No. 3 (2020) Oriental studies

This article writes about the history of Urdu and its position mainly in India and partly in Pakistan as it emerged in the past centuries, took its place during the political conflicts in India and was enriched  by  differences  with  Hindi  and  other  languages  and  is  now  the  only  language  of  India  and Pakistan. At the same time, it is believed that this unique language has evolved over time in both countries, India and Pakistan, and has a place among the general public with its literature and culture, which has been highlighted by many Urdu scholars. Urdu is spoken in two countries in Pakistan and India. The article considers Urdu as the language of Pakistan, whose roots are in India and when the country was divided Pakistan was an Urdu country and India also has a certain number of Urdu speakers. In this case, the Urdu language was considered not only in the field of linguistics, but also in literary life.

The  article  talks  about  the  impressions  of  Professor  Khoja  Muhammad  Ikromiddin,  who  was invited  to  lecture  at  the  Tashkent  State  University  of  Oriental  Studies  as  a  professor  at  the  Tashkent  State University of Oriental  Studies,  about teaching  Hindi  and Urdu at  the  Tashkent  State  University  of  Oriental Studies  since  1947.  It  also  considers  friendly  relations  between  Uzbekistan  and  India,  the  development  of economic ties thanks to the Great Silk Road since ancient times, the presence of aspects of the way of life of the peoples of Central Asia in many traditions and customs of India today, the positive results of relations between the two countries are called "values of India and Central Asia", the formation of Urdu, proverbs in the Urdu and Hindi languages, reflecting the similar values of these peoples, the presence of words of wisdom, the activities of those who contributed to the development of Urdu, whose fame swept the whole world, and the fact that the university has established good relations with the peoples of the countries, speaking Urdu Hindi.

The article discusses the specifics of the socio-economic model of India and current trends in its development, analysis and regulation of foreign trade, the importance of increasing export potential in modernizing the economy, optimizing the import structure, and attracting foreign investment and foreign investment policy.  India  offers  millions  of  travelers  the  opportunity  to  relax  by  the  sea  and  mountains,  tourism  and architectural  monuments,  unforgettable  vacations,  festivals  and  carnivals,  spiritual  uplift  and  deep immersion in the culture, customs and spiritual heritage of the country. It was revealed that India is an important  destination  in  the  Asian  region  with  unique  natural,  recreational,  cultural  and  historical resources for the development of tourism. In addition, the stages and directions of development of the tourism industry in India, as well as the existing free economic zones are considered as an important form of foreign economic activity of the country. At the end of the article, opinions and comments on the topic are given and a clear conclusion is made.

This  article  presents  an  overview  of  the  productive  role  of  Indian  diaspora  in  enhancing India’s soft power credentials and its influence in shaping India’s foreign policy. The article examines how the Indian diaspora has evolved into important non-state actors and bearers of India’s reputation’, ‘image’ and ‘prestige’ around the world. The author also attempts to highlight Indian diaspora striving to procure a  good  position in the  soft  power  race.  There  are  examples  how,  being  a  major  power,  India  is  wisely focusing its soft power strategies on potential cultural resources. This study finds Indian diaspora being recognized for its contribution in various scientific, technical and business fields as well as in politics and law. The Indian diaspora has acted as a navigator in the spread of Indian soft power resources such as yoga, Ayurveda, festivals, cinema, cuisine, culture, ideology and intangible heritage in foreign lands. The article  also  focuses  on  the  utilization  of  Indian  diaspora  in  promoting  India’s  soft  power  diplomacy  in Uzbekistan. Special emphasis has been given to the strong cooperation in the pharmaceutical sector, in which the Indian companies are productively enhancing their business.

Article analyses current state of bilateral economic cooperation between India and Uzbekistan, taking into account the factors like Indian economic development, its experience of developing bilateral trade and  possibilities  of  developing  trade  relations  between  India  and  Uzbekistan.  Besides,  Author  analyses  the current state of realizing Indian Central Asian strategy called “Connect Central Asia” and economic aspects of how  India  tries  to  implement  its  basic  interests  into  realization.  At  the  same  time  main  export  targets  of Uzbekistan and its export quality are examined and how share of Uzbekistani export in India can be raised by using existing conditions and new passages for developing bilateral trade. Author researched possible ways of developing  transport  communication  and  transport  hubs  for  connecting  Central  and  South  Asia.  Transport corridors like International South-North corridor proposed by India and supported countries like Russia, Iran and Central Asian countries which connects India with Europe through India and Central Asia.  Besides, policy recommendations and suggestions are developed by author.

The history of relations between Uzbekistan and India have been continuing for a long time. After  the  independence  of  Uzbekistan,  the  relations  have  acquired  a  new  meaning.  In  this  article,  the political, historical, economic study of bilateral relations between Uzbekistan and India was studied in an interdisciplinary approach. During the analysis, the works of Uzbek and Indian scholars who have studied the relations between the two countries will be considered. The scientific works of Uzbek scholars studying the relations between Uzbekistan and India analyze the economic,  political  and  cultural  aspects  of  relations.  In  particular,  the  works  of  R.Asadova  and N.Ibragimova, who studied the period of relations between the two countries until 2000 at the dissertation level,  will  be  studied.  During  the  study  of  the  history  of  relations  between  the  two  countries  of S.Mirkasimov, I.Nematov and I.Mavlonov, who served as Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Uzbekistan in India from 1993 to 2004, will be considered.  The scientific works of Indian scholars Skand R.Tayal, Barun De, Rahul Tripathi, V.Choob, Ramakant Dwivedi,  Ramgopal  Agarwala,  Myeena  Singh  Roy,  Prakash  Shri,  Rajorshi  Roy,  K.Santhanam,  G-n Bhargav Mitra, who studied the relations between the two countries, were studied.  Periodicals of the Republic of Uzbekistan play a key role in the coverage of Uzbek-Indian relations. This  study  examines  the  data  of  authors  who  have  published  articles  in  newspapers  about  the  friendly relations between the two countries.

Lots  of  people  may  think  China  has  a  great  influence  in  South-East  Asia  particularly  in Archipelago of Malaysia, but India’s impact for civilization can be seen in all areas. South-East  Asia  was  under  the  Indian  cultural  influences.  From  290  BC  to  the  XV  century,  local policies coped the Hindu-Buddhist civilization. India actively used its south-eastern coast in trading and establishing  cultural  and  political  relations  with  Burma,  Thailand,  Indonesia,  the  Malay  Peninsula,  the Philippines, Cambodia and Champa. This position brought into  the cause of Indianising and sanskritation in South-East Asia. The  merchants, tourists,  teachers  and  priests  of  South  India remained  the  dominant  influence  about 1,500 years in South-East Asia. Hinduism and Buddhism spread from India to these countries and lived for many hundreds of years in mutual tolerance. After all, many states became mainly Buddhists.  Majority of local Indian ethnic groups in Malaysia consist of Tamil Hindus people. Today, they are in the third place after ethnic groups of China and Malay in Malaysia. Most of them were descended from the emigrants who had moved to Malaysia during the British colony in India.  Entering the Indian civilization really gave a new status in a lifestyle and culture of the people in Malaysia. As a result, the mixture of cultures appeared in the life of the people in Malaysia. Certainly this occurrence  shows the development of civilization in education, economy, culture, literature and social contributions

The position, profession, status and prestige of a person in society play an important role in his life. It's no secret that in a certain sense, these positions also determine the attitude of the people around him. This article is devoted to words related to the social status of people, their profession and position in society, methods of treatment and their translation into Urdu. The work also examines the division into caste societies of India and Pakistan, the current and historical state and problems associated with social status, the importance in the life of Indians and Pakistanis of stratification into castes, words and treatment that can be applied to every member of society, woman and man. Particular attention is paid to how these words were rendered in Urdu by the translator, translation methods and their analysis. The literary source for the presented scientific article is the work of the famous Uzbek writer Pirimkul Kadyrov "Starry  Nights"  and  its  translation  into  Urdu  by  an experienced  translator  Manzar  Salim.  The authors, having carefully studied the translation, tried to note all the achievements of the translated work.

This  article  provides  information  about  the  literary  heritage  of  our  great  compatriot Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, translations of the masterpiece "Babur-nama" into Urdu, and also provides a comparative analysis of the Indian fauna of the definition of an elephant with the text of the original on the example of Mirza Nasiriddin Haydar Kuragani and Yunus Jafari. The comparative analysis focuses on the problem of the author's style. "Baburnama" has been translated into many languages of the world. Translated into some languages several times. Among them are English, Persian, Urdu. There are also four translations in Urdu. The first translation  was  translated  by  Mirzo  Nasiriddin  Haydar  Kuragani  from  the  original,  that  is,  from  the Turkic-Chigatai language. This translation was first published in 1898, then in 1926 and 1962. The title of the book is "Baburnama". The book consists of 426 pages. The  second  translation  of  Babur-name  in  Urdu  was  made  by  Muhammad  Qasim  Siddiqiu.  This translation was published in 1983 and 2010. The book is called “Baburnama” and is 101 pages long. The third translation from Persian was made by Rashid Akhtar Nadavi. This translation was published in 1991 in Lahore (Pakistan). This edition of “Babur-nama” is called “Tuzuke Baburi” and consists of 287 pages. The  fourth  translation  was  translated  by  the  professor  from  India  Yunus  Jafari.  This  translation  is translated from the Persian translation of Abdurahim Khan Khanan and was published in 2007 in England. The book is called “Vaqayi Babur” and is 396 pages long.

This  article  discusses  the  linguistic  features  of  metaphors  and  issues  related  to  their translation. The complexities of translating metaphors in literature from Hindi into Uzbek are analyzed. Metaphors of semantic transfer and classification of individual-author metaphors are given on the basis of formal similarity between objects.

This article is devoted to the analysis of grammatical topics in textbooks written for a specialized school of the Hindi language and a lyceum of oriental languages at the Tashkent State University. Friendly relations between Uzbekistan and India develops   fruitfully and we, the Hindi language teachers, should also contribute to the development of these relations. The establishment of scientific cooperation between the two countries requires a high level of Hindi learning for our youth. Unfortunately, over the past twenty years, textbooks on the Hindi language for schoolchildren and students of lyceums have not been created. In this article, teachers of the school and lyceum were suggested to familiarize themselves with the teaching aids prepared by the author of the article, and the task was to create new textbooks under the guidance of teachers of the Hindi at University of Oriental Studies. The article describes the step-by-step study of Hindi by elementary and senior schoolchildren. The 5th grade textbook includes introductory topics in Hindi phonetics, spelling and grammar. Various exercises and pictures are offered to keep students interested in learning Hindi, and helps to increase student activity in the language learning process. Textbooks  for  high  school  students  contain  more  detailed  phonetic  and  grammatical  sources  in  Hindi; various topics are  given,  namely  geography,  history,  texts telling  about  famous  Indian  statesmen,  about  the national holidays of India, grammar tables, dictionaries of each text (or lesson), oral and written exercises, performing tests increases knowledge of the Hindi language.

This  article  will discuss  the  problems  of learning  the  Bengali  language  in  Uzbekistan and challenges for the future, also problems and perspectives. The very ancient cultural ties of the Republics of Uzbekistan  and  Bangladesh  were  also  affected  in  this  feature.  Until  the  beginning  of  the  20th  century, comments were made on measures to study and introduce the Indian language in Central Asia for the first time. It was against this background that the history of teaching the Indian language in Tashkent, at the Department of South Asian Languages, was discovered with great difficulty, and reviews were made of the invaluable work of Russian linguistic scholars who began teaching the Indian language. The main essence of  the  problem  is  the  history  of  the  beginning  of  teaching  Bengali  at  the  Department  of  South  Asian Languages of the Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies (TSUOS), in which teachers taught for the first time. The degree to which the teaching of the Bengali language at the Tashkent State Pedagogical Institute has ended is an indication of the nature of the tasks associated with these problems. Up to now, achievements in teaching the Bengali language have also been mentioned. Complete information on the issues described above is given in this article.

This  article  is  devoted  to  the  translation  into  Uzbek  of  two  Indian  fairy  tales  from  the collection Vetalapanchavimshati  (25 talеs  of the  Vetala).  It  describes  the  image  of the valiant  and  wise King Vikramaditya who received deep recognition from his people during his lifetime. This article provides a translation of two fairy tales from the above collection and gives brief information about the work. The  King  Vikrama  who  ruled  Ujjain  in  the  West  India  distinguished  by  justice  and  the  love  of  his people, had a keen mind and shrewdness, invincible bravery and courage, and was considered the ruler - innovator created a new era the Vikrama Samvat which began in 57 BCE. Vikrama lived in the 1st century BC and stayed in the history as the most wise king, many tales was created that reflect the wit and acumen of the ruler, and extant in two collections.

The article analyzed the comparative-typological method of the case grammatical category on Noun of Hindi, belonging to the group Indo-Aryan and Uzbek, belonging to the group of Turkic. The subject is based on the theories of a number of English, Russian, Hindi and Uzbek linguists. In particular, the scientific and  thereotical  views  of  J.Layons,  K.Guru,  Z.  Dimshits,  G.A.Zograf,  V.P.Liperovskiy,  O.N.Shomatov, A.G’ulomov, G’. Abdurahmonov, M.Irisqulov, Q.Sapayev were studied in detail and analytical conclusions were made.  According  to  the  studied  literature,  there  are  some  common  features  in  the  development  of  the  case category in Hindi and Uzbek. In the modern language of Hindi, as noted above, there are indirect and indirect cases,  although  in  the  ancient  Uzbek  language  the  intermediate  case  existed  as  the  seventh  case,  but  this grammatical form  did  not  express the  meaning  of  the  indirect  case  in  Hindi.  The  indirect  case  form  in  the ancient Uzbek literary language became auxiliary as a result of linguistic development. However, in Hindi, the situation with mediation is completely different. The presence of an intermediate case in two compared language systems is a sign of isomorphism, allomorphism from the point of view of the nature of expression. It turned out that most of the conjugation forms in Hindi functionally correspond to the Uzbek auxiliary means. However, in both old and modern Uzbek, auxiliary persons can act as forms of agreement. But the meaning was relatively clearer if it was expressed by means of aids.

This article is devoted to the issues of philological comparison with the original Indian epic Ramayana and the Ramayana created by Kambn in South India. It is known that Indian literature is rich in antiquities, and  Indian literature  is  rich in  masterpieces.  The  literature  of the peoples  of  India,  with  its versatility  and  multilingualism,  occupies  a  special  place  in  world  civilization.  One  of  the  examples  of folklore,  the  epic  Ramayana  was  later  seen  by  the  great  poet  Valmiki  as  a  mature  work  that  has  been translated not only into the languages available in India, but also into the languages of the world. By the Middle Ages, translated works began to enter Tamil literature, including the translation of the Ramayana by  the  Tamil  poet  Kambn,  which  was  created  as  an  independent  work  enriched  with  new  plots  and episodes. This article focuses on the stages of development of Tamil literature and contains the results of two independent works, Valmiki's Ramayana and Kamb's Ramayana

This  article will explore in detail the Hindi unit words “dwigu”. In  particular, their linguistic features have been studied. Specific ways of composing words “dwigu” were shown. It has been studied that they consist mainly of two components, that words in both components have a lexical meaning and in some cases “dwigu” words are also formed using affixes.   The article found that when the words “dwigu” are formed from numbers “one” is mainly actively used, while relatively few words are formed from other numbers. All analyzed words were shown to include numbers, nouns and in some cases adjectives, all of which were studied through modeling. All words are divided into three  main  groups  recognized  in  Indian  linguistics,  namely  tatsama,  tadbhava  and  hybrid  words  and  their specific linguistic aspects are analyzed.   It was found that the numbers in the first component of the lexemes characteristic of engine words belonging to the tatsama group consisted mainly of numbers from ancient Sanskrit and that examples of the tadbhava group  included  numbers  from  units  commonly  used  in  modern  literary  Hindi.  It  is  noticed  that  the  words “dwigu” characteristic of hybrids consist of several numbers belonging to the literary language of Hindi. Also, when interpreting the examples, it was revealed that in some cases, affixes are also part of hybrid words.

The  second  half  of  the  twentieth  century  is  remarkable  for  the  development  of  memoir literature and the significant interest in it of both readers and literary critics, because of increasing in the self-consciousness  of  a  human  being  who  realizes  his  close  connection  with  history.  The  study  of  the development of memoir literature from the point of view of the history of individual art forms, the analysis of  the  genre  and  poetic  specificity  of  works  opens  up  wide  opportunities  for  understanding  the  general trends and evolution of memoiristics as a whole. This  article  makes  an  attempt  to  trace  the  historical  stages  of  the  origin  and  development  of  Hindi memoir literature  and  determine  in  it  the  place  of  the  outstanding  Hindi  writer  Vishnu  Prabhakar  who through the  prism of  artistic  perception in  his  memoir  works  depicts  the  era  of  his time by subjectively understanding the changes taking place not only in the structure of Indian society but also in its mind.

The article is devoted to folk songs in the dialects of Hindi-bhojpuri and maithili. The themes of the songs are very diverse. They are dedicated to the feelings, joys, sorrows of a woman in her husband’s house far from her father’s house. A woman is experiencing her husband’s departure to work. The songs are dedicated to the different months of the year when the holidays are celebrated, the birth of the God Krishna etc. The songs are the property of the rich culture of India.  A specific feature of the social organization of the villages of Bihar and the surrounding areas, where bhojpuri, maithili is spoken, is the observance of the strict parda law. True, these facts relate to events that took place more than half a century ago, but it seems that nowadays the “parda” rules are preserved and the wife cannot appear in front of her husband in the daytime. A woman is supposed to avoid and not talk with her father-in-law, her husband's older brother. The  article  examines  this  problem  on  the  material  of  Indian  researchers  and  expounds  the  author's attitude to these problems.

This article is devoted to the study of the problem of the formation of "literary communities" in India (South Asia) in the Middle Ages. When  studying  the  history  of  literature  of  the  Foreign  East,  a  certain  pattern  is  revealed  in  the formation of literary unities and communities. The Middle Ages can be hypothetically considered as the time of the immediate formation of literary complexes, which represent a huge amount of material from the prehistories of literary trends. One  of  the  factors  that  contributed  to  the  creation  of  a  kind  of  "literary  associations"  was  the language, the primary element of literature. The concept of “special literary communities,” which emerged as a corrective to Western European centrist ideas about the history of literature, is, in our opinion, very valuable for orientalists, especially for Indologists. As we will try to show in this article, this concept, when applied to Indian material, can take on a broader, generalized meaning than what was originally put into it. More specifically, a "special literary community" should not necessarily be a community of "national literatures." In other words, "a special literary community" is a more universal concept than the concept of "national literature". India (South Asia) is a huge diversity of human communities, both historically and in modern terms. Accordingly, a wide variety of literary communities is revealed to the literary critic.  In  India,  at  the  end  of  the  1st  −  beginning  of  the  2nd  millennium,  in  parallel  with  Sanskrit  literature, represented mainly by imitative works that copied classical samples, a literary tradition arose in living languages. In  this  article,  we  examined  how  promising  the  concept  of  "special  literary  community"  is  for Indologists and Oriental studies in general. At the same time, it follows from these examples with sufficient evidence  that  the  "special  communities"  of  national  literatures  are  only  a  special  case  of  a  broader phenomenon,  i.e.  “Special  communities”  can  also  exist  between  literatures  of  a  different  type  with  a different social basis.

The paper aims to explore the comparative points between the two poets of India i.e. Amir Khusraw  and  Mirza  Abdul  Qadir  Bedil,  the  former  lived  during  Saltanat  period  and  the  latter  in  the Timurid. The two greatest Persian poets of India,Amir Khusraw and Bedil, who never visited Iran or had any  genealogical  connection  with.Both  born  and  brought  up  entirely  in  the  Indian  socio-cultural environment and were ethnically Turks and having no literary background. Besides, that  four  centuries  separate  Amir  Khusraw  and  Bedil,  but  still  we  find  striking  similarities between  the  two.  Bedil  unlike  Khusraw  was  never  attached  to  any  Amir  or  King,  but  he  too,  closely observed and was well aware of the changing socio-political situation of his period. Both were Sufis by heart  and  their  poetry  reveals  sufistic  mysteries.  Besides,  as  poet  too  their  creative  perusal  and  their aspiration to comprehend the classical tradition of great masters of the past for further innovations appear identical.  This  is  the  reason,  why  both  the  poets  had  greatest  impact  on  the  literary  traditions  of  the following  periods.  The  paper  also  looks  into  the  general  characteristics  of  the  Persian  poetry  i.e. spirituality, liberalism and tolerance, ethics and sorrow.

The article attempts to make a comparative study of the opinions of various literary critics about today's India and identifies the names of those who objectively assessed the present era. Through the study of literary critics, the author makes it clear what today's India is. In particular, opinions were expressed about the appearance of new names, new plots and images in the literary process of this period. In particular, it speaks about the activities of such famous personalities of  India  as  Mahatma Gandhi,  Ambedkar,  Bhagat  Sinh,  Ramaswami  and  others,  who  radically changed, updated the Indian people's perception of life. The article presents the views of such prominent literary critics as Namwar Sinh, Vishwanath Tripathi, Manager Pandey, Shivkumar Mishra, Rajendra Yadav and others to these changes and showed the new pages of literary criticism of the twentieth century. The  author,  through studying the  views  of  literary  critics,  makes  it  clear  what  today's  India  and  its literature are.

In the literature, in the process of a new creative approach to the mythological image, the plot, of course, lies the religious worldview and the oral tradition of the people.  In the literary process, the creative approach to myths has been unique in each period.  In modern Arabic prose (the second half and the  end  of  the  twentieth  century),  especially  in  storytelling,  new  artistic  researches  have  emerged  in mythological images and plots, legends from religious sacred sources, and creative approaches to stories about the lives of prophets.  In Egyptian literature, this trend is also called " رايت   ةيروطسلأا " "mythological current".  In the stories of this story, fantastic, mysterious, strange elements are included in the text of the work and blend with the real reality.  In modern Arabic literature, Najib Mahfouz, Yusuf Idris, Diya al Sharqavi,  George  Salim,  Munir  Uteiba,  Zakaria  Tamer,  Abdurahman  Majid  ar-Rubeyi,  Muhammad Shalan, Ibrahim Aslan, and a number of other writers have written mythological and religious references to books.  As a result, they created their own works with a unique style.  In this article, the Egyptian writer Munir Uteiba's story "Warning" is characterized by its intertextuality, which uses the ancient myths of the Indian people to reveal the modern image of man, its moral and spiritual flaws and flaws.  Keywords  and  phrases:  creative  process,  myth,  mythology,  folklore,  myth,  mythology,  mythological current, intertextuality, mythological image.

In  The  article  examines  the  emergence,  formation  and  development  of  such  small  prose genres in Hindi and Punjabi literature as a sketch ("rekhachitra"), their distinctive features, features and role in literature. The Rekhachitra (image) genre is a virtually unexplored genre in Russian Indology. There are opinions of some Russian Indologists, such as E.P. Chelysheva, A.P. Senkevich and N.P. Utekhina. The article also cites the opinion of some Hindi literary scholars, in particular, Mahendra Kumar Dhingra, Lakshmisagar Varshaya, Nagendra and V. Tripathi on this genre.  An attempt is made to shed light on this topic using the example of the works of writers in the genre of "rekhachitr" (image).