The study of the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people began in the last quarter of the XIX century. In the twentieth century, many scientific researches have been conducted in this field. After the independence of Uzbekistan, the study of this topic has become a topical issue. In addition to ethnographic, archeological, anthropological, linguistic researches, the problems have been studied in the field of source studies. In the first years of independence, various scientific approaches to study ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people emerged. Researchers have abandoned the ideological stereotypes that prevailed in the Soviet era and conducted scientific research. The writing of historical works changed theoretically and methodologically, and began to write the history of the people objectively. The theoretical and methodological approach that emerged during the Soviet era and the use of published literature also continued. Source studies made researchs in the field of the history of the Turkic peoples, their historical formation, geographical location, ethnic
processes, the role of the Turkic peoples in public administration, socio-economic relations of
the Turkic peoples in the Middle Ages. Much attention was paid to highlighting the place of
the Turkic peoples in history. Ancient Arabic-Persian sources explored ethnic and ethno-
political processes in the Central Asian region. During the years of independence, the study
of ancient Chinese sources developed. In the ancient Chinese sources it has collected
information about the peoples of Central Asia. The names and location of the unknown Turkish tribes have been clarified. The literature published by the source scholar Ablat Khodjaev provided with new information on the history of the peoples of Central Asia in ancient Chinese sources. Researcher X.M.Mamadaliev studied the peoples of the region, ethnic processes in Central Asia in the IX-XII centuries, in particular, the formation of the ethnogenesis of the Uzbek people, the processes of statehood on the basis of Arabic sources. In recent years, Shamsiddin Kamoliddin interpreted the terms “Uzbek” and “Uzbekistan” in ancient Arabic-Persian sources. There are also articles about Uzbek tribes. During the years of independence, as a result of source studies, a number of scientific works, a small number of dissertations, many articles on the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people were published. A number of issues on the subject remained open. The article provides a systematic analysis of the study of this problem in source studies. The views and scientific approaches of source scholars on the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people are also covered.
The article outlines the evolutionary views of Uzbek ethnogenesis and ethnic history. Historical, ethnographical, archaeological, anthropological, linguistic scientific literature, their concepts and the methodology of historian scientists have not been studied in whole or in part on the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people. This scientific article is a scientific research, which explores the topic in detail and encourages to the scientific reasoning and research. The article reflects monographs, articles, published in various publications and press releases of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Particularly, scientific researches conducted by historians such as A. Yu. Yakubovsky, S. Tolstov, A. A. Semeyonov, B. A. Litvinsky, K. Sh. Shoniyazov, A. Askarov, Rakhim Masov and others, their views and its basis were given in the article. During years of the independence, scientists have conducted scientific research on the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people, its gradual intensification and prosperity. In the works of Jabborov new findings on ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people on the basis of written sources and partly archeological findings have been made. А. А. Askarov, T. K. Hodjaev and other’s works have studied not only ethnogenesis, but also ethnic history issues on the basis of archaeological and anthropological research. The research of Uzbek anthropologists enriched the ethnogenesis of Uzbeks and proved the truthfulness of the findings of historians, ethnographers and archeologists. This article demonstrates the objective approach in the coverage of the ethnogenesis of the Uzbek people can be clearly seen and their analysis is understandable.
There exist numerous resources about the history and culture of Uzbekistan in the libraries and archives of Turkey. This work is about a letter from the Ottoman archives. Documents related to the history of Uzbekistan in the Ottoman archives began to be seen especially in the middle of 16 th century and continued to increase permanently. As a result of the relations, there are many documents in the Ottoman archives. In return, it is known that a great number of documents about Turkish history and culture are saved in the libraries and archives of Uzbekistan. Scientific works on these documents should be increased and brought to the scientific world. The letter that we work on, was dated 6 April 1706 and sent by Ubeydullah Khan II of Bukhara khanate to the Ottoman Padishah Ahmet III. The letter is saved in the Ottoman Archives operating under the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey Department of State Archives. The letter gives essential information about wording, style of language, diplomatic features and historical events in that period. The reason for writing this letter was to declare the accession of Ubeydullah Khan II and to celebrate the accession of Sultan Ahmet. In addition, the work done by Ubeydullah Khan and the importance of the relations between the two countries were mentioned and good wishes were made for their development. The letter was written in old Uzbek (Turkic) language. It is an eloquent and advanced level text in which a number of Arabic and Persian words were used. One of the writing features of the period is the absence of punctuation marks. Another feature of the letter's wording and style is to include several quotations in the same sentence while expressing the idea in order to support and prove the idea. These issues make it difficult to determine the starting and ending places of the sentences as well as making it hard to understand. The quotations included to support and prove ideas and thoughts also reveal the cultural and religious features and levels of the period. The quotations in question are largely verses and hadiths from the Qur'an. This work relies on the first-hand resource and brings in some information to the scientific world about Turkish-Uzbek relations, Uzbek language, history and culture in the late 17 th and early 18 th centuries.
In this article ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people on the theoretical and methodological basis of teaching has been considered, the evolution of views, as well as the analysis of the concept. The article analyzes the historical development of the history of Uzbekistan and, accordingly, the study of the theoretical and methodological problem of ethnic history and ethnogenesis of the Uzbek people on the basis of archaeological, anthropological, ethnological and, to some extent, historical research.
This article was created to embody the sources and researches that shed light on the history, socio-economic life, and culture of the Kokhan Khanate. The article was written later as an assistant to those who want to do scientific work on this topic, relying on important works and sources created as a result of embassies and expeditions sent to the khanates.
Ўлкамизда илк ўрта асрларга оид жуда кўплаб мудофаа иншоотлари сақланиб қолган. Бугунги кунда уларнинг қурилиш тарихи ва қандай вазифа бажарганлиги ҳақида маьлум бир маълумотга эгамиз.
Subject of research: the evolution of English Grammars in the framework of information technologies development.
Purpose of work: the influence of information technologies to the constituents characteristics of English grammars in the process of evolution, the analyses of constituents of electronic English Grammars in comparison to traditional ones.
Methods of research: descriptive method, comparative method, expert-analythic method, observation method.
The results obtained and their novelty: the study of English Grammars in the framework of Information Technologies Development allows to clarify the achievements in the sphere of General and Applied Linguistics, the History of Linguistics, Text Linguistics, the Methods of Teaching Languages, allows to form the theoretical prerequisites in creation of electronic English Grammars, and defining the nature of new types of English Grammars.
Practical value: results of the dissertation can be used in creation of interactive electronic resources, in giving courses on Applied Linguistics, Text Linguistics, General Linguistics, the History of Linguistics and the Theory of Grammatical Description.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity. The main results of research and ideas arc reflected in scientific articles published by the candidate as well as her speeches at scientific conferences and arc implemented into teaching process of English language at the Academy of State and Social Construction under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Higher School of Business.
Field of application: creation of the new types of English Grammars, creation of interactive electronic resources, delivering courses of lectures on General Linguistics, the History of Linguistics, the Theory of Language and the courses on the methods of teaching.
The article analyzes the main problems of historical research and historical education, as well as trends in historical science changing in recent years in Uzbekistan. In addition, the author expressed his personal position on various hypotheses put forward regarding the teaching of world history in the country. The essence of the issue is justified on the basis of errors in Latin-language sources concerning the personalities of Central Asian scientists, and, consequently, their works, in the national literature on Latin translations.
The history of all societies is associated with human activity, his economic and cultural needs, therefore, activity and needs as vital qualities of people are widely reflected in their interaction with nature and the environment. In the process of labor and production, nature is the main object of human activity, and certain economic and cultural types have developed in different geographic conditions. This law of historical and cultural development is confirmed by the example of the history of the Bronze Age in Central Asia.
In the Bronze Age, among the population living on the territory of the steppes, the socio-economic system was preserved, characteristic of the tribal communities of cattle-breeding tribes, which were at the stage of decomposition of primitive communal relations. In Central Asia at this time, the process of allocation of historical and cultural regions and ethnic territories was noted.
This article is dedicated to analysis of features of historical and cultural development of Central Asian population in different geographical conditions. The main attention is paid to the fact that the history of economic-cultural types and their development is connected with geographical atmosphere.
In this article, the history of the introduction, creation and acclimatization of new varieties of fruit trees in Fargana during the years of Soviet power and independence is revealed through the analysis of sources and literature. Also, the history of problems in the organization of orchards, their productivity, resistance to diseases, price, and adaptation to the local climate is detailed
Without a deep study of the history of the text of classical works of art, it is impossible to talk about the progress of the science of textology. Because the concept of text history is one of the basic theoretical foundations of textual studies. "The history of the text includes all the processes from the investigation of the genealogy of the manuscript sources to the study of the worldview and ideas of the author and the scribe who copied the source, from the realization of the author's creative intention in the creation of the work to the study of its interrelated aspects with other literary monuments that are related to its creation to one degree or another" [6 ,9], it becomes more clear how important it is to study this scientific problem.
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The real intellectuals have always left a deep mark on the spiritual life of their people. They even laid down their life on this way. Especially, in the former Soviet state, where was ruled under a totalitarian regime, these nationalist, truthful intellectuals were brutally banned. The history of the whole nation has been rewritten. In the words of the famous German philosopher K. Jaspers, the twentieth century was "the most enlightened and bloodiest century in human history." The policy of repression had a profound effect, especially on the social sciences. The course "Brief History of the CPSU (b)", which was based on the decisions of the party congresses, was served as the main methodological guidelines for the study of history.
Those who thought a little differently and more freely, were exiled to the GULAGs or shot with the label "enemy of the nation." The greats of Uzbek intellectuals such as Abdurauf Fitrat, Abdulla Qodiri, Munavvar Qori, Otajon KHashim, Bolat Soliev, Cholpon, Usmon Nosir and others were declared "enemies of the nation" on various political charges and slanders, and thrown into the mill of repression. The real nationalist intellectuals were turned into "enemies of the nation." Fear and dread reigned in the society. The domination of a single ideology regulated science and literature. "Velikorus" chauvinism and atheism climaxed. The members of the "the Ungodly Society " multiplied, and the Communists were proud of their atheism. Under the mask of pseudo-internationalism - proletarian internationalism, the regions and streets of Uzbekistan were named Kirov, Kuibyshev, Orjanikivze, Frunze. If we look at the roots of the terrible tragedies of the repressions that took place at that time, various aspects of the anatomy of the Totalitarian regime are revealed. In this regime, dictatorship, repression, terror prevailed, instead of democracy.
This article is devoted to the history of Uzbek Makom and the genesis of the term “makom”.
Purpose of the study. Based on a retrospective analysis, to determine prognostic markers for the progression of fibrosis of the pulmonary parenchyma and the development of unfavorable endpoints in patients with postcovid syndrome.
Material and research methods. The material of the study was the case histories of 128 patients who underwent COVID-19 and are in early medical rehabilitation. A retrospective analysis of the data of case histories and their statistical processing were carried out.
Research results. Patients with progressive pulmonary fibrosis were more comorbid (p<0.001). BA (p <0.05), CIPD (p <0.05), obesity and steatohepatitis (p <0.001) and thromboembolic events within a month after discharge from the infectious hospital (p <0.001) were significantly more frequent in them. Thromboembolic events occurred in 66 patients (51.56%), 12 patients died (9.38%), the combined endpoint (death + thromboembolism) occurred in 70 patients (54.69%). The risk of adverse endpoints is significantly higher in patients with severe and extremely severe COVID-19. In these patients, the average number of background pathologies was significantly higher (p <0.001), among which COPD (p <0.001), type 2 diabetes (p <0.05), obesity and steatohepatitis (p <0.001), Parkinson's syndrome ( p <0.05). Also, the group of patients with the development of thromboembolism and deaths was distinguished by more pronounced lung damage (p <0.05), a higher incidence of severe and extremely severe infections (chi square = 6.98, p <0.01).
Conclusion. Retrospective analysis showed that the risk of progression of fibrosis of the pulmonary parenchyma in patients with COVID-19 increases in the presence of AD by 1.83 times (p<0.05), CIBD - 2.46 times (p <0.05), obesity and steatohepatitis - 7.22 times (p <0.001), the development of thromboembolic events during the first month - 9.39 times (p <0.001). The risk of developing a combined unfavorable endpoint (death and thromboembolic events) COVID-19 increases 1.63 times in severe and extremely severe disease, 2.33 times in the presence of COPD (p <0.001), 1.63 times - in the presence of type 2 diabetes (p <0.05), 3.64 times - in the presence of obesity and steatohepatitis (p <0.001).
This article reflects the historical processes of the "struggle against basmachism" by the Soviet authorities in Turkestan, the activities of the RVS, its members, Inamdjan Khidiraliev, and other compatriots.
This article presents scientific views on the history of the study of tautology and pleonasm. It is known that the history of the study of tautology and pleonasm dates back to antiquity and was later studied more deeply in world linguistics. While tautology and pleonasm convey information in an informative form, it is studied analytically and synthetically in the text. Analytical expression was introduced into science by Kant and commented on its content. The article provides information on several lexical meanings of tautology and pleonasm.
Scientific study of Central Asia has its deep roots in Russian science. The ramified system of oriental scientific and educational institutions, the richest collections of oriental manuscripts, books, objects of material culture served as a sufficiently representative source base for the research of oriental scholars. The deep and disinterested interest of scientists in the achievements of Eastern civilizations played a certain role in acquainting the peoples of other countries with the culture and history of Central Asia. One of such representatives of Russian oriental studies, who, with his works and social and scientific activities, made a certain contribution to the development of science and culture of the peoples of Central Asia, in particular, to the history of the study of Uzbekistan, was Petr Ivanovich Lerkh. The range of scientific interests of Petr Ivanovich was extensive. He could study the languages, dialects and dialects of various peoples; he could be carried away by prehistoric archeology, as a result of which a number of interesting articles appeared in this direction; the result of his enthusiasm for oriental numismatics was the release of his corresponding scientific work. Moreover, it should be borne in mind that the geography of his scientific research, whatever direction they were, was also extensive: from remote provinces of Russia to the newly annexed neighboring outskirts. This is evidenced by archival materials where the works of P.I. Lerkh on archeology, linguistics, numismatics, ethnography, etc. He also did not reject the study of the works of foreign scientists concerning history, ethnography, oriental studies, in particular. The trip made by P.I. Lerkh in Khiva and Bukhara expanded the scope of the scientist's scientific activity. Since then, Central Asian countries and peoples, eastern numismatics, as well as primitive antiquities began to enter the circle of his scholarly research. During the trip 1858-1859 the scientist acquired over 30 oriental manuscripts for the Asian Museum. The versatility of scientific interests and abilities of a scientist can also be judged by his scientific reports in scientific communities. The article uses a wide range of sources of archival scientific institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in particular, materials from the personal fund of P.I. Lerkh from the scientific archive of the Institute of Oriental Languages in St. Petersburg.
In the article, the life path of Dadamirza Shaykhov, a victim of the repressive policy of the Soviet state, and a part of his creative heritage, summarized on the basis of archival materials, are included for scientific consumption for the first time.
In the article presented opinions of scientists on criminal persecution, its’ analyze, the history of appearance of the institute of criminal persecution, given recommendations on enhancement of criminal-procedural law.
The article investigates the meaning of the term "sociolinguistics" in modern linguistics, the problems of sociolinguistics, as well as the history of development and the reasons for the relevance of sociolinguistic research. The article discusses the problems of sociolinguistics in the study of the state language of different countries and interethnic communication.
Социология ижтимоий ҳаётни, хусусан ижтимоий ўзгаришларни инсон хатти-ҳаракатларининг сабаблари ва социал оқибатлари контекстида ўрганади. Ушбу жараёнлар шунингдек умуман тарих ва хусусан аниқ бир даврга боғлаб ўрганилади. Шундан келиб чиққан ҳолда, ижтимоий констурукциялар, яъни ижтимоий гуруҳлар, институтлар ва ташкилотлар одамларнинг ушбу тузилмалардаги ҳолати ва роли нуқтаи назаридан қаралади. Инсоннинг барча хулқ-атвори ва хатти ҳаракати ўз моҳияти ва оқибатларига кўра ижтимоий мазмунга эга бўлганлиги сабабли, социологияпредмети инсон омили билан боғлиқ. Бу айниқса жамиятнинг сиёсий тарихи, аввало энг янги тарихи билан боғлиқлигини кўрсатади.
Ҳозирги вақтда Ўрта Осиёнинг қадимги аҳолиси ҳисобланган орийлар тарихи долзарб бўлиб келмоқда. Уларнинг милоддан аввалги II минг йилликнинг охирида Ҳинд ва Ганга дарёлари оралиғидаги ҳудудга бостириб кириши, Мохенжо Даро ва Хараппа маданиятлари инқирозидан сўнг қадимги Ҳинд цивилизациясини янгидан ривожланишига сабабчи бўлган эди.
This article examines the features of the genre “travelogue” in modern Arabic short stories. “Travelogue” is one of the oldest and most varied genres. During the many thousands of years of human history, and especially after the appearance of written literature, thousands of works on the subject of travel were created in the languages of the peoples of the world. The genesis of the genre is the result of the synthesis of the traditions of folklore and written literature, where works of folklore (e.g., fairy tales) were created and in written literature (e.g., ancient travel notes), in the center of which there is a traveler-narrator. As genre compositional features of travelogue, you can point out that the focus is on the image of the traveler-narrator and the presence of the fact of travel (changing in space and time movement in a certain direction), and it is noteworthy that the traveler-narrator stands in the status of an observer and compares what he saw in a foreign land with the situation in his native country. Although these main features of the genre were preserved, a number of other manifestations of travelogue appeared in the course of the development of literature. If in Uzbek classical literature the works describing the impressions of travel are called “sayokhatnoma”, then in Arabic literature this genre is called “rihla”. Studying modern Arabic fiction, you can trace how writers create works in the genre of travelogue, combining elements of the genre with the genre of the short story. A number of modern and contemporary Arab writers, such as Muhammad al-Muwaylihi, Sunallah Ibrahim, Jamal al-Ghitani, and Abdurahman Majid al-Rubeyi, used features of the travelogue genre in their short stories and novels. Among them can be the Syrian writer Abdus-Kalam Al-Ujayli (1918-2006), whose travel collections, such as Journey to Europe and The Call to Travel, consist of short stories that reflect the peculiarities of the travelogue genre. The collections Journey to Europe, Call to Travel comprise 22 short stories about travelling. Abdus-Salam al-Ujaili depicted with high artistry the greatness of his motherland Syria, where he was born and raised, showed its beautiful nature, the way of life, occupations, religion of the population, as well as he gave a description of some cities, their history, and shared hois impressins of unspeakable Paris after a trip to Europe.