This article is devoted to the paradigm of the formation of lexical units with the help of conversion, the basis of which are words related to part of the verb speech in modern Chinese. Conversion in linguistics is a type of transposition. If the transposition is associated with a change in the lexical-morphological environment and, as a result, the paradigm of the inflection, previously not inherent in the lexical unit, arises, and other syntactic signs also appear, then this kind of transposition is usually called morphological transposition, that is, often referred to as conversion. Conversion is widespread in various languages of the world, and this phenomenon is interdependent on the following factors: a) what parts of speech this phenomenon relates to and what kind of derivation it refers to, b) which morphological paradigms are formed as a result of conversion. As a result of the conversion, words are formed that are similar in root, but different in relation to parts of speech. In many languages, issues related to semantic conversion models are still not fully researched. The article revealed six conversion models among words related to the speech part of a verb in modern Chinese, such as: [verb → noun], [verb → adjective], [verb → counting word], [verb → conjunction], [ verb → preposition] and [verb-noun-adverb]. In modern Chinese, in addition to substantiation, as one of the types of conversion, adverbization, verbalization and adjetivization are also widespread. Despite the widespread use of conversion, descriptions of this phenomenon in many scientific text-books and materials relating to the Chinese language, and studying the modern Chinese language in the framework of word formation, this phenomenon has not been studied in a separate foreshortening. Based on the research done, we can conclude that all types of conversions in the Chinese language contribute to the replenishment of the vocabulary of words and this phenomenon needs a separate study.
In this аrticlе, thе pеriоd whеn thе cоmmа punctuаtiоn mаrk wаs usеd in Wеstеrn Еurоpа, thе numbеr оf punctuаtiоn mаrks tоdаy аnd thе thе situаtiоns in which thе cоmmа is usеd will bе еxplаinеd in dеtаil thrоugh еxаmplеs.
В современной лингвистике исследование концептов является актуальном направлением, поскольку именно данный ракурс позволяет рассматривать слово в контексте культуры, познания и коммуникации. Мы можем увидеть, что сегодня в лингвистике рассматривается много концептов В данной статье рассматривается и различается структуры и типы концептов
In arabic, the term “at-tawlid ad-dilaali” is used in the process of generating new meanings of words, which means a meaningful transformation of words. In the Arabic language, new meanings of words are formed in two ways – by means of “ishtikok”, as well as by introducing foreign words into the Arabic language. The internal types include “ishtikok kabiyr”, “ishtikok sogiyr”, “ishtikok kubbar”, “naht”, “itbaun”, the groups of which are “al-ishtikok ad-dilaaliy” (“sensual ishtikok”), “al-ishtikok as-sovtiy” (“sound ishtikok”), “al-ishtikok al-lafziy” (“ uniform ishtikok”), and also “al-ishtikok ash-shabiy” (“popular ishtikok”). In the internal types of ishtikak, the form of the word changes. The letters that make up the word change places, the voices change, some vowels drop out, or are added. In such cases, some words change their meaning partially, and some acquire a completely different meaning. The above-mentioned terms – “ishtikok kabiyr”, “ishtikok sogiyr”, “ishtikok kubbar” are part of “al-ishtikok al-lafziy”. That is, as a result on the broken form of the word, it leads to a change in meaning and it is admitted in al-ishtikok al-lafziy. The formation of new words that are associated with sound, as well as with intonation, as admitted in “al-ishtikok as-sovtiy”. In “al-ishtikok ash-shabiy” the mentioned words that are considered foreign words are borrowed and change their meaning, acquiring new meanings. In “al-ishtikok ad-dilaaliy” words change in meaning, not in form. This may mean that the meaning of the word can be expanded, narrowed, or in a more general sense. This process is known to Arabic linguists as “at-tawliyd ad-dilaaliy” and includes homonymy, metonymy, ad-dod, al-iktirad. Although in Arabic the words homonyms are similar in form, they have different meanings. However, such words show a connection between moving two names into one based on the similarities between the two objects. When it comes to ad-dod, Arabic linguists call it the foundation of “tazad” art. It is characterized by the fact that the word reflects two opposite meanings in essence. Interestingly, Arabic linguists are divided into two poles in the traditional approach. One denies the existence of such words, the other emphasizes its existence and emphasizes that such words are found in Arabic poetry, the Quran and Hadith. In Arabic, the term “al-iktirad” (which means “to borrow”) has a special meaning in the formation of words. Thus, the new meaning in is added to the existing meaning of the word. In some cases, the meaning of the word “al-iktirad” is sometimes expressed sequentially, but in some cases it is not observed at all.
The article analyzes the main role of the corpus as a multifaceted linguistic source, the fact that the corpus basically has two types of information, and its types. The need for an algorithm for phonological, morphological and spelling rules for the formation of the lexical and grammatical code is scientifically substantiated. The corpus management system "Expert linguistic system" and its main features are described.
In the work of Аbdurаhmаn Jаmi in “Аl-Fаvoidu-z-Ziyoiyyа” by аnаlysed the property of Аrаbic subordinаte words,under the subject “The subordinаte words”,mаteriаls of grаmmаticаl issues such аs “аttribute аpposition”, “connective аpposition”, “enhаnced аttribute” hаve been аnаlised. The аrticle аlso refers to “аdаptive identifiers” of “subordinаte words” аnd their true аnd reаsoned аdаptive identifiers, their “connecting аnnotаtion” аnd their аssociаted types of binders] [аnd “аtfun-nаsq” noun), "defining identifier", аnd the expressive аnd spirituаl determinаnt of their types, such аs "nаme in the plаce of аnnotаtor" аnd its substitute аl-kull аnd bаdаl аl-аs, аnd аlso "determinаtive explаnаtory" scientific аnаlysis. In this аrticle, the peculiаrities of the expression of the word “subjugаtion” in the book Аl Fаwаidu z Ziyoiyyа аre thoroughly аnаlyzed, compаred with other works of lewdness, аnd their differences аre highlighted. The аrticle hаs been аble to аnаlyze source-relаted words in Аrаbic grаmmаr thаt hаve their own complexity. In pаrticulаr, in the work of Jаmi, the subject of "Subjugаtions" is deeply аnd broаdly аnаlyzed, аnd the informаtion is presented in а consistent mаnner, with interesting аnd аccurаte fаcts, from the Qurаnic verses, the Аrаbiаn words аnd other similаr exаmples. Theoreticаl knowledge аbout this grаmmаticаl cаtegory wаs supplemented by exаmples from the source. Jаmi's pаrticulаr аpproаch to the interpretаtion of grаmmаticаl rules thаt follow on this topic is followed, аnd this is cleаrly stаted in the аrticle. In pаrticulаr, when the subject of the sublime words in аl-Fаwаidu-z-Ziyаhiyyа wаs compаred with other works of dhаrmа, it wаs found thаt the issues mentioned in it were explаined in а mаnner consistent with todаy's requirements. In covering the subject, Jаmi mаkes а logicаl аnd grаmmаticаl аnаlysis of the subject. The fаct thаt eаch topic stаtement is, of course, аnаlyzed by fаctuаl exаmples, is detаiled in the аrticle.
To give speech more expressiveness and emotional coloring, various language techniques can be used. Most often such techniques include emphatic constructions. This article aims to investigate to recognize what emphatic constructions are, their role in spoken language and how they are being utilized in translation.
This article describes the views of famous Arab linguists living in the early medieval times on the word and its making. It also describes the distinctive and general aspects of the views expressed. In the Arabic language the meanings of words “kalima”, “lafz”, “qavl” have been analyzed.
«Мы должны научить молодое поколение учиться самостоятельно. Это один из важнейших вопросов, который необходимо решить нашей средней школе» 1 . Подготовка учащихся к самостоятельному обучению начинается с начальных классов. Именно поэтому этому вопросу в программах уделяется особое внимание.
The article discusses the transformation of language into the language of the Internet, computer technology, mathematical linguistics, its continuation and the formation and development of computational linguistics, in particular, the issue of modeling natural languages for artificial intelligence. In particular, the issue of linguistic and extralinguistic separation of special tags for marking texts and their components is investigated. The requirements for coding important textual information are determined. The article discusses the main purpose of the corpus as a complex linguistic source, as well as the fact that it mainly contains two types of information and its types. National corpus, educational corpus and parallel corpus are discussed under the subject of computational linguistics. It was emphasized that their linguistic and extralinguistic marking, the development of corpus formation algorithms and the creation of corpus linguistic support are a social need.
There are two types of affixing – prefixing and suffixing in modern Chinese. Suffix words are formed by adding a semantic morpheme and a suffix. It should be noted that in modern Chinese the number of morphemes acting as suffixes in the formation of nouns is not much. However, they stand out for their productivity. The suffixes 子 “zi” and 儿 “er” in modern Chinese are considered one of such suffix morphemes. This article is devoted to the study of the features of the formation of nouns by 子 “zi” and 儿 “er” suffixes in modern Chinese. For the purpose of disclosure of the goal, the author refers to various sources, reveals common and characteristic features only corresponding to the suffix, explores the grammatical features of the lexical units formed by the 子 “zi” and 儿 “er” suffixes and presents conclusion on this topic, justifying each of them with corresponding examples. It was revealed that two, three and four-syllable words are formed by these suffixes; the nouns are formed by combination of 子 “zi” and 儿 “er” with certain verbs, adjectives, countable words, numerals; several constructions including these suffixes were identified. There are many similar features in using the suffixes 子 “zi” and 儿 “er”, which are described in this article. However, there are also significant differences, for example, the suffix 子 “zi” combined with nominal roots with the meaning of objectivity forms words with abstract concepts. And the suffix 儿 “er” sometimes forms words with a dismissive, derogatory meaning and words with the suffix 子 “zi” acquire a caressing shade. According to the study, it was revealed that in Chinese, affixing words are mainly formed by means of suffixing, the degree of use of prefixing is limited. With the help of suffixing a large number of nouns and verbs, as well as adverbs are formed. With the help of prefixation, only ordinal numerals and a limited number of nouns are formed.
Currently, in the Republic of Uzbekistan there is a noticeable expansion of intercultural and inter-literary relations with foreign countries, as well as an increase in interest in fiction, which makes it necessary to pay close attention to translations of world literature into Uzbek and the best works of Uzbek literature into world languages. The translation of works of fiction is a very complex phenomenon, one of the main tasks of which is an adequate interpretation of the literary text. The translator must correctly translate the text from the original language, i.e. to convey both the meaning of the translated work and the image created by the writer, only then will the reader have a sense of adequate aesthetic perception of what he read. To translate correctly the conceptual and emotional content of a work, translation transformations help. According to Komissarov, translation transformations are formal-semantic in nature, transforming the form and meaning of the original units. That is, translation transformations are a translation method used in the translation of various original texts in cases where there is no correspondence in the translated language for a word from the original language or the existing word cannot be used in this context Our article discusses one of the important aspects of translation studies - lexical transformations. When working on them, such types of transformations as translation transcription and transliteration, tracing and lexical-semantic substitutions (which include concretization, generalization, modulation) will be considered. As a material for studying examples of lexical transformations, the work of the classic of Uzbek literature P. Kadyrov’s novel “Yulduzli tunlar. Bobur ”and its translations into Russian (done by Y. Surovtsev and published under the name“ Babur ”) and into Urdu (done by Manzur Salim and published under the name " ب ب ین لداظہیر "). It should be noted that the translations were made from Uzbek into Russian, and already from Russian into Urdu. The article considers and systematizes lexical transformations that occur during translation into multisystem languages.
The term is consequent from the English term - Latin terminus, which means limited, boundary, boundary marker. A term is a word or phrase that is a clear, concrete, unambiguous expression of concepts related to science and technology, in particular the terminology of anatomy. This is a
definition and description that recognized by linguists all over the world. English terminologists also acknowledge this. Consequently, in the field of lexicon, the term occupies a special place by clearly expressing scientific concepts.