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22
715), his achievement in conquering the local sovereigns of Transoxania, further
political events – the Turkish counterstroke in 715–737, as well as the military
activities of the next Khurasan vicegerents
1
are narrated thoroughly in the book.
To conclude, we can say that the medieval history of Central Asia, in particu-
lar, the Arab conquests implemented by the Arabs and subordination of the region
by the Arab Caliphate was studied and investigated thoroughly in the English
historiography. The works carried out by the English orientalists play an essential
role to study the Arab conquests in Central Asia as the most of the research works
and literatures were written and published by them.
NARIMANOV QAHRAMON
Researcher, TSIOS
Scientific heritage of the great thinker Abu Raykhan Beruniy
Abstract.
The article is dedicated to scientific heritage of the great encyclopedial
scientist Abu Raykhan Beruni. There given information about his role in world's science
and books written by him. As well as, there given analysis of Berunis scientific activity
and common points in works of another scientists of his time.
Keywords and expressions:
genius, thinker, heritage, science, scientific works,
practice, mind, criticize, nature, theory of knowledge, manuscript.
Аннотация
.
Бу
мақола
улуғ
қомусий
аллома
Абу
Райҳон
Берунийнинг
илмий
ме
-
роси
ҳақида
.
Мақолада
Абу
Райҳон
Берунийнинг
дунё
илм
-
фанига
қўшган
ҳиссаси
ва
аллома
яратган
асарлар
ҳақида
маълумот
берилган
.
Шунингдек
,
Берунийнинг
ил
-
мий
фаолияти
ва
унинг
фан
соҳасидагибошқа
мутафаккирларнинг
илмий
фаолияти
билан
уйғун
жиҳатлари
таҳлил
этилди
.
Таянч
сўз
ва
иборалар
:
аллома
,
мутафаккир
,
мерос
,
илм
-
фан
,
илмий
ишлар
,
тажриба
,
билим
,
танқид
,
табиат
,
билиш
назарияси
,
қўлёзма
.
Аннотация
.
Эта
статья
о
научном
наследии
великого
энциклопедиста
мысли
-
теля
Абу
Райхана
Беруни
.
В
статье
отмечен
вклад
ученого
в
мировую
науку
.
А
также
,
проведен
сравнительный
анализ
научной
деятельности
ученого
.
Опорные
слова
и
выражения
:
учёный
,
мыслитель
,
наследие
,
наука
,
научная
дея
-
тельность
,
опыт
,
знание
,
критика
,
природа
,
теория
познания
,
рукопись
.
It is difficult to mark the great inventions which were created with scientific
value by the great encyclopedia scientist Abu Raykhan Beruni. Only 31 works
have been kept to us, in spite of having 150 scientific works of Beruni and his
manuscripts which have been kept to us testifies that he left us great heritage.
1
Kennedy H.N. The Great Arab Conquests. How Islam Changed the World We Live In / Chapter
8. The Road to Samarqand. – Cambridge: Da Capo Press, 2007. – P. 230-261.
ORIENTAL STUDIES / SHARQSHUNOSLIK /
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2017,
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23
Beruni as a first suggested the new idea about the invention of seas’ theory
and Globus of Earth, calculated the radius of the earth and explained the position
of space which was vacuum. He mentioned that there was new continent behind
the Pacific and Atlantic oceans before Columba’s travel recorded 500 years ago,
he created the description of minerals and their origin theory and maintained the
subject geodesy. That is why, XI century was called “Beruni’s century” by the
historians of natural science all over the world
1
.
Leader representatives of Arabian philosophers of the middle ages especially,
intellectuals of Central Asia: Forobiy, Beruni, Ibn Sino, Ulugbek and A. Navoiy
thought about the issue of recognizing human and world, human beings are able to
recognize the nature and society as well as himself, human beings knowledge
begins to develop from sense and intellectuality to idea, human beings mind is
active, it is the main weapon of his knowledge, as they told. They mentioned also
that human beings knowledge would develop from concrete to abstract
2
.
The factors, which are impacted to human beings intellectuality, have been
searched in philosophy, psychology, pedagogy, medicine and law studies. For
instance, A. Choriev explained the origin of the human being with the examples
of world religion but not from Islam religion textbooks in his book named
“Human philosophy”
3
. However, professor A. Choriev tried to find out the main
idea of human conception from the Veda and zardushty. From our point of view,
it is better to come up with all world’s religion in studying humanity theory.
All philosophical conceptions about human beings historical-natural origin
were only in discussions until XIX century and they had no evidence. However
this outlook became more important with the gathering of scientific information
4
.
Beruni finished to write his great work called “Memorials from ancient peop-
le” in 998-1004 years. Russian translation and Uzbek translation of this book was
published in “Fan” publication house in Science Academy of Uzbekistan Republic
in 1957. In 1030 he created very interesting work about “Confirming book of
imaginative and unimaginative education of the Indians” (shortly “Mulanindian”
– “India”)
5
. This work was published in Russian language in “Fan” publication
house in 1963. Beforehand, in 1025 he finished writing the book named “To defi-
ne the borders of the place to confirm distance between the living places” (shortly
1
Ўзбекистон
Республикаси
Президенти
Ислом
Каримовнинг
“
Ўрта
асрлар
Шарқ
аллома
-
лари
ва
мутафаккирларининг
тариҳий
мероси
,
унинг
замонавий
цивилизация
ривожидаги
роли
ва
аҳамияти
”
мавусидаги
халқаро
конференциянинг
очилиш
маросимидаги
нутқи
.
Та
-
маддун
нури
,
№
1, 2015. 6–7-
б
.
2
Масалан
,
Абу
Наср
Форобий
ақлий
билишни
ҳар
томонлама
асослаб
,
инсон
тафаккури
би
-
лиш
қобилиятининг
чексизлигини
,
унинг
борлиқни
билишдаги
ролини
,
ақл
ҳақиқат
мезони
эканлигини
,
у
илм
-
фан
,
маърифат
орқали
ривожланиб
боришини
таъкидлайди
.
3
Чориев
А
.
Инсон
фалсафаси
. –
Т
.:
Фан
, 2007. 324-
б
.
4
Қаранг
:
Чудновский
В
.
Э
.
Восприятие
способностей
и
формирование
личности
. –
М
.,
1986. –
С
. 36.
5
Қаранг
:
Абу
Райҳон
Беруний
.
Ҳиндистон
. –
Т
.:
Фан
, 1965.
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2017,
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24
“Geodesy”)
1
. Beruni devoted his great work about mathematics and astronomy
“Masudi Law” to Sultan Masud of the heir of Makhmud. During the period of Sultan
Mavdud (1041–1048), Beruni wrote his work about mineralogy – “Collection of
information about expensive stones” (shortly “Mineralogy”),
2
in the last years of his
life he wrote the book named “Book about the herbs” (shortly “Saydana”)
3
. We can
see that Beruni’s work has been studied in many scientist’s work and books: there
some books about, here our scientists M. M. Khayrullayev
4
and A. D. Sharipov
5
“Materials about history progressive general philosophical idea in Uzbekistan”,
“Philosophical and natural-scientific ideas of Beruni” were published, in these pam-
phlets of his life, work and philosophical minds have been described. Also it is worth
to say that his works have been mentioned in the pamphlet of M. M. Kodirov
6
called
“Philosophical knowledge of Central Asia, Near and Middle East”.
Abu Raykhon Akhmad Beruni (973–1048), who was contemporary with Ibn
Sino after Abu Nasr Forobi, made a great impact to philosophical mind develop-
ment and natural-science knowledge in Central Asia, all Near and Middle East.
Abu Raykhon Beruni was the great scientist and made us wonder with his rich
scientific works and broad intellectual mind. He was one of the greatest scientists
of the middle ages who wrote more than 150 works.
Abu Raykhon Beruni was born in Hijri 362 (973 eras) in Kat city, the first
center of Khorazm. He studied hard in his hometown and began his scientific
work from his early childhood. At that time he left his hometown because of the
political reason which happened in Khorazm, and about 998–1004 years he lived
in Gurgaon in the eastern-western suburb of Caspean Sea. In these years he
created his great work – “Memorials from ancient people”.
In 1005 Beruni came back Khorazm and got the high position in the palace of
Khorazm king Abu Abbos Mamun (1009–1017). After Makhmud Gaznavi took
over Khorazm in 1017, Beruni was also taken to the capital of Gazna as other
scientists and lived there till the end of his life
7
.
Beruni got busy with scientific works in Gazna, he has been in India for many
times with Sultan troops. At that time he began observing this country, as a result
in 1030 he created very interesting work about “Confirming book of imaginative
and unimaginative education of the Indians” (shortly “Mulanindian” – “India”)
8
.
Beruni died in the second of Rajab in 440 (eras 1048, 11
th
December) in Gazna.
1
Қаранг
:
Абу
Райҳон
Бируний
.
Геодезия
. –
Т
.:
Фан
, 1966.
2
Абу
Райҳон
Беруний
.
Минералогия
. –
Т
.:
Фан
, 1967.
3
Абу
Райҳон
Беруний
.
Доривор
ўсимликлар
ҳақида
китоб
(
Сайдана
). –
Т
.:
Фан
, 1968.
4
Қаранг
:
Хайруллаев
М
.
М
.
и
Шарипов
А
.
Д
.
Абдаллах
Хорезми
. //
Материалы
по
истории
прогрессивной
общественно
-
философской
мысли
в
Узбекистане
. –
Т
.:
Фан
, 1976. –
С
. 93.
5
Қаранг
:
Шарипов
А
.
Берунийнинг
табиий
-
илмий
ва
фалсафий
қарашлари
. –
Т
.:
Фан
, 1972.
6
Қодиров
М
.
Марказий
Осиё
,
Яқин
ва
Ўрта
Шарқнинг
фалсафий
тафаккури
. –
Т
.:
ТошДШИ
нашриёти
, 2009.
7
Қаранг
:
Шарипов
А
.
Берунийнинг
табиий
-
илмий
ва
фалсафий
қарашлари
. –
Т
.:
Фан
, 1972.
8
Қаранг
:
Абу
Райҳон
Беруний
.
Ҳиндистон
. –
Т
.:
Фан
, 1965.
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Beruni was one of the best experienced scientists in his period, which was one
of the main factors for his natural scientific and philosophical views.
In this work Avicenna supported the nature philosophy of Arastu, but Beruni
rejected Avicenna. Their discussion was mainly about one of the main issues of
nature philosophy of Arastu that endless division of solids. In this sphere most of the
authors, who saw Beruni’s disagreement with Avicenna, thought that he was the
supporter of Democrat’s atheism
1
. But Beruni was much more serious in this issue.
He tried to find out such way in this solution of division problem, which tried to
overcome contradictions and restrictions of atomistic and endless division of study.
Beruin’s atomistic theory differs from Democrat’s atomistic theory that Abu
Raykhon Beruni rejected space, but Democrat considers that space is one of the
main inalienable parts of the world.
Beruni appealed to experience in criticizing Arastu; he was against to the
observing method of Arastu. Moreover, Beruni tried to prove endless division of
solids and limited atomistic education about non-division particles, but he could
not solve this problem totally. In spite of that such given issue was the great
achievement of the scientist.
Beruni’s theory on knowledge.
Beruni told about all elements, also heavier
elements strive for the center before other elements and mentioned that “all
elements strive for the center but heavier one lead first.”
2
Beruni wrote not only
about the simple strive of elements to the earth but also all weights strive to the
earth in his book “India”. In disagreement of Beruni with Avicenna maintaining
the weights of environment shows that there are striving strengths between the
earth and the space elements.
Beruni’s supposition about the presence of other worlds was hic one of the
philosophical achievements. As long as Beruni thinks about other world, he says
that maybe material world has got natural feature or world, “action direction differ
from our world’s action direction”.
The great nature scientific man Beruni maintained and somehow developed
scientific method of knowledge which was created by Akhmad Fargoniy and
Muhammad Khorazmi. According to his saying, “more observing creates
remembering ability”. Beruni says in his precept: “your knowledge is like that,
when you become bare, it stays with you, even when you appear in a bath, humid
also can not disappear it. “Beruni considers human memory as “the gift of Allah”.
He says that, “diligence and more engagement strengthen memory”.
One of the founder in Central Asia, Near and Middle East Beruni mentions
great comparative value of theoretical logical conclusion in nature incidents.
1
Беруний
Абу
Райҳон
.
Қадимги
халқлардан
қолган
ёдгорликлар
.
Беруний
.
Танланган
асар
-
лар
, 1
жилд
. –
Т
.:
Фан
, 1968. 127–128-
б
.
2
Шарипов
А
.
Малоизвестные
страницы
переписки
между
Беруни
и
Ибн
Синой
//
Общест
-
венные
науки
в
Узбекистане
,
№
5, 1965. –
С
. 39.
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26
Beruni mentioned the importance of studying all issues concerning to the
historical events and the truth of incidents and warns to be careful not to be in a
wrong way. He writes: “News cannot be true as it seen, it’s true saying. Because
seeing is consists of seeing eyes which are special for seeing the exact things. If there
were no lies in the news, it would be considered as the better one than seeing.
Because seeing and looking is limited with its time. But news informs the things
appeared time, before time, or after time; that is why news informs present time and
future time also. Writing is one of the type of informing, it can be better than other
types; if there were no memorials of the pencil, how would we known ancient
peoples history?! Then, as usual news cannot be the same, it can be true or false”
1
.
Observing, seeing, doing experiments, creating logical collections, gathering in-
formation, folklore, studying written memorials, criticizing all textbooks and news to
comparing them with each other, language structure, studying writings – all of them
show the style of the great encyclopedia scientist Abu Raykhan Beruniy.
It is very important to be mentioned that the issue of origin of human society
and humanity – “the reasons of the reasons” by Abu Raykhan Beruni “the begin-
ning of the period is the earliest and the most famous one”
2
.
We can see that Beruni maintained the idea of knowledge in the appearing of
human society. Coming to the issue of world presence Beruni suggested some
suppositions that, “maybe it was appeared before thousand millions years ago”.
According to the opinion of Beruni, human beings differ from the animal with
his intellect. But when we explain how this intellect has been appeared in scien-
tists which differs from the animal creature, we address to Allah, and says Allah
has created the human like that since the beginning of time. He gives very interes-
ting ideas about the role of geographical factors in physiological structure of hu-
man and clarifying all his life: “…(people) structure are different in color, photo,
nature and behavior, not only in different generations, but also difference of soil,
water, air, and earth (human living place)”
3
.
According to the view of Beruni, intellect, work, independently choosing point
human beings’ life and its social position. He always says that human being should
always think about other humans happiness and success, and writes; “the importance
of doing certain duties is the rule of human activity to live forever”
4
. Having conti-
nued his opinion, he mentioned that the degree of human’s value marked how he
occupied his perfect duty, that is why human’s position and values valued by his
work. However, human get his achievement by his utterance and work. Moreover, he
says that when the aim and wishes of human’s are different, art and work will become
different”
5
. It maintains the idea that it leads to the distribution of work.
1
Абу
Райҳон
Беруний
.
Танланган
асарлар
. 2-
жилд
. –
Т
.:
Фан
, 1965. 25-
б
.
2
Абу
Райҳон
Беруний
.
Танланган
асарлар
. 1-
жилд
. –
Т
.:
Фан
, 1968. 50-
б
.
3
Ўша
жойда
. 236-
б
.
4
Ал
-
Беруний
.
Геодезия
. 83-
б
.
5
Ўша
жойда
. 84-
б
.
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27
Beruni told that the origin of money was connected with distribution of work
1
. In
his opinion, it is not valuable money that used as gold and silver among peoples,
because they could not satisfy any humans requirement. Only they have value in
exchanging. In the society money is considered as the main measuring element and
main function of general equivalents. But this was not according to the natural law or
their nature; also it was according to the agreement. Because neither of them (gold
and silver) first of all with its meaning nor become saturated, nor quench his thirst,
nor makes safe from violence and thread. Incorrectly usage of money leads to the
violence richness. In his turn it leads to the forced work. In Beruni’s opinion, cause of
the money not only goods are exchanged but also strange man is hired. “One hires
another one that one man cause of fair contract works for him and for the reason of
that he will be awarded”
2
. In understanding hired work Beruni was against to the
forced labor in spite of having fair contract and wrote following: “forced labor which
was done by violence and hiring is not always true”.
Beruni came up with idea of ruling society “features of ruling and controlling,
defending the rights of sufferers are like sacrificing your peace for other’s peace”.
In his opinion, it is important that governor naturally should have his own inde-
pendent opinion and orders, listen to the philosophers’ laws in his work, like
Ascender Zulkarnayn submitted to wisdom philosophy of Arastu, obeying; king
himself should have “creative mind”, mostly should think about peasants. “By the
way kingdom cannot live without agriculture”
3
.
Beruni could recognize the development of the state in science development.
He considered that science-subject got the great work. He wrote: “My all mind be-
longs to the study of my sole knowledge, because, I got the pleasure in increasing
knowledge. I think it is big happiness for me”
4
.
According to Beruni’s view, human’s perfect happiness is in his knowledge,
because he has got intellect. If we consider happiness like that, society will become in
peace. Human’s one of the best quality is that looking after the poor. His scientific
research works, which were done in India, were about maintaining friendship bet-
ween nations, mutual collaboration and cultural relationships. Beruni paid great atten-
tion to widely spreading cultural collaboration and science-knowledge. Humanity
takes the main place in Beruni’s views about the society and human
5
.
Nature covers the entire world around him which obeys certain laws. It is the
place where subjects gather all its evidence and information and the main reason
of explaining naturally objective events. Beruni agreed with view of Abu Mashar:
“Nature is the most powerful one in all”
6
.
1
Қаранг
:
Ал
-
Беруний
.
Минералогия
. 12-
б
.
2
Қаранг
:
Ал
-
Беруний
.
Минералогия
. 12-
б
.
3
Абу
Райҳон
Беруний
.
Танланган
асарлар
. 1-
жилд
. –
Т
.:
Фан
, 1968. 74-
б
.
4
Абу
Рай
xo
н
Беруни
.
Избранные
произведения
.
Т
. 2. 1963. –
С
. 23.
5
Қаранг
:
Шарипов
А
.
Берунийнинг
табиий
-
илмий
ва
фалсафий
қарашлари
. –
Т
.:
Фан
, 1972.
6
Абу
Рай
x
он
Беруни
.
Памятники
минувших
поколений
//
Избранные
прооизведения
. –
Т
.,
1957.
Т
.1. –
С
. 99.
