This article considers the influence of Persian culture on the vocabulary of the Chinese language during the Great Silk Road. The Great Silk Road is the most important civilizational project in the history of humanity. Until now, its meaning has not been studied and fully understood. The routes were not only caravans with goods, but also an intensive exchange of ideas, culture, traditions and customs. The rise of the economy and culture, the development of countries and the transition from antiquity to the Middle Ages were largely due to the functioning of this important route, which connected states and peoples, sometimes located at different ends of the ecumene. Iran, formerly known as Persia and also Parthia, maintained friendly contacts with China as far back as the second century BC, and also had economic and cultural exchanges along the Silk Road. The main part of the article contains foreign borrowings, 外来词 wàilái cì,literally "words from outside". When the influence of one language on another is most clearly expressed not in phonetics or grammar, but in vocabulary, in borrowing one language from another. The historical prerequisites for the emergence of lexical units in Chinese and a little in Persian were revealed, and the similarities and differences in the pronunciation of the same lexemes in Chinese and Persian were also revealed. The value of this article is in the fact that it can be the basis and additional material for further research, and also has cognitive value for linguists and specialists in oriental culture.
The word serves a meaning. A word can have different meanings than its original meaning. The first of these meanings is the original lexical meaning, the rest are figurative or additional meanings. This condition occurs in all languages. The figurative meaning of the word serves to increase the attractiveness and effectiveness of speech, to illuminate the essence of events, to give it an artistic harmony, and is realized in more literary texts, works of art. The lexemes that characterize the subject are widely used in speech, especially in the literary text, and serve to pass on to future generations the rich heritage of the people, information about their social life. Colors play an active role in creating the artistic landscape of the world. Color adjectives in Pashto also have semantic semantic meaning. Among the adjectives that express color, the most significant are the transitions or loss of meaning in the adjectives نیپس (white) and روت (black), which are reflected in more literary texts and works of art. In addition to the figurative meanings of the white and black adjectives denoting color, the article analyzes the lexical-semantic analysis of the occurrence of these adjectives in word combinations, compound words and fixed compounds. The article describes the active participation of white and black qualities in the creation of famous horses, such as land, sea, mountain, road, as well as the fact that these qualities are used in the creation of verbs. In the concluding section, the figures show the occurrence of the adjectives white and black in figurative senses and their participation in compound words and phraseological combinations.
The article discusses the structural features of military terms used in the English and Uzbek languages. Military terms were divided into groups according to military types, general staff, general tactical, military topographic, military ranks and military organizational activities. As a result of the analysis of the collected research materials, it was determined that the methods of affixation, transformation and composition arc the most effective in the formation of English and Uzbek military terms. In addition, in order to find out to which groups of words the total number of military terms in the English and Uzbek languages belongs, the terms were classified according to the criteria of the linguistic-statistical method. At the same time, structural models associated with derivational elements of existing abbreviations in modem English and Uzbek military terminology were considered.
This article analyzes the etymology numerative lexemes of Hindi specific to Indo-aryan languages. All analyzed examples were studied such types as tadbhava, tatsama and vidshi, recognized in Indian linguistics and their specific semantic features were shown. Aspects of some numeratives equal to other numerative words have also been identified. It has been studied that lexemes belonging to most numeratives have other semantic properties in addition to their own meaning, i.e. they also have the phenomenon of homonymy. All the samples analyzed were found to belong to 3 groups, namely, weight, length, land area, and their specific expressions were studied. The etymological study of numerative lexemes revealed that only one group, the numerative words per unit length, existed in both tadbhava, tatsama, and videshi types. It has also been found that there are several forms of examples of some numeratives and that there are differences in their application. In particular, it is emphasized that many numerative words belonging to the tatsama and tadbhava types were widely used in ancient times and are still widely used today. Different aspects of the use of lexemes specific to some numeratives are also shown.
They related opinions about lexicology in linguistics to the study of word meaning. “... linguistic analysis of translation covers linguistic and speech factors. An integrated, structural-functional approach to the study of translation is in line with the development trend of modern linguistics, which is characterized by its refusal to limit its subject to the field of "internal linguistics" and considers language as a "form of activity." The thing in the universe, the event, the behavior are reflected as a concept in human thinking. They expressed the concept through the integrity of meaning and the form of action. Language represents being. Existence and language are inextricably linked. It is on the basis of these two concepts and a number of approaches to their relationship have emerged. Some linguists believe that language and being are inextricably linked, and that language represents the objective world. Some argue that language and being are separate concepts. They don't talk about animals, or they don't have mythical expressions, such as mermaids or giants in textiles, but they are expressed in language.
The article is devoted to the structural-semantic classification of stylistic means of repetition in different language levels. Language is a mirror of culture, on the basis of which not only the real world around a person, not only the real living conditions of a person, but also the social consciousness of an entire nation, its mentality, national character, way of life, traditions, custom, psyche, value system, worldview, worldview. Language is a tool of culture, a weapon. It forms the worldview, mentality, communication with people, that is, through the culture of the nation, as well as through this language, which is used as a unit of communication, through a direct connection between the speaker and the language. As a form of human activity, language is an integral part of culture and is defined as the overall result of human activity in such aspects of human life as production, social and spiritual. But as a form of the mental world and, most importantly, as a unit of communication, language stands side by side with culture. Through the language itself, knowledge gained from individuals becomes a community experience that allows people of the same people and of the same culture to understand each other despite different experiences and diversity of knowledge. The man has long expressed his attitude to the events taking place in the environment. This attitude was realized, first of all, through various actions, voices, passions. Then emotions were expressed in words, phrases, dances. And then people come up with fictional stories explaining the origin of the world, nature, animals, plants, mountains, water. Guys, girls weave love songs. Myths and legends arise about the brave and courageous young men of the tribe, about their extraordinary heroism. All of this is still gaining popularity among the population who lived in communities before the advent of written culture. Today we are accustomed to calling them “folk oral creations”. The harmony of language, culture and folklore has always attracted the attention of researchers.
This article is devoted to using phraseologism in translating Japanese fiction book into uzbek language. This article analyses Japanese phrases and discusses methods of translating them. As a comparison Russian and Turkish alternatives of some phrases might be given as well. This article also emphasizes how idiomatic expression can illustrate delicate meaning cultural heritage and uniqueness of nation. Some proposals which have been put forth by the article and scientific deductions might be helpful to effectively translate text in the future. Obviously, there are many elements of cultural uniqueness in all fiction book and this has always caused problems to translator. Solving this problems requires great deal of talent which is not easy to gain. It can be easily seen in phraseological units which represent traditions, social life and customs of one particular nation. Because rebuilding phrases requires not only special approach but also it is not easy to distinguish those phrases from one thousand of other words and trans-lating them into another language comprehensively is very complex process. Since uzbek and Japanese languages have different origins constructions of many phrases have completely different roots and this prioritizes carefulness ethimology of phraseological units and learning source thoroughly. In the following article authors focused to problems of translating aspects of phraseology.
In this article, the phraseological units with numerical components in Hindi are studied in detail. The article analyzes only the phraseological units in which the unit numbers are present. Their specific aspects have been explored. The examples analyzed were divided into groups such as phraseological integrity, phraseological compounding, and phraseological confusion, and different models were developed. The article finds that the phraseological units formed with the participation of unit numbers are mainly active in the number "one", while other numbers are used relatively less in the composition of phraseological units. Phraseologism involving the numbers "one", "two", "four" and "seven" are shown to be expressed in all three groups, unlike the other numbers. When numerical phraseological units are translated from Hindi into Uzbek, numerical lexemes lose their meaning and are often replaced by other words that enhance the meaning, and their specific features are explained in the interpretation of examples. The analysis of numerical component phraseological units in Hindi revealed that there are relatively few expressions specific to the form of the phrase, as well as the relatively frequent use of somatic nouns in phraseological units. In contrast to the examples in the group of other phraseological units were analyzed, it was also found that only the numerical lexemes were present in the examples belonging to the phraseological group.
«Hibatul haqoyiq» dostonida qadimgi turkiy tilga doir qator so‘zlar qo‘llanishda bo‘lgan. Maqolada mana shu so‘zlarning semalari, etimologiyasi yoritilgan. «Hibatul-haqoyiq»dagi leksik birliklar qadimgi turkiy til, Oltun yorug‘, Turfon matnlari, O‘rxun-Yenisey manbalari, qoraxoniylar davri hamda XIV asr manbalarida qo‘llanilgan so‘zlar bilan qiyosiy tahlil qilingan.
The article discusses the structural features of military terms used in the English and Uzbek languages. Military terms were divided into groups according to military types, general staff, general tactical, military topographic, military ranks and military organizational activities. As a result of the analysis of the collected research materials, it was determined that the methods of affixation, transformation and composition are the most effective in the formation of English and Uzbek military terms. In addition, in order to find out to which groups of words the total number of military terms in the English and Uzbek languages belongs, the terms were classified according to the criteria of the linguistic-statistical method. At the same time, structural models associated with derivational elements of existing abbreviations in modern English and Uzbek military terminology were considered.