The history of relations between Uzbekistan and India have been continuing for a long time. After the independence of Uzbekistan, the relations have acquired a new meaning. In this article, the political, historical, economic study of bilateral relations between Uzbekistan and India was studied in an interdisciplinary approach. During the analysis, the works of Uzbek and Indian scholars who have studied the relations between the two countries will be considered. The scientific works of Uzbek scholars studying the relations between Uzbekistan and India analyze the economic, political and cultural aspects of relations. In particular, the works of R.Asadova and N.Ibragimova, who studied the period of relations between the two countries until 2000 at the dissertation level, will be studied. During the study of the history of relations between the two countries of S.Mirkasimov, I.Nematov and I.Mavlonov, who served as Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Uzbekistan in India from 1993 to 2004, will be considered. The scientific works of Indian scholars Skand R.Tayal, Barun De, Rahul Tripathi, V.Choob, Ramakant Dwivedi, Ramgopal Agarwala, Myeena Singh Roy, Prakash Shri, Rajorshi Roy, K.Santhanam, G-n Bhargav Mitra, who studied the relations between the two countries, were studied. Periodicals of the Republic of Uzbekistan play a key role in the coverage of Uzbek-Indian relations. This study examines the data of authors who have published articles in newspapers about the friendly relations between the two countries.
The article is devoted to the emergence and evolution of people's diplomacy in international relations. It focuses on the interpretation of international and interethnic friendly relations, the analysis of their stages of development. People's dip-lomacy is one of the important aspects in the development of international relations of each state. The term people's diplomacy has historically been a mechanism for developing friendly relations between nations and states from the time of its formation to the present. The first period of formation of the term people's diplomacy originated in the East, and in the 60s of the ХХth century, the term began to be widely used in international relations in the West. At the same time, the role of people's diplomacy is expanding and playing an important role in the development of international relations. People's diplomacy is an important part of foreign policy, ensuring the improvement of relations between nations, the promotion of the country's interests in the international arena and the creation of its positive image. People's diplomacy is also a way to influence the thoughts and behavior of the population of foreign countries. Today, people's diplomacy is clearly reflected in the lives of all developing countries. However, there are a number of problems related to the extent and purpose of their implementation, the level of ensuring friendly relations between peoples. Therefore, the article also discusses the issue of people's diplomacy in international relations, its formation and stages of development, its role in the international community. The attention paid to the development of people's diplomacy in the international arena in recent years, in particular, and the analysis of the work being done in this direction are also mentioned. The article also reveals the importance of people's diplomacy and its equal development of friendly relations between peoples.
This article describes the development of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Uzbekistan and
the Arab States of the Persian Gulf. It says the formation and development of bilateral and multilateral
cooperation between countries. The purpose of the article is to analyze the dynamics of international
legal relations between these countries since independence to this day. The author reveals the formation
and development of the legal framework for cooperation between the Republic of Uzbekistan and the
Arab States in the Persian Gulf region. In this context is noted, the development of the legal basis of Uzbekistan’s bilateral and multilateral relations with these States. The final part of the article describes the current trends of cooperation between Uzbekistan and the Arab States of the Persian Gulf.
This paper focuses on the emergence of the theory of neoliberalism. Neoliberalism is a relatively new trend, which is a form in the theory of liberalism. The main ideas of liberalism include the protection by the state of the rights and freedoms of citizens, an increase in the role of individuals in the main spheres of public life through public institutions. Nevertheless, due to the ongoing changes in the system of international relations, this theory has also undergone some changes. The increase in the number of non-traditional actors on the world stage, the regulation of relations, the solution of issues and problems at the regional and global levels through international institutions contributed to the development of a new trend - neoliberalism. The article discusses the issues and reasons for the emergence of neoliberal theory. The comparative method of development and application of neoliberal and neorealist theories in the system of international relations is carried out. The main ideas of the representatives of both theories are considered. Globalization is directly related to the theory of neoliberalism. The globalization process, which began largely after the end of the Cold War, has fueled a renewed interest in the study of transnational relations and the influence of non-state actors on foreign policy. However, as with all theories and processes, globalization also has its supporters and opponents. The paper considers the opinions of experts who express their position on the effectiveness of regional and global forms of cooperation. The institutionalisation process is also a subject of controversy between representatives of neoliberal and neorealist theories. Nevertheless, the process has begun. From the point of view of representatives of neoliberal theory, the effectiveness of institutional development of relations is a demanded form of cooperation. However, we can observe changes in the system of international relations, which have recently shown the insufficient effectiveness of institutional associations in influencing certain challenges and threats. The coordinated and thoughtful actions of the subjects of neoliberal theory can have a beneficial effect on the further demand for this theory.
Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between Korea and Uzbekistan in 1992, the two countries, based on mutually beneficial cooperation and trust, have been developing friendly relations in various fields every year. In particular, the rise of Korea and Uzbekistan to the level of "Special Strategic Partnership" in 2019 was an important event in relations between the two countries. These achievements have not been achieved overnight, but are the result of the two countries ’trust, cooperation and efforts to support each other over the past 30 years. 2021 will mark the 30th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Korea and Uzbekistan. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1992, diplomatic relations between the two countries have been growing in quantity and quality. Today, the presidents of Korea and Uzbekistan sometimes call each other "Aka-Uka" and sometimes describe each other as "true friends." Korea and Uzbekistan have become true brothers. Accordingly, Korea and Uzbekistan, which are actively developing diplomatic, economic, social, as well as health, cultural and labor exchanges as strategic partners for each other, will be a great synergy if they expand cooperation in the future and meet each other's needs and develop together. effect is expected to occur.
This article devates and analyzes information on trade and economic relations between the Emirate of Bukhara and Afghanistan in the works of tourists, ambassadors, diplomatic officials and researchers during the 19th and early 20th centuries. In particular, the article by Gabaidulla Amirov, published in the journal «Aziatskiy Vestnik» in 1825, examines the important aspects of Bukhara-Afghanistan trade relations at the time, as well as the activities of Bukhoro traders in other cities, such as Herat, Kabul, and shopping centers in Afghanistan. This article examine caverfully the wook of E.K. Meindorf one of the naturalist (or scientist) from the expedition led by A.F. Negri in the Emerate Bukhara in 1820-1821. The informations about agricultural cotton, which produced in connection with foreign trade of Bukhara to Afganistan and the trade routes passes through Balkh to Kabul and through Bukhara to Herat, is highlighted in. The article notes that the special attention has paid to the trade relations between the Emerate of Bukhara and Afganistan since the 1930. In the work of Russian orientalist P.S. Savelyev analyzes the role of Bukhara in the trade relations of the eastern states and the three caravan routes passed through Bukhara to Iran and Afganistan. In this period Burns, who was sent to Central Asia on a special mission from the British government at that time, will examine the issue of the Afghans in Bukhara, P.I. Demezon, who was sent as an ambassador to Bukhara in 1833-1834, and the information collected by the Russian officer I.V. Vitkevich in 1835-1836, were investigated. N.V. Hanikov's work in the 40s of the 19th century examines information about goods imported from Bukhara from Afghanistan, as well as trade convoys between Bukhara and Kabul, as well as trade goods. In addition, their trade activity, and especially the Lohanians, the Afghan tribes living in the Ghazna district. Since the 50s of the 19th century, Russia has attached great importance to the study of the relations of Central Asian khanates with Afghanistan. Moreover, traditional goods from Bukhara to Kabul, such as silk, goat wool and wool, had based on research by P. Nebolsin, a member of the Russian Geographic Society. The Russian, copper, pot, crust, knives, scissors, tin, leather, razor, gold yarn, cashmere the so-called red paint, lightweight silk fabrics, and velvet are also included, and the distance between Bukhara and Afghanistan had discussed. In the studies of the second half of the 19th - the beginning of the 20th century, in particular, A. Vamberi, M.I. Venyukov, V.G. Grigorev, V.I. Masalskiy, M.A. Terentev, A.G. Serebrennikov. In the works of Logofet, Gubarevich-Radobilsky and others, information on trade relations between the Emirate of Bukhara and Afghanistan had examined, along with reports on socio-political and economic issues in the country.
Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan are the two largest economic partners in Central Asia, and both countries have significant potential for economic development and cooperation in various sectors. The purpose of this scientific article is to examine economic relations between these two Central Asian countries, the role of the Republic of Uzbekistan in this process. The scientific and practical significance of the article is that, it reveals a brief evolution of bilateral economic relations from the 2000s to the present. Historical,event analyses, comparative,inductive, descriptive methods were applied in this research work. The article explores innovative approaches to economic relations between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, evaluates the current state of bilateral economic ties, and examines the impact of President of Uzbekistan ShavkatMirziyoyev’s foreign policy initiatives on bilateral economic relations. By comparing the policies of former President of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov and ShavkatMirziyoyev, the author assesses the level of Central Asian integration at present. The author positively indicated not only the growth of bilateral trade turnover but also the joint projects being implemented and progress made in the transport and logistics sector. The scientific work is distinguished by the fact, that it presents new views and empirical approaches to the establishment of economic ties between the regions of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, and it can be useful in the activities of specialists in the field of international economic relations and representatives of foreign affairs.
This comparative study examines the role of public relations in the contemporary political communications process. In today's interconnected and media-driven world, effective communication plays a pivotal role in shaping public opinion, mobilizing support, and managing political narratives. Public relations, as a strategic communication discipline, has become increasingly influential in political campaigns and governance. This study aims to explore and compare the role of public relations in political communications across different countries and contexts. By analyzing case studies and employing a comparative approach, the study sheds light on the strategies, techniques, and challenges faced by political actors in utilizing public relations to shape public perception and influence political outcomes. The findings provide valuable insights into the evolving landscape of political communication and the impact of public relations practices in the contemporary political arena.
The article is devoted to the issues of interethnic relations in Central Asia, the need for integration and cooperation between states, external influences, information impacts on the peoples of the region, border issues, overpopulation, ethnic issues and their impact on the stability of the region.
With the collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1991s Central Asian nations and Japan established diplomatic relations and partnerships began to increase steadily as manifested by the level of official contacts. In 1997 the “Silk Road” Diplomacy concept was formulated for Japan’s policy toward Central Asia. At the beginning of the 21st century, we see the activation of new actors including India, Korea, and Japan in Central Asia, which were mainly welcomed in the region. Tokyo recognized the growing strategic importance of Central Asia in the context of international security and sought to play a more active role as an Asian nation in Eurasia. During two decades Central Asian nations and Japan began to increase steadily. Japan is one of the largest assistants to Central Asia in structural reforms and Japanese investments in the different aspects of the region's economy and transport communication add up to several billion. There are several areas of special interest to Japan in its relations with Central Asia, including cooperation in education, economic development of the region, political reforms, as well as energy resources. Japan’s effort in creating the “Central Asia plus Japan” dialog is part of its multilateral diplomacy. At the same time, there are some challenges and problems in Central Asia–Japan relations. However, there are potentialities for future bilateral and multilateral relations. Japan like Korea, India, and other countries has a strong positive image in Central Asia, which could be regarded as an additional factor for fostering partnerships between Central and East Asia as well as interregional relations with the vast Asian continent and beyond.
This article explores the interests of the Central Asian states as members of the SCO, and their compatibility with the SCO goals. This study shows that the SCO is compatible with the Central Asian states' security and economic interests, regional cooperation, and the need for balanced relations with the great powers— China, Russia, and the United States.
Geopolitical transformations and their impact on the energy system are closely related to the formation of the modern world order, and the energy factor plays an increasingly important role in international relations. Currently, energy security is regulated not only by the laws of a market economy, but also by geopolitical interests. Recently, it has been observed that subjects of international relations are trying to use the energy and raw materials factor to advance their interests. In the modern world order, fierce competition and the struggle for energy resources have taken a new turn. Leading countries are striving to establish themselves firmly in regions with large reserves of raw materials. Relations in the field of production, transportation and supply of energy to foreign markets are directly related to geopolitical processes. Therefore, under the influence of geopolitical transformations, this form of relationship changes systematically and functionally. The modern international energy system is affected by the forces and factors inherent in the world order, and is becoming increasingly complex. Geopolitical transformations have a significant impact on the international energy regime, creating a new configuration of geopolitical forces. New large consumer centers are emerging in the international arena, and competition between them is growing. The emergence of new centers of power has a significant impact on international energy relations. Energy conflicts between power centers and other actors weaken the foundations of global energy security. At the same time, the lack of effective international legal mechanisms to ensure energy security complicates the energy situation. This article discusses the impact of geopolitical transformations in East Asia on energy security, geopolitical processes in the region, the impact of the geostrategic, geo-economic interests of leading countries on international and regional energy relations, the impact of economic competition and political tension on markets, investment and energy resources of the countries of the region on the total security of the region, the geopolitical situation in the region and the participation of leading states, as well as international and regional political and economic structures. Also highlights problems of energy security in East Asia, the energy situation in the region, current issues of energy in the region, energy policy and cooperation of the countries of the region, the main directions of modern architecture of energy security in East Asia, energy strategies of the countries of the region, the institutional foundations of energy security, the problems facing energy diplomacy of the states of the region, the impact of regional conflicts on energy security and other relevant issues facing today's energy security in the region. It also provides analytical forecasts of the future energy situation in the region and in the international arena. The article concludes with scientific recommendations aimed at ensuring energy security and enhancing the effectiveness of cooperation in the context of geopolitical transformation.
In the context of an increasingly complex system of international relations, powerful states areи paying close attention to the factor of cultural diplomacy. After all, this factor becomes a solid criterion for mutually beneficial cooperation and stability. Cultural diplomacy not only contributes to the development and development of international relations, but also enhances trust and promising relations not only between states, but also between nations. In particular, countries such as Russia and China are trying to effectively use cultural diplomacy, taking into account historical experience. The cultural diplomacy of these countries in international affairs is aimed at restoring historical cultural ties with neighboring countries. It should be noted that the cultural diplomacy of Russia and China is carried out differently in each region or country and has a number of similar features. In this regard, cultural diplomacy between Russia and China with the Central Asian region, including Uzbekistan, is an important element of the soft power policy, but also plays a special role in the development of cultural cooperation between peoples. For the Republic of Uzbekistan, the experience of not only leading developed countries, but also Russia and China, the largest countries of the Eurasian region, is important for the Republic of Uzbekistan with a rich history of diplomacy, including cultural diplomacy. If they do not take into account their geopolitical position, their military-economic power, as well as their common history (with Russia) and their interests, Uzbekistan will not be able to build a foreign policy strategy with them in the geo-economic space. Countries such as Russia and China have long used cultural diplomacy as an important foreign policy mechanism, and this process continues today. Therefore, it is important to study the features and experience of the cultural diplomacy policy of the two countries. This article analyzes the diplomatic experience of China and Russia in international relations, in particular the similarities and differences between cultural diplomacy.
This article discusses the latest trends in energy relations in the Middle East, the impact of international and regional events on it, and current issues of energy security in the region. It also analyzes the strategies of the leading countries of the world in the field of energy supply, geopolitical and geoeconomic changes associated with the formation of new energy relations in the Middle East. Energy diplomacy and the foreign policy of the leading oil-producing countries of the Middle East at the world and regional levels are comparatively studied. The most important area in the Middle East today is undoubtedly the issue of energy. This is inextricably linked with the development needs of the countries of the Middle East, and the fuel and energy potential plays an important role in ensuring the prosperity, security and stability of the countries of the region. The Middle East, with its vast reserves, remains a hotbed of conflict in the 21st century. The geopolitical interests of leading countries such as the United States, China, the European Union and Russia clash in the region. In the context of globalization, the energy security of countries becomes the most important task of the global political process. Due to the reduction of hydrocarbon reserves, the intensification of political and economic crises in oil-producing countries, the sharp increase in consumption of raw materials, the problem of energy security is becoming an increasingly important task for international relations. Today, five of the ten leading oil producing countries in the world are located in the Middle East, including Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait and the UAE. This group of countries accounts for more than a quarter of world oil production. Energy production in the region affects not only participants in the Middle East, but also non-regional actors, the entire international energy security system. The final part of the article presents scientific recommendations for ensuring energy security in the Middle East, the formation of modern mechanisms of energy relations and constructive dialogue between the countries of the region at the international and regional levels.
The analytical article determines the formation of trends, the main directions, prerequisites and factors that influence on the Uzbek-Japanese cooperation. The condition and prospects of its development are also revealed. An analytical study based on a systematic approach, where Uzbek-Japanese cooperation is considered as interconnected elements of modern international relations. This approach allowed to perceive the internal laws of the development of international relations of the Asian continent in which Uzbekistan is the leading element in Central Asia and Japan in the East. The application of the logical-historical approach gave a chance to disclose the content, nature and of dynamics of development of bilateral relations. Depicted the condition and practical action, Japan's interests in expanding cooperation. Relations in the spheres of trade, economy, the cultural and humanitarian contribute to the transformation of Central Asia into a stable developed economic space. In order to achieve the goals and objectives, the author thoroughly analytically processed the facts, events, processes, as well as the speeches of leaders, politicians who have effect on bilateral relations between Uzbekistan and Japan. The content of agreements, treaties, memorandums signed between the two countries is analyzed. The results of an analytical study show that, firstly, Japan is a strategic partner of Uzbekistan. This determines the priority and role in the relationships. There exist historical bilateral ties which have geopolitical and geostrategic meanings in international relationships in the Asian region. Secondly, bilateral cooperation is developing gradually and growing into a new stable stage which contributing to the emergence of a new level of relationships. The effective use of untouched potential of Japan, which contribute to the social and economic development of Central Asian states, will further contribute to the integration of the region into the system of trade, economic and transport of the world. In addition, these processes require systematic and strategic researches that identify and determine the prospects for the development of bilateral and multilateral relationships between Uzbekistan and Japan.
The article discusses interdisciplinary Russian-Central Asian relations with a focus on its economic component. The specifics of the ongoing research, which is the basis for the article, is an attempt to systematically evaluate the key elements of interaction between Russia and Central Asian countries in the areas of politics, security, the economy (including in the energy sector), as well as in the social sphere. Through this lens, the most important factors and stages of relations in the period of 1991-2018 are also identified, and statistics not previously combined in one material are provided. Over the past years, since the declaration of independence of the Central Asian countries, economic relations between the Russian Federation and the regional countries have been characterized by a series of "ups" and "downs". A noticeable activation of Russian business and the overall economic policy of the Russian Federation in Central Asia began to be observed from the beginning of the 2000s. Russia's strategic interests have touched the oil and gas sector, where the vast majority of Russian investments have been represented. In recent years, in the face of continuing Western sanctions, the Central Asian region has become one of the most important, and non-alternative, economic regions for Russia. At present, new trends are beginning to intensify and deepen economic cooperation, including diversification of ties across sectors of the economy, expanding geography and improving the quality of cooperation. Investments from the Central Asian countries themselves in the Russian Federation have played and continue to play an important role in the development of economic relations. Moreover, relations between Russia and Central Asian countries in the labor migration segment have been developing dynamically and on a large scale for many years. In general, the importance of labor migration is high not only for the Russian Federation, but also for the Central Asian countries themselves. It is concluded that in recent years, Russian-Central Asian relations have been characterized by rather high dynamics. There is no doubt that the development of interaction is largely favored by traditionally close bilateral and multilateral ties: due to historical commonality, geographical proximity, socio-cultural and other proximity, the presence of institutional formats, and mutual desire for cooperation.
The relevance of subject of research is proved in the submitted thesis, some problems of formation and functioning of the interbudgetary relations reveal. Authors defined the major factors having an impact on development of the interbudgetary relations as relations between the republican budget of the Republic of Uzbekistan and republican budget of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, regional budgets of areas, city budget of Tashkent city, budgets of districts, cities and also budgets of the public trust funds. The existence of certain restrictions set at the legislative level of the republic in the budgetary process are noted in material. Separately forms of the interbudgetary transfers are considered. The experience is given in formation and development of the interbudgetary relations which is saved up in the United States of America.
The purpose of this research is to investigate the dynamics of intercultural communication in multicultural societies in the East Tomoni Sub-district of the East Luwu Regency in the South Sulawesi Province, a transmigrant territory. This study used a descriptive and qualitative design. In light of the consequences of the review, it was found that intercultural correspondence encountered a propensity to cause changes in friendly relations which prompted struggle and savagery. At the beginning of the meeting, despite having different cultural backgrounds, two relatively large ethnic communities in the location, namely the communities of Toraja ethnic and Bali ethnic as migrants through the transmigration program, demonstrated relatively good communication. The flood of outside impacts prompts social changes that represent an adjustment of between social correspondence frameworks and social relations between ethnic networks that trigger contentions and shared savagery. Reconciliation was achieved through the revitalization of intercultural communication, which included strategies for the reconstruction of interethnic social relations, the construction of economic relations, the optimization of inter-village cooperation relations, the development of multicultural awareness, and the construction of interpersonal communication as a medium for cross-ethnic cultural studies. This was done in order to reconcile the gaps that existed between the different ethnic groups.
This Examination Inspects The Impacts Of Two Interethnic Philosophies Digestion And Multiculturalism On In-Bunch Partiality And Segregation Goal Toward Outsiders. In Particular, This Investigation Intends To Test The Accompanying Effect Of These Two Philosophies On Inter bunch Predispositions To Avow Whether These Two Ways Are Identified With Inter bunch Inclination. Also, This Examination Is Intended To Broaden Past Work That Discovered Connections Between Interethnic Philosophies And In-Bunch Preference To Separation Goal. Graduate Understudies In Administration Programs Addressed A Poll. The Discoveries Show That Both Interethnic Belief Systems Are Correspondingly Identified With In-Bunch Bias. Specifically, While Absorption Is Decidedly Identified With In-Bunch Partiality, Multiculturalism Is Adversely Identified With In-Bunch Bias. Furthermore, It Shows Proof Of Backhanded Connections Between Interethnic Belief Systems And The Separation Expectation Through In-Bunch Bias. The Outcomes Are Talked About Considering Interethnic Belief Systems Writing And Presents Bearings For Future Examination .
The first research on the history of diplomatic relations between the Emirate of Bukhara and the Russian Empire began in the XIX century. It is expedient to study how the diplomatic relations between the two countries were studied by Russian historians in the XIX and early XX centuries through historical research. This article discusses the general features of research in this period and the issues that are in their focus.
Preventing war and expanding international tranquillity has always been one of the major concerns of the scientific and academic circles of international relations and therefore the recognition of the nature and discourse governing international relations is of particular importance. On the other hand the new phenomenon of modernity is a very influential element in the relations between the state and social forces which has particularly affected the human political social and civilization arenas in the past two decades. And in the meantime international tranquillity can spread as much as possible through the expansion of civilization ties. Therefore the present paper seeks to explore the role of modernity of political culture in global tranquillity expansion as one of the new areas in studies related to modernity. Obviously the present paper seeks to answer the question of how modernity of political culture has had an impact on international tranquillity.