Молоко и молочная продукция имеет огромное значение в пищевом рационе человека. Как известно молоко содержит необходимые для организма макро- и микроэлементы, белки, жиры и углеводы. Усвояемость питательных веществ молока оченьвысокая: белков – 96%, жира – 95%, углеводов – 98%. Более того молоко стимулирует усвоение питательных веществ из других пищевых продуктов. Молоко и молочные продукты относятся к группе скоропортящихся продуктов. Чтобы сохранить качество продукта на долго и улучшить его транспортировку была придумана технология распылительной сушки молока. Сухое молоко обладает теми же свойствами, что и молоко. Популярная на сегодняшний день молочная сыворотка тоже подвергается сушке, при этом она обладает большими питательными свойствами, чем сухое молоко. Данная статья рассматривает сравнительную оценку сухого молока и сухой молочной сыворотки и применение их в детском питании.
The purpose of the study is to determine the significance of genetic factors in the development of chronic nephritic syndrome in children and to clarify the features of the clinical course
The оbject of research were 129 children aged 4-15 years who were treated for chronic nephritis in the nephrology department of the Samarkand Regional Multidisciplinary Paediatric Medical Centre.
The scientific novelty of the study is as follows:it has been established that the severity of chronic nephritic syndrome in children is associated with clinical manifestations (gradual development, dyspepsia, abdominal pain) and an increase in the amount of Cystatin C in the blood;for the first time, it was revealed that the development of sclerotic lesions due to increased proliferation in patients with the presence of the MMP-9 (A-8202G) rs 11697325 genotypes in chronic nephritic syndrome leads to a worsening of the clinical course of the disease; established early diagnostic marker MMP-9 (A-8202G) rs 11697325 and its tissue inhibitor TIMP-2 (C536T) rs 11551797 in chronic nephritic syndrome in children in the diagnosis of the disease; for the first time, the prognostic value of the alleles of the MMP-9 (A-8202G) rs 11697325 genes and the homozygous G/G genotype in determining the risk of developing the disease in children with chronic nephritic syndrome has been proven.
Implementation of the research results. Based on scientific results of evaluation of the role of polymorphic genes of matrix metalloproteinase and its tissue inhibitors in chronic nephritic syndrome in children: methodological recommendation “The role of polymorphic genes of matrix metalloproteinase and its genetic inhibitors in the development of chronic nephritic syndrome in children” was developed and approved (reference of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 8n-r / 554 of 30.02.2022).
This methodological recommendation made it possible to predict the development of chronic nephritic syndrome in children and improve preventive measures; approved and developed on the basis of scientific results of research on early diagnosis and prognosis of chronic nephritic syndrome “Dynamics of clinical and laboratory parameters in nephritic syndrome in children”, (reference of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 8n-r / 555 of 30.02.2022).
This methodological recommendation made it possible to optimize the diagnosis and treatment tactics for various forms of nephritic syndrome in children;
The results obtained were implemented in the practice of health care, in particular, in the Republican Children's National Medical Center, in the 1st clinic of the Samarkand State Medical University, in the Samarkand Regional Children's Multidisciplinary Medical Center (conclusion No. 8 n-r/324 of 21.06.2022 of the Ministry of Health of Uzbekistan).
The application of the obtained results to practice has made it possible to reduce the frequency of recurrence of the disease in children, prevent complications of the disease, improve the quality of life of patients, diagnose and prevent the disease.
The structure and scope of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, 4 chapters, conclusions, practical recommendations. The volume of the dissertation is 120 pages.
The aim of the study is to development of an algorithm for managing pregnancy and childbirth by studying the functional state of the mother-placenta-fetus system in pregnant women who have undergone COVID-19 in different trimesters of pregnancy.
The object of the study was 105 pregnant women who, were treated at the Samarkand Regional Perinatal Center and a specialized maternity center for pregnant women with COVID-19
Тhe scientific novelty of the research consists of the followings: for the first time in pregnant women infected with COVID-19, a relationship was established between the course of pregnancy, childbirth, the postpartum period and the development of complications depending on the trimester and severity of the disease; a direct correlation has been established between the state of the vessels of the mother-placenta-fetus system (resistance and pulsation indices, Endothelin-1 indicators), disorders in the hemostasis system (D-dimer, platelet aggregation) and the clinical course of the disease in pregnant women who underwent COVID-19; it has been established for the first time that the developed scale for assessing risk factors for non-developing pregnancy in women infected with COVID-19 (age, BMI, obstetric history, gestation period, hemostasis system status, endothelial function and severity of the disease) can serve as a prognostic marker of the degree of risk of pregnancy complications; it was proved for the first time that the choice of effective therapy for restoring hemodynamics in the mother-placenta-fetus system, in women who underwent COVID-19 at different stages of pregnancy, leads to a decrease in the number of thrombophilic complications.
Implementation of the research results. The results of the scientific research were introduced into the practical activities of the Samarkand Regional Perinatal Center by Order No. 128/1 of 01.09.2022 and the Samarkand City Maternity Complex No. 1 by order No. 58/1 of 03.10.2022. In pregnant women who underwent COVID-19 at different periods of pregnancy, changes in the mother-placenta-fetus system were determined using simple and effective research methods, such as ultrasound and Dopplerography, and this saved 53,000 soums; obstetricians and gynecologists, as well as neonatologists and therapists, are needed to diagnose signs of complications in the echocartin, that is, it has been proven that there is no need for other highly qualified specialists for this, due to the lack of need to train new personnel, state budget funds have been saved. With early detection of disorders in the hemostasis system in pregnant women with COVID-19: the period of stay of patients in the hospital was reduced from 10.5 days to 7.5 days and the number of hospital bed days was reduced; due to the reduction of the period of stay in the hospital for several days, the number of necessary drugs was reduced (on average, drugs are used for 1 day in the amount of 130,000 soums). Examination of pregnant women infected with viral diseases using simple and effective research methods such as ultrasound and Dopplerography served to save 85,000 soums: in the early stages up to 16 (10-11 weeks. - fetometry), 19-21, 32-34, 38-40 weeks of pregnancy; due to the absence of the need to use other research methods, it was possible to reduce costs by 23.5%; early detection of changes in the hemostasis system and endothelial dysfunction using fast, budgetary and effective research methods, contributed to the prevention of possible pregnancy complications, as well as the absence of the need to use long-term and expensive research methods, and this saved 106 000 soums: the coagulogram was checked in 105 (100%) patients, time was saved and efficiency was increased; endothelin-1 was also determined in 105 (100%) patients, efficiency was increased by 78.6%.
Improving the functionality of blood circulation in the uteroplacental and fetal-placental systems, a comprehensive analysis of possible complications during pregnancy and childbirth in women who have had viral infections, improving diagnostic, preventive and prognostic measures for managing pregnancy and childbirth contributed to the birth of live, full-term and healthy newborns in women who experienced COVID-19 during pregnancy, as well as a decrease in maternal mortality and perinatal mortality, 43% of women underwent rehabilitation in the postpartum period, 23.8% of women who underwent severe COVID-19 improved their quality of life.
To introduce scientific novelty on the topic “The impact of COVID-19 on the state of hemodynamics in the mother-placenta-fetus system in pregnant women”, a letter was sent to the Ministry of Health from Samarkand State Medical University on November 9, 2022 under No. 4295 (Conclusion of the Ministry of Health No. 8 n-z / 679 of December 15, 2022).
The structure and volume of the dissertation. The content of the dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters, conclusion, list of used references. The volume of the dissertation consists of 113 pages.
Aim of the study.To assess the degree of endothelial dysfunction and renal function in experimental ischemic stroke (EIS) in rats on the dynamics of pharmacotherapy.Materials and Methods.The subject of experimental studies were 105 adult mongrel white male rats. The object of the study were the serum and urine of rats. The model of cerebral circulation reproduced by temporary clipping of the left common carotid artery. The controls were 20 intact animals. Results. The results indicate to the development of endothelial dysfunction with EIS with the activation of neoangiogenesis in experimental animals. Pharmacotherapy with suksinasol for 7 days caused reduction of the level of ET-1 with respect to the values of untreated animal group and was still significantly higher than control group of rats in 2.5 times. At the same time, the level of VEGf A (vascular endothelial growth factor A) significantly decreased respectively to untreated group of rats in 1.65 times (p<0.01), but was still higher than control values in 1.74 times (p<0.01). development of proteinuria, microalbuminuria and creatininuria in rats with EIS apparently was due to the development of hemodynamic changes in the kidney and glomerular basal membrane permeability, and due to the enhanced excretion of toxins and protein degradation products.Conclusion. The endothelial and renal dysfunctions with activation of neoangiogenesis develop on the model of EIS. Pharmacotherapy corrects the identified changes to some extent. Tivortin and choline alfosceratewere more effective, possibly, because of decrease of hemodynamic disturbances and neurotrophic effects.
Пищевые вещества в желудке подвергаются небольшой химической переработке. Их гидролиз осуществляется в основном в тонкой кишке, где происходит всасывание образующихся продуктов. Расщепление высокомолекулярных соединений на более мелкие осколки в полости тонкой кишки обеспечивают панкреатические ферменты. Заключительные стадии гидролиза осуществляются кишечными ферментами на поверхности мембран энтероцитов (5) и, частично, внутриклеточно. В настоящее время насчитывается более двух десятков энтеральных ферментов (8). Но наиболее часто для характеристики физиологического состояния тонкой кишки в тех или иных условиях изучают энтерокиназу, пептидазы, моноглицеридлипазу, щелочную фосфатазу, дисахаридазы и амилазу – ферменты, участвующие в расщеплении основных ингредиентов пищи – белков, жиров и углеводов.