclusion: Anemia aggravates the course of a chronic disease if it is accompanied by other chronic diseases.
Despite a large number of studies conducted in the field of dentistry, including in the field of surgical dentistry, the etiology and pathogenesis of inflammatory complications after tooth extraction have not been fully determined. This slows down the healing process of the hole and the normal formation of bone tissue. At the same time, the occurrence of complications is facilitated by the presence of concomitant pathology in patients. According to new WHO estimates, "... there are 354 million people worldwide living with chronic hepatitis B and C. In the European region, 14 and 12 million people live with hepatitis B and C – one of the main causes of cirrhosis and liver cancer, respectively ...". Currently, viral liver diseases are one of the global problems not only of a medical, but also of a social nature. First of all, this is due to the significant prevalence of viral hepatitis, despite preventive measures. An urgent problem of modern surgical dentistry is the improvement of methods of prevention and treatment after tooth extraction in patients with chronic hepatitis.
In the following article clinical course processes of chronical hepatitis C in children is analysed. The incidence of seropositivity is identified. The authors have analysed the arginase activity of saliva which maintained the indices of chronical hepatitis. The existence of a hematosalivation barrier in the body, the presence of a metabolism between blood and saliva, as well as the homeostatic role of these biological fluids for each other - all these facts make saliva capable in some cases of replacing blood in laboratory tests. Thus, the accumulated literature data indicate that the chronic hepatitis C virus may remain asymptomatic for a long time, but a number of extrahepatic manifestations in the oral cavity can be detected in patients.
Hundreds of millions of people around the world are unaware that they are living with a chronic infection. Chronic hepatitis, without exaggeration, is one of the most important medical and social problems in all countries of the world without exception. Not taking into account the relationship between drug and dietary nutrition in chronic liver diseases reduces the effectiveness of treatment.
Retrospective analysis of outpatient records of patients with comorbidities such as hepatitis А, В, C, with inflammatory processes of the oral cavity' and maxillofacial area after tooth extraction performed for emergency indications. Material and methods: According to archival data for three years (2017-2019), on the basis of the clinic of adult surgical dentistry i the Tashkent State Dental Institute, an analysis of 78 case histories of hospitalized patients with hepatitis and 107 outpatient records of patients with concomitanl pathology (hepatitis А, В, C) at the age from 19 to 55 years with various types of odontogenic inflammator processes of the oral cavity and maxillofacial region. Results: In combined pathology, there is a clos functional relationship between the affected organs. The monitoring showed that inflammatory proce in the oral cavity aggravate the course of hepatitis a serve as an important addition to the characteristi of its general picture. Conclusions: Patients wi hepatitis require treatment of the underlying disea as well as constant monitoring of the state of the о cavity.