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43
Here “
чаман
” (flower-garden) means this world, “
савсан
” (iris) and “
шамшод
”
(beech) mean temporary things in a metaphorical way. Both of them will die one day
so will a person. Thus it will be illogical to escape from your death.
The last bayt continues the thesis of the first bayt.
Ей
Навоий
,
олам
аҳлиға
чу
йўқ
эрмиш
вафо
,
Кел
-
у
мундин
нари
бекаслик
била
мўтод
бўл
.
(Oh Navoi, whereas no one has loyalty, from now on be accustomed to live
with loneliness).
If there are no beloved ones in this world, from whom can you wait loyalty,
kindness? In this situation the most reliable way is loneliness. There is a saying that
God is beloved of alone. Maybe, it is the point which Navoi was going to mention
.
AKHMEDOVA DILFUZA
PhD, TSIOS
Persian newspaper language
Abstract.
Newspaper-journalistic style has specific features and the main task of the
materials of this style is to report certain information to certain positions; thereby
achieving the desired effect on the reader or listener. The content of the newspaper and
informational messages is different in that here we are talking about events that are
available for a broad understanding of the layers of non-specialists, directly or indirectly
related to their lives and interests.
Keywords and expressions:
practice translate, newspaper language, newspaper-pub-
licity style, functional style, abbreviation, neologisms.
Аннотация
.
Мазкур
мақола
форс
тили
газета
тилининг
баъзи
хусусиятлари
ҳақида
маълумот
беради
.
Унда
газетанинг
асосий
қисмини
ташкил
этувчи
қис
-
қартма
,
неологизм
,
ўзлашма
каби
грамматик
ҳодисалар
ёритилган
.
Таянч
сўз
ва
иборалар
:
функционал
услуб
,
публицистик
услуб
,
газета
тили
,
қис
-
қартмалар
,
метафорик
модель
,
неологизм
,
ўзлашмалар
.
Аннотация
.
Статья
посвящена
анализу
некоторых
особенностей
языка
газеты
в
персидском
языке
.
В
ней
освещен
ряд
грамматических
явлений
:
неологизмы
,
аббревиа
-
туры
,
заимствования
,
которые
составляют
главную
часть
газеты
персидского
языка
.
Опорные
слова
и
выражения
:
функциональные
стили
,
публицистический
стиль
,
язык
газеты
,
речевые
стереотипы
,
аббревиация
,
метафорические
модели
,
неологиз
-
мы
,
заимствования
.
Newspaper Language, as one of the functional style of speech has repeatedly
drawn the attention of many scientists. Uzbek linguistists E. Begmatov, A. Ma-
matov, A. Boboev, A. Abdusaidov, D. Teshabaeva, P. Rustamov, K. Yusupov,
Sh. Rahmatullaev, S. A. Mukhammedov, A. Abdusaidov, I. Toshaliev, P. Abdu-
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sattorov, D. Sagdullaev, I. Azimova, Sh. Abduraimova, N. Kadirov; Russian lin-
guistists V. G. Kostomarov, G. Y. Solganik, B. S. Vinogradov, N. M. Firsov,
A. V. Sinyavsky, N. N. Kurchatkin, A. N. Kojin, M. N. Kojina, O. A. Krylov,
V. V. Odintsov, Y. S. Stepanov, K. L. Popok, G. V. Gorelova, A. N. Vasilyev and
others made scientific research. Nowadays also Iran scientists interested in the
newspaper and publicistic style of speech. This aspect of the work is devoted to a
series of practical and theoretical scientists and methodologists. First of all, it
thanks to Hasan Zulfikari, Tibe Mansouri Shod, Zaynab Mohammadi.
The main directions in the development of modern Iranian mass media were
determined after the victory of the Islamic Revolution in 1979, when the Iranian
journalism has entered in a new period of its evolution. With great changes in the
field of ideology, politics and economy of the country, most of newspapers and
magazines had stopped its being because of lacking the materials and political and
ideological reasons. However, the most popular and main newspapers “Ettel
ā
'
ā
t”
(“News”) and “Keyh
ā
n” (“Universe”) are continued its pressing.
Now press in Iran is under the control of the authorities. The largest daily
newspapers of the country are under full control of the government. Major Iranian
newspaper “Keyh
ā
n”, “Ettel
ā
'
ā
t”, “Abr
ā
r”, “Res
ā
lat”, “Jomhori-ye esl
ā
mi” are
published in Tehran. About 80% of all periodicals are published in Persian, 20% –
in English, Arabic and others.
The subjects of Iranian newspapers include a number of sections, such as
social news and local events. Iran and culture, international events, sports, etc. In
general, the theme of the newspaper can be divided into 5 categories: politics,
economy, culture, sports and social life. And each of these sections are different
from each other using a kind of vocabulary and grammatical categories. In this
article, we analyze the lexical and grammatical features of political subject.
For newspaper and publicistic style characterized by a desire to create a specific
fund, inherent to a greater extent only that style of language means. Through this rese-
arch, it is observed that most of the studied linguistic uniqueness of our style is mani-
fested in the lexical level. In general, the newspaper lexicon is heterogeneous. It inclu-
des a large number of literary words (typical of the artistic style). But some categories
of lexical units are particularly typical only for the language of the press.
There are considered some lexical peculiarities of publicistic style in Persian
as a part of research. These are abbreviations, neologisms, metaphorical models
and borrowings.
Accuracy formulation is characterized for newspaper-publicistic style. Their
text is accurate, concise, and specific.
This style is characterized by the use of stereotypes which is typical for this
style of speech. For example, when sending politicians applications commonly
used verb word form [goft] “said”, [eš
ā
re kard] “have”, [e'lâm kard] “declared”,
“announced”, [ezhâr-e al
ā
qe kard] “expressed interest” [ezh
ā
r-e omidv
ā
ri nemud /
kard] “hoped”, [afzud] “added”, [ta'kid varzid / kard] “stressed”, “said”, [ezh
ā
r-e
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tamayol kard] “took special interest”, [tasrih kard] “stressed”, [ezh
ā
r namud]
“have”, [ezh
ā
r d
ā
sht] “expressed interest”, [x
ā
terneš
ā
ni kard] “noted”, [y
ā
d
ā
vari
kard] “reminded”. It should be noted that the more commonly used among these
verb forms [goft] “said”, and [afzud] “added”.
The information provided with a help of mass media differentiates with its com-
pression feature of abbreviation. The number of abbreviations of various structures is
continuously growing. Abbreviations are used in all functional styles, but their pub-
licistic role cannot be overestimated. Names in the form of abbreviations of various
international, regional, national, political and public organizations, educational ins-
titutions, professional organizations and associations, commercial, industrial compa-
nies, financial institutions, transport companies, sports and tourist organizations,
clubs, libraries, museums and etc. can often be found in the press. In the newspaper, it
can be find many examples of the use of abbreviations:
مﺎﺝﺮﺏ
–
ﻪﻡﺎﻥﺮﺏ
ﻪﻡﺎﺝ
ماﺪﻗا
كﺮﺘﺸﻡ
(joint comprehensive plan of action)
ﺎﺝﺎﻬﻥ
–
ﯼوﺮﻴﻥ
ﯽیاﻮه
ﺶﺕرا
ﻪیرﻮﻬﻤﺝ
ﯽﻡﻼﺳا
ناﺮیا
(Air Force Army of the
Islamic Republic of Iran)
ﺎﮑﺕا
–
ﻪیدﺎﺤﺕا
ﯽﻥوﺎﻌﺕ
نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ
ﺶﺕرا
(Cooperative Society Army officers)
ﺖﻤﺳ
–
نﺎﻡزﺎﺳ
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻡ
و
ﻦیوﺪﺕ
(study organization and working group)
جﺎﮔ
–
ﻩوﺮﮔ
ﯽﺷزﻮﻡﺁ
رﺎﮐﻮﺝ
(study group of searchers)
ﺶﻋاد
–
ﺖﻟود
ﻲﻡﻼﺳا
قاﺮﻋ
مﺎﺷ
(Islamic State of Iraq, Libya)
The
Iranian newspapers used mainly abbreviations of English origin, like GPS,
LED, IRIB, e-mail, AQI (Air Quality Index), or the pronunciation of English abbre-
viations as
ﺎﻥﺮیا
– IRNA,
ﺎﺳﺎﻥ
– NASA, ASEAN –
ﻪﺳ
نﺁ
ﺁ
, ECO –
ﻮآا
etc. are used in
the Iranian newspapers. Neologisms can often be met in newspaper texts.
Under the meaning of neologisms can be understood any new vocabulary and
phraseological units appearing in the language at current stage of its development and
or denoting new concepts resulting from the development of science and technology,
the new conditions of life, social and political changes, or express the new words
created for the purpose of emotional and stylistic, already existing concepts.
In Persian examples of neologisms can be words that appeared relatively recent-
ly: pas
ā
tahrim – “after sanctions”, pas
ā
barj
ā
m – “post sanction”, maj
ā
zi – “virtual”,
pulšui – “money laundering”, fer
ā
rema
ǧ
zh
ā
– “brain drain”, 'eynak-e gogl – “Google
window”, šerkat-h
ā
-ye est
ā
rt
ā
p – “startups”, san'at-e
ā
yti – “IT industry”.
Obviously, such words are taken as neologisms only until the meaning of these
words become used, after which they are entered the vocabulary and are no longer
perceived as new. It should be noticed that the neologisms tend to occur on the
basis of the existing linguistic tradition, using already in the language as a means
of word-formation.
Besides neologisms, European borrowings and calcs or their combinations:
teknoloji “technology”, sistem “system”, [geoestr
ā
tezhik] “geostrategic”, [geopo-
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litik] “geopolitics”, [dem
ā
kr
ā
tik] “democratic”, [rav
ā
bet- e diplom
ā
tik] “diplo-
matic relations”, [tam
ā
š
ā
-ye diplom
ā
tik] “diplomatic contacts”, [nazm-e novin-e
jahâni] “new world way (procedure)”, [konfer
ā
ns] “conference”, [markaz-e paxš-
e xabar] “translational assembly”, [
ā
zh
ā
ns] “agency”, [refr
ā
ndom] “referendum”,
[jang-e sard] “cold war”, [mehvar-e šar
ā
rat] “(country) axis of evil” can be met
among Persian newspaper language.
In the newspaper-pulicistic style there are also metaphorical models such as
[b
ā
zu-ye siy
ā
si] “political arm”, [b
ā
zu-ye nez
ā
mi] “military arm” – is generally
applied to any organization, legal or illegal, but also about the army, [m
ā
r
ā
ton-e
hastei] “nuclear marathon”, [doping-e moš
ā
wehha], literally “inspirational doping
agents” (within the meaning of unresolved political and economic benefits and
concessions, pursuing selfish goal), [raqs- e siy
ā
si] “political dance”, [siy
ā
sat-e
yek bam-o-do hav
ā
] “policy of double standards” (literally “one roof and two
air”), [hay
ā
thalvat-e siy
ā
si] “political background” – the zone immediate interests
and security of the state (hay
ā
tkhalvat – the letters “a lonely place”), [cher
ā
ǧ
-e
sabz-e siy
ā
sidadan] “give the political wave”, [cher
ā
ǧ
-e sabz] “waved by light,
flag, signal when overtaking or at a meeting of ships”.
In the press news are not frequently used polysemantic terms, synonymous
terms, abbreviated terms and names in the press. Term “
ﻦﻴﻡزﺮﺳ
” in political ter-
minology can mean a country or a territory:
ﺮﺳ
ﻦﻴﻣز
ﺎﻣ
ﺎﺗ
ﻞﺒﻗ
زا
ﯼزوﺮﻴﭘ
بﻼﻘﻧا
ﯽﻣﻼﺳا
,
لﻼﻘﺘﺳا
ﻧ
ﺪ
ﺖﺷا
.
“Before the victory of the Islamic Revolution, our country had not sovereignty”.
ﺮﺳ
ﻦﻴﻣز
ناﺮیا
ﻪﺑ
ﯼﺎﻬﺘﻤﺴﻗ
ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ
ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ
ﻩﺪﺷ
ﺖﺳا
.
“The territory of Iran is divided into different parts”.
In the first case, term “
ﻦﻴﻡزﺮﺳ
” is used in the meaning of “country”, in the se-
cond case
ﻦﻴﻡزﺮﺳ
is used in the meaning of “area”.
ﻩﺪﻨیﺎﻤﻥ
term may have a wider meaning –
ﻩﺪﻨیﺎﻤﻨﺴﻠﺠﻡ
(member of parliament)
or a more specialized
ﻦﻤﺠﻥﺎهﺪﻨیﺎﻤﻥ
(representative of a company).
Newspaper-publicistic style is characterized by an abundance of Arabisms as
separate tokens, set phrases and blocks. A characteristic feature of the newspaper
language is considered excessive use of Arabisms. Arabisms used in newspapers,
can be divided into 2 groups: Arabisms expressing social and political values and
Arabisms expressing religious values.
The first group includes Arabisms such as omur Moškel
ā
t mantaqe rav
ā
bet
taqviyat ta'
ā
mel ta'
ā
mel man
ā
fe'e ommat-e esl
ā
mi tahavvol
ā
t mas
ā
el mosavabbe
tasvib taahhod
ā
t forsat-h
ā
va zarfiyat mon
ā
seb
ā
t moz
ā
ker
ā
t-e haste.
To the second group belong words such as [em
ā
m] “imam”, [fatv] “fatwa” solu-
tion (on any legal, religious, economic, political issues), [faqih] – “faqih” Muslim
lawyer, [sure] – “sura”, the chapters of the Qur'an, [
ā
ye] – “ayat” every sentence
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(sentence) in the Qur'an, [erf
ā
n] - higher divine knowledge, [masjed] – “mosque”,
[towhid] – “recognition of God (Allah)”, [nabowat] – “faith in the prophets”, [ruz-e
qiy
ā
mat] – “doomsday”, ['ad
ā
lat-e elahi] – “Divine justice”, [em
ā
mat] – “imamate”.
Articles in Iranian newspapers often given titles and vocabulary used when
referring to the clergy and to reduce at the mention of the saints:
Ā
yatell
ā
h – The
highest spiritual title of Iran, xojjatol esl
ā
m – Shiite religious title, below the rank
of Ayatollah, em
ā
mat-e valiallah ulazam – religious Šeyxulesl
ā
m title – the title
of senior official on Islam, em
ā
m – in Islam, the spiritual person who is commits
requires in charge of the mosque.
It is based on the basic concept was carried out practical analysis of the col-
lected factual material. In a conclusion of the work can be said that the basic fea-
tures of publicistic style of speech, which is taken together, set it apart from other
functional styles. It can include the following:
1) The economy of language means, conciseness of presentation, in conjunc-
tion with the information saturation; selection of language means on the basis of
their clarity (the newspaper is the most common form of mass media);
2) the availability of social and political vocabulary and phraseology, voca-
bulary rethinking of other styles (in particular, the terminology) for the needs of
journalism;
3) the use of speech stereotypes typical for this style;
4) a variety of genres and the associated use of stylistic variety of linguistic
resources:
5) multiple meanings of words, word formation resources (author's neolo-
gisms), emotional and expressive vocabulary;
6) the combination of features of publicistic style with the features of other
styles (scientific, official-business, literary and artistic, colloquial). This process is
associated with a variety of themes and genres;
7) Having research the material on the subject of the work, it can be concluded
that the newspaper lexicon quite specific and significantly different from the
vocabulary used in fiction, scientific and publicistic articles and conversational
speech. The methods of conveying the information is distinguished with the
abundance of neologisms, international words, using the suffixes in a different
context and abbreviations.
