In modern abdominal surgery, one of the current areas for research continues to be the improvement of various options for plastic surgery of postoperative hernias. More than 2,100,000 operations for ventral hernia are performed annually in the world, and 42% of them are postoperative hernias. In recent years, there has been a clear trend toward the expanded use of various types of biological meshes in hernioplasty. “A pooled analysis of seven PCSTAR studies for incisional hernias using retromuscular mesh showed a hernia recurrence rate of 5.7%”[1]. The use of standard surgical interventions such as alloplasty in the onlay position does not solve the problem of early postoperative complications: seroma discharge, mesh migration, adhesive disease, high frequency of hernia recurrence, etc. At the same time, hernia repair with local tissue creates the problem of increased intra-abdominal pressure and late complications in the form of recurrent hernias. “An increase in postoperative intra-abdominal pressure leads to multiple organ failure, then abdominal compartment syndrome, and even death.” [2]. Currently, there is no consensus on the surgical approach for giant postoperative abdominal wall hernias, and therefore the need to continue to develop new technologies and improve There is no doubt about the tactics. In world practice, at present, the most relevant studies continue to be studies aimed at studying the morphological and functional aspects of recurrent postoperative ventral hernias; electron microscopy reveals ultrastructural destructive changes in skin cells, aponeurosis and muscles, which indicates morphofunctional insufficiency of abdominal wall tissues; issues of cell engineering are discussed new innovative materials, experimental studies are being carried out on animals testing the biotechnical properties, texture and elasticity of new polymers, research is being conducted on open approaches with division of the posterior component with the release of the transverse abdominis muscle and a retrograde mesh, robotic operations have begun. Modern aspects of the development of domestic healthcare include many measures aimed at improving the results of treatment of patients with postoperative ventral hernias and associated pathological conditions through the introduction of modern principles of intensive care and surgical tactics. The development strategy of New Uzbekistan for 2022-2026 in seven priority areas includes tasks to improve the quality of provision of qualified medical services to the population[3]. The implementation of these tasks, including by optimizing tactical and technical approaches to the choice of hernioplasty method, as well as the development of methods for the prevention of purulent-inflammatory complications in the field of alloplastic material, is one of the current areas of abdominal surgery and medicine in general, due to the high medical and social the significance of this pathology.
This dissertation research to a certain extent serves to fulfill the tasks approved by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On comprehensive measures to radically improve the healthcare system of the Republic of Uzbekistan” No. UP-5590 dated December 17, 2018, the Resolutions of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On measures to transform the surgical service, improving the quality and expanding the scale of surgical operations in the regions" for No. PP-5254 dated October 4, 2021 and "On additional measures to ensure public health by further increasing the efficiency of medical prevention work" for No. PP-4891 dated November 12, 2020, and as well as other regulatory documents adopted in this area. Compliance of the research with the priority directions of development of science and technology of the republic. The dissertation research was carried out in accordance with the priority direction of development of science and technology of the VI Republic “Medicine and Pharmacology”. Review of foreign scientific research on the topic of the dissertation.[4] Research work aimed at improving the quality of therapeutic and preventive care for patients with ventral hernias, carried out by many leading scientific centers and higher educational institutions in the world, including the Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå (Sweden), Department of Surgery, Kingston General Hospital, 76 Stuart Street, Kingston (Sweden). nada), Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki ( Finland), Service de chirurgie digestive et oncologique, CHU d'Amiens (France), Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (USA), Department of Surgery, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington (USA) , Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (Singapore), Department of Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Calgary, Calgary (Canada), Division of Plastic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia (USA), Brigham and Women's/Faulkner Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (USA) , Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (Sweden), Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston (USA), Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam (Netherlands), Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka (Japan), National Medical Research Center for Surgery named after A.V. Vishnevsky" (Russia), Republican Scientific Center for Emergency Medical Care (Uzbekistan), Tashkent Medical Academy (Uzbekistan), Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center for Surgery named after Academician V. Vakhidov (Uzbekistan).
As a result of studies conducted around the world to increase the effectiveness of alloplasty for postoperative ventral hernias and reduce the risk of complications in the postoperative period, a number of scientific results were obtained, including: it was determined that patients who underwent reconstruction of the abdominal wall have an increased risk of postoperative respiratory failure, understanding the epidemiology of this complication can improve prevention (the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, USA); It has been proven that the larger the hernia, the higher the risk of early surgical complications, including such as respiratory decompensation, since hernias often increase in size over time, delaying surgery can lead to an increase in the size of the hernia and, therefore, a greater risk of complications (CentreforDigestiveDiseases, KarolinskaUniversityHospital, Stockholm, Sweden); it has been shown that the ratio of the hernia volume to the volume of the abdominal cavity <20% is an independent factor in tension-free closure, which justifies the interest in preoperative volumetry to adapt the tactics of surgical care (Servicedechirurgiegénérale, digestiveetendocrinienne, CHU LyonSud, HospicescivilsdeLyon, France); It has been determined that in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic hernia repair, predictors of mortality are older age and certain concomitant diseases: congestive heart failure, pulmonary circulatory disorders, coagulopathy, liver disease, metastatic cancer, neurological disorders and paralysis (Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Tulsa , USA); Older age, ascites, preoperative renal and pulmonary insufficiency have been found to be independent predictors of 30-day mortality, and in the presence of these risk factors, conservative treatment should be seriously considered (Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, USA); The American College of Surgeons (ACS) Universal Surgical Risk Calculator has been shown to accurately predict thirty-day outcomes, including major complications: venous thromboembolism, medical morbidity, surgical site infection, unplanned reoperation, mortality, and length of hospital stay (Department of Plastic Surgery, Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, USA). At the present time in the world, the most relevant research in surgery continues to be the development of new methods of hernioplasty for large and giant ventral hernias, each of which has its own pros and cons depending on the complexity of implementation, the risk of postoperative complications and relapse, large randomized clinical trials are being conducted, comparing existing methods of traditional hernioplasty with laparoscopic access and robotic surgery, which has become increasingly widespread in the last 10 years, a search is being made for new synthetic and biological materials developed for the production and use of composite meshes that have the necessary strength and the ability to prevent fatal local complications in a contaminated environment. However, despite technical advances in this field, no modern hernia repair method or prosthesis meets all the requirements. One of the key problems is that existing synthetic endoprostheses do not have sufficient elasticity, resistance to infection, high mechanical strength and integrity over a long period of time. Further research into these clinical aspects will undoubtedly improve the current understanding of the capabilities of biocompatible endoprostheses and will make it possible to develop an optimal method for their placement during allohernioplasty. The degree of knowledge of the problem. The current period of development of abdominal surgery is characterized by an emphasis on the problems of the effectiveness of introducing new installation methods and techniques for attaching bioprostheses, options for various suture materials to determine the most promising directions for the development of these technologies [5]. Researchers led by BittnerR.[6] (2019) state that a giant postoperative abdominal wall hernia, the maximum diameter of which exceeds 12 cm or the ratio of the volume of the hernial sac to the abdominal cavity more than 20%, is difficult to treat, with a high recurrence rate and a large number of complications. One of the most challenging problems is that after the hernia contents return to the abdominal cavity, postoperative intra-abdominal pressure will increase, leading to multiple organ failure, then abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), and even death. There is currently no agreement on the surgical approach for these giant incisional abdominal wall hernias. To prevent recurrences, some articles recommend placing the hernia mesh in the sublayer position and or linings (KirkpatrickAW.)[7]. According to CornetteB.[8], to prevent recurrence, it is recommended to place the hernia mesh in a sublayer or underlay position, and to achieve better mesh expansion, a component separation technique (CST) may be a suitable solution, but with a significant risk of complications and recurrence. JensenKK, et al. believe that truly successful giant hernia repair requires effective bridging or augmentation that will prevent recurrence with an acceptable risk of complications[9]. Another pressing issue in abdominal surgery is that patients with incisional hernias are extremely difficult to treat due to a number of factors including obesity, previous hernia repair, previous mesh placement, domain loss, and other variables.
The approach to patients with incisional hernias has changed significantly over the past 20 years due to both advances in mesh technology and surgical approaches. Key factors for successful outcome include modification of risk factors preoperatively, such as smoking cessation and weight loss, selection of mesh appropriate for the type of hernia and planned mesh location, and wide mesh coverage beyond the hernia defect. New techniques such as transabdominal muscle release and component separation with retrograde mesh placement and robotic approaches to abdominal wall hernia are increasingly being used in these patients[10]. Recent years have seen an increase in the number of biological meshes available for abdominal wall hernia repair. Biological meshes typically consist of materials obtained from humans, pigs, or cattle. The rationale for using biological meshes is that they can act as a scaffold for the growth of natural tissues. In addition, there are absorbable synthetic meshes that have properties similar to those of biological meshes, but with theoretically less risk because they are not derived from animal or human material. The choice of mesh for a ventral hernia depends on many factors, which include both the properties of the mesh and its location, for example, whether it should be placed intraperitoneally, preperitoneally, or retrorectus. BaierKF[11](2021) believes that the guiding principle should be to avoid placing uncoated polypropylene mesh in an intraperitoneal location where it may be in direct contact with internal organs. In addition, the type of hernia defect is another risk factor, such as whether the wound is clean or dirty, and whether the repair is performed with a bridge or abutment. Lightweight or biologic meshes to bridge the defect should be avoided due to increased recurrence rates. Holihan JL [12] (2016), Hodgkinson JD [13] (2018) believe that the principle of anatomical restoration to achieve a reliable, tension-free repair with reinforced mesh reduces the incidence of early postoperative complications and late recurrence of hernia compared with bridging mesh. The analysis of the literature concerning the theoretical aspects and clinical experience of using technologies for improving modern synthetic and biological prostheses that can provide a better plastic effect, as well as methods for preventing recurrence of ventral hernias, indicates that this is one of the priority areas in modern abdominal surgery. An unresolved issue remains the choice of the optimal endoprosthesis, which is highly effective and meets international standards for such properties as biological inertness and mechanical strength, as well as the method of positioning the mesh in relation to the layers of the abdominal wall. Considering that many of the allohernioplasty methods used today are not without drawbacks, the current direction is the development of new methods of repair for giant ventral hernias and methods for the prevention of postoperative complications in conditions of a contaminated wound, with justification of their effectiveness in a clinical experimental study. The connection between the dissertation research and the research plans of the research institution where the dissertation was completed. The dissertation research was carried out within the framework of the research work plan of the State Institution “RSNPMCH named after. acad. V. Vakhidov" under the project AL-422105574 "Development of new biocompatible mesh implants made of composite materials for reconstructive surgery of abdominal and diaphragmatic hernias" (2022-2024).
The purpose of the study is to improve the results of surgical treatment of large and giant postoperative ventral hernias by introducing new laser technologies and improving the tactical and technical aspects of surgical treatment. Objectives of the study: to study the structure of immediate complications after various types of prosthetic plastic surgery; to clarify the influence of obesity factors, primary or repeat hernioplasty on the incidence of immediate and long-term complications; to evaluate the role of the immediate complicated course of the postoperative period in the incidence of long-term complications of hernioplasty; to improve the technical aspects of alloplasty for large and giant postoperative ventral hernias (POVH); to improve the technique of photodynamic therapy (PDT) of the wound surface after prosthetic plastic surgery; to study in an experiment the effectiveness of using the proposed technique of alloplasty and PDT; evaluate the morphological features of the condition of tissues during prosthetic plastic surgery using the proposed method; in a comparative aspect, evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the proposed alloplasty options in the immediate and long-term periods. The object of the study was the results of allohernioplasty in 448 patients with extensive (large) and giant POVH, who were operated on at the surgical department of the 1st clinic of the Samarkand State Medical Institute in the period from 2012 to 2021, as well as experimental animals on which the effectiveness was assessed developed a technique for prosthetic repair of postoperative ventral hernias and applied the technique of photodynamic therapy.
The subject of the study is to analyze the effectiveness of the developed alloplasty of postoperative ventral hernias and intraoperative photodynamic therapy in abdominal surgery in experiments and in the clinic. Research methods. To achieve the goal of the study and solve the assigned problems, general clinical, instrumental, biotechnological, experimental, histomorphological, microbiological and statistical research methods were used. The scientific novelty of the study is as follows: it was established that the need for extensive tissue mobilization and, as a consequence, the intersection of lymphatic capillaries during implantation of the prosthesis in the onlay position, as well as the lack of sufficient resorption function of the hernial sac in the inlay position causes a high risk of the formation of clinically significant seromas; It was determined that with prosthetic hernioplasty, along with the volume of the defect, the type of plastic surgery and the degree of obesity, the most significant predictor of the risk of developing immediate complications is the factor of re-intervention in case of recurrent hernia with the presence of a “dormant infection” hidden in the remaining ligature granulomas or scar tissue; the structure and clinical features of the course of long-term complications of hernioplasty for giant and extensive hernias were clarified, taking into account the results of the immediate postoperative period, as well as the option of fixing the prosthesis, primary or repeated hernioplasty and the degree of obesity; the method of surgery for large hernias of the anterior abdominal wall has been improved, characterized by a combination of factors such as the formation of tension-free prosthetic repair, preservation of local resorptive function to prevent the development of fluid accumulations and reducing the risk of infection; the method of preventing the development or progression of wound infection during alloplasty of ventral hernias has been improved, aimed at enhancing the antibacterial effect and stimulating reparative activity through the photosensitizing and photodynamic effect of low-energy laser radiation; It was determined in an experimental model of prosthetic plastic surgery that the proposed method of fixing the prosthesis in combination with the use of the effect of photodynamic therapy through laser radiation helps to enhance reparative processes with a reduced risk of wound complications; It has been proven that all methods of antiseptic exposure and laser stimulation of the wound surface after prosthetic plastic surgery enhance preventive measures against the development of local infection, but are ineffective in the case of an already developed purulent-inflammatory process against the background of the use of alloplastic material. The practical results of the study are as follows: it has been determined that the implantation of synthetic materials for giant and extensive hernias is accompanied by a significant number of wound complications caused by both the surgical technique itself and the reaction of surrounding tissues to a foreign body, requiring improvement of tactical and technical approaches when performing hernioplasty; it was clarified that scar-degenerative changes in the tissues of the aponeurosis in giant and extensive hernias are a predisposing factor to the occurrence of post-prosthetic hernias, especially when implanting the prosthesis in the “inlay” position and, accordingly, require increasing the efficiency of their fixation and engraftment, as well as reducing the risk of developing local complications; it was determined based on the data of an experimental study that the proposed method of alloplasty for large ventral hernias makes it possible to achieve adequate reconstruction of the anterior abdominal wall, reduce the incidence of infection in the wound, and also use a smaller size of prosthetic material; it was determined that the proposed method of tension-free repair of large hernias of the anterior abdominal wall with strengthening of the aponeurosis with a mesh implant allows maintaining physiology, reducing the number of complications, shortening treatment time and reducing the risk of hernia recurrence; It has been determined that the proposed method for preventing the development or progression of wound infection during alloplasty of ventral hernias can reduce the frequency of suppuration, shorten the treatment time and the likelihood of relapse; It has been proven that the use of the proposed tactical and technical aspects of prosthetic repair for postoperative ventral hernias can reduce the incidence of specific complications, reduce rehabilitation time and the risk of hernia recurrence. Reliability of the research results. The reliability of the results is justified by the use of objective criteria for assessing the condition of patients, modern methods of diagnosis and treatment, the correct application of methodological approaches and sets of statistical analysis, methods for solving the problems discussed in the dissertation are based on modern scientific and practical concepts and approaches to the diagnosis and surgical treatment of patients with giant postoperative hernias. Scientific and practical significance of the research results. The results obtained make a significant contribution to the expansion of irradiation of existing ideas about the structure and clinical features of complications of hernioplasty for giant and extensive ventral hernias by identifying the morphological features of the development of a purulent-inflammatory process against the background of the use of alloplastic material, studying predictors of the risk of developing immediate complications, mechanisms for enhancing reparative processes through the use of an improved method of fixing the prosthesis in together using the effect of photodynamic therapy through laser radiation, which made it possible to enhance the antibacterial effect and improve the wound healing process. The practical significance of the study is that, based on the results obtained, the tactical and technical aspects of prosthetic hernioplasty have been optimized, the features of methods of antiseptic exposure and laser stimulation of the wound surface after prosthetic repair have been revealed, enhancing preventive measures for the development of local infection, and the method of surgery for large anterior abdominal hernias has been improved walls, characterized by a combination of factors such as the formation of tension-free prosthetic plasty, preservation of local resorptive function to prevent the development of fluid accumulations, thereby reducing the risk of developing postoperative complications, reducing the frequency of unsatisfactory results, length of hospitalization and the likelihood of relapse. Implementation of research results. According to the results of a scientific study to optimize the tactical and technical aspects of surgical treatment of large and giant postoperative ventral hernias: the “method for plastic surgery of giant hernias of the anterior abdominal wall” has been improved (invention patent No. IAP 2022 0148 dated April 18, 2022). The proposed method of tension-free repair of large hernias of the anterior abdominal wall with strengthening of the aponeurosis with a mesh implant made it possible to reduce the number of complications, shorten the treatment time and reduce the risk of hernia recurrence; the “method for preventing the progression of infection during alloplasty of infected hernias” has been improved (certificate of the Ministry of Health No. 08-32071 dated October 17, 2022). The proposed method made it possible to reduce the frequency of wound purulent-inflammatory complications and shorten the period of rehabilitation of patients after allohernioplasty; methodological recommendations “Tactical and technical aspects of prosthetic repair for large and giant postoperative ventral hernias” have been developed (certificate of the Ministry of Health No. 08-32071 dated October 17, 2022) . The developed recommendations made it possible to optimize the tactical and technical aspects of allohernioplasty in patients with large and giant postoperative ventral hernias; The scientific results obtained were introduced into the practical activities of healthcare, in particular, in the departments of surgery of the Khorezm and Andijan regional multidisciplinary medical centers, the clinic of the Samarkand State Medical University (certificate of the Ministry of Health No. 08-32071 dated October 17, 2022). Improving the tactical and technical aspects of prosthetic repair for postoperative ventral hernias has made it possible to reduce the incidence of specific immediate complications from 40.9% to 15.6%, to reduce rehabilitation time from 8.6±2.7 to 7.1±1.5 days, and also reduce the likelihood of long-term complications from 11.7% to 3.1%. Approbation of research results. The results of this study were discussed at 8 scientific and practical conferences, including 5 international and 3 republican ones. Publication of research results. 26 scientific works have been published on the topic of the dissertation, including 9 journal articles, 4 of which in republican and 5 in foreign journals recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Republic of Uzbekistan for publication of the main scientific results of doctoral dissertations. Structure and scope of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, seven chapters, a conclusion, conclusions, practical recommendations and a list of cited literature. The volume of work is 200 pages.
The aim of the research work is determination of the prospects for the use of a domestic agent for the prevention of adhesion formation in thoraco-abdominal surgery on the basis of experimental and morphological studies.
Research objectives were white outbred rats in the amount of 62 individuals, in two experimental studies on the abdominal and pleural cavities, in each series of experiments the studies were carried out in 2 comparative groups, control and main. Experiments on the formation of adhesions in the abdominal and pleural cavities were carried out on the basis of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Surgery named after acad. V.Vakhidov in the Department of Experimental Surgery for the period from 2019 to 2020.
The scientific novelty of the research consists of the followings: it is proved according to the data of experimental research that when modeling the adhesion process in the abdominal cavity, the local application of an anti-adhesion coating made of cellulose derivatives reduces the processes of adhesiogenesis and the development of changes in architectonics, bends and narrowings of the intestinal lumen; it was found in an experimental study that when modeling the adhesion process in the chest cavity, the local use of an anti-adhesion implant provides a significant decrease in the risk of adhesiogenesis in the form of the formation of coarse adhesions or planar adhesions; it was determined that when blood serum was applied over a powder implant, the quality of adhesion and the uniformity of its distribution on the surface of the experimental defect of the peritoneum or lung did not change, but, in contrast to activation by blood (to ensure a hemostatic effect), it was not accompanied by the development of cellular inflammation due to the resorption of thrombotic masses; it was found that the formation of a gel film over the area of damage to the peritoneum in the absence of cellular elements of blood makes it possible to achieve biodegradation of the coating without a pronounced cellular-inflammatory reaction, providing cicatricial replacement of defects with a significant reduction in the risk of developing a massive adhesive process; the morphostructural features of the formation of the adhesive process when using an anti-adhesive coating, characterized by regression in the dynamics of the number of connective tissue cells of the inflammatory infiltrate with scarring of the defect zone without the development of adhesive conglomerates with the surrounding tissues, have been determined.
Introduction of the research results. According to the results of a scientific study on a comparative analysis of the use of a domestic agent for the prevention of adhesion formation in thoraco-abdominal surgery: methodological recommendations were developed: "New technologies for the prevention of adhesions in thoraco-abdominal surgery" (certificate of the Ministry of Health No. 08-09/10055 of August 12, 2021). The proposed recommendations for performing surgical interventions on the organs of the abdominal and thoracic cavities will allow for sparing local hemostasis, as well as prevent the formation of a coarse adhesive process in the abdominal cavity.
The obtained scientific results on a comparative analysis of the use of the domestic remedy for the prevention of adhesion formation in thoraco-abdominal surgery have been introduced into the practical activities of health care, including in the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center for Surgery named after V.I. Academician V. Vakhidov, surgical departments of the clinics of the Andijan and Samarkand State Medical Institutes (certificate of the Ministry of Health No. 08-09/10055 of August 12, 2021). Based on the proposed results of experimental studies, it was shown that the use of an anti-adhesive coating made of cellulose derivatives made it possible to reduce the risk of adhesion formation from 60% to 20%, bowel deformation without manifestations of obstruction from 33.3% to 13.3% and the possibility of acute adhesive intestinal obstruction from 6.7% to 0%.
Structure and scope of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, four chapters, conclusions, practical recommendations and a list of cited literature. The volume of work is 113 pages.
Topicality and demand of the theme of dissertation. In world practice of informatization, systems of electronic document interchange (EDIS) arc considered and introduced last years not only as systems for automation of manage processes but also as high-grade platforms for creation of uniform information field, so borders of their use, certainly, expands and scientists of the world raises interest to them. In researches of leading scientists of infocommunication technologies the demand of problems of authentic gathering, transfer, analysis, coding of information during formation of office-work documents is allocated for getting of effective technologies raising mobility and productivity of EDIS.
Complex measures undertaken by the Government of Republic of Uzbekistan on development of systems of region-territorial automated management and to creation of uniform information field arc directed on wide introduction of information systems, EDIS, databases (DB) on the basis of modern information-communication technologies. In this connection, working out of new methods to intelligent processing of information resources used for improvement of data transfer quality, allowing effectively to find out and correct errors in structure of electronic document interchange with least material and time expenses, differs a special urgency and, at the same time, remains the unresolved theoretical and applied problem having important economic value.
Requirements to information resources and streams of data transmission as the important factor of efficiency and quality of EDIS functioning arc expressed in providing of stability, integrity, safety and authenticity of the information. One of important among factors is the criterion of authenticity of the information, caused by distortion of transferred messages in infocommunication networks because of failures and refusals of means, any handicaps in communication channels, errors of operators, scanning and recognition systems.
Hence, construction of effective systems to control of information authenticity during transfer and processing represents special scientific interest as priority technology of data processing, characteristic for conditions of automated management and electronic document interchange at the enterprises and organizations.
For existing methods, despite of providing the high level of information transfer authenticity, some unsolved questions is typical, and as basic of them it is possible to allocate the following: at development technologies of electronic documents interchange in structure of modern data transfer packages the significant volume of resource is spent for headings, at the same time the most part of information in headings remains constant from package to package during stream of transfer of the whole frame (redundancy of the information arising at it and mechanisms to provide reliability of deliveries consisting, basically, in sending the appropriate message and repeated transfer of packages, - result to additional time and material expenses while errors detection and elimination); code and hardware methods of information transfer control arc focused, mainly, on elimination the transposition mistakes in managing fields of packages; however, at data transfer there arc also distortions in information fields, which frequently reveal as multiple text mistakes.
In this relation, the decision of tasks for providing of information transfer authenticity is reasonable to consider in two aspects.
Solutions of the first type tasks should taken into account errors of the man-operator, scanning and other devices intended for input of the information. These kinds of mistakes make greatest volume of distortions in text and arise at Applied and Representation levels of OSI model (Open System Interconnection reference model).
Solutions of second type tasks, devoted to control of the information reliability, take into consideration the probability of distortions which occur at stages of Transport, Network, Physical and Line of model OSI.
Demand of the dissertation is characterized by the fact that introduction of a wide range of IP-enabled technologies in electronic document interchange is connected to requiring close attention tasks of detection and correction of errors during preparation and processing of documents.
This research work is focused on providing realization of laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan «On informatization», «On electronic digital signature», «On electronic document», «On electronic commerce», «On electronic payments», Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan № 126 on 05.04.2011 «About measures on installation and use of a single secured e-mail and system of electronic document interchange in the executive office of cabinet of ministers, bodies of government and economic governance, local government».
Following that, the solution of listed tasks requires carrying out the special researches and development connected to creation of methods and algorithms, capable to control the information authenticity in structure of data transfer packages at the expense of use the enclosed redundancy, and able to function in transport environment, eliminating existing lacks. This fact causes necessity of allocation of a special class algorithms for providing of information authenticity on the basis of new type of PR-rcdundancy (property redundancy), defined by depending on properties of processed object.
Purpose of research is development ol constructive methods, models, algorithms and systems of information authenticity control during transfer and processing of the data on the basis of mechanisms used PR-rcdundancy of various nature, and software and algorithmic realization of results for developing technologies of electronic document interchange.
Scientific novelty of disscrtational research consists in the following:
concept, methodology and software and algorithmic bases to construction methods, models and algorithms for the information authenticity control in systems of electronic document interchange arc developed, classes of objects characterized by PR-rcdundancy, applied to provide accuracy, integrity, efficiency, compression, availability of information resources in EDIS arc allocated;
methods and algorithms arc offered for control of information reliability at the expense of use the artificial redundancy on the basis of linear, modular, plane summing mechanisms and definition of belonging to the coded subsets;
methods and software complexes arc developed for control of information reliability at the expense of use the natural redundancy on the basis of algorithms in which procedures of statistical, arithmetic, parsing coding, n-gram structured description, statistical pattern recognition and hashing of text elements arc realized;
for control and correction of spelling mistakes in texts on Uzbek language methods and algorithms arc offered on the basis of models of multilevel morphological analysis and n-grams Grammatik description;
on the basis of enclosed logic criteria, database and knowledgebase in structure of the built-in expert systems methods and algorithms arc developed for the control of information authenticity at the expense of use the structural-technological PR-rcdundancy;
methods arc offered to synthesis algorithms of text information reliability control in interactive system of errors detection and correction for developing technologies of electronic document interchange.
Conclusion
1. Developed in the dissertation constructive methods, models, software and algorithms complexes to control of information authenticity by principles of using of PR-rcdundancy on the basis of concepts of system analysis, control and information processing allow to increase efficiency and productivity of EDIS.
2. The estimation of current state of the theory and practice of code, hardware and program methods of control of authenticity information transfer had shown insufficiency of existing types of redundancy for providing qualitative functioning of EDIS. Principles of use of PR-rcdundancy at electronic documents for working out applied methods, software and algorithmic complexes to providing of information transfer authenticity have allowed to design toolkit of development of existing technologies.
3. Methods of: linear, plane and modular summation; codings by rules of Haffman, Lempcl-Ziv-Velch, Barrousc-Willcr, arithmetic coding, statistical recognition, logic control form methodical bases of use of PR-rcdundancy for expansion possibilities of algorithms and software complexes to providing of the information authenticity during drawing up, transfer and processing of electronic documents texts.
4. Efficiency of developed algorithms is shown and solutions arc got for tasks of control the information authenticity on the basis of criterion of mistakes undctccting probabilities. It is established, that they find up to 92 % of all kinds of mistakes, capable to correct single, double and adjacent transpositional mistakes, in comparison with existing methods reduce labour content and cost of control in 2-3 times if probability of mistakes is accepted as P«4-10-3, and also raise the information authenticity up to three orders.
5. To solving tasks of control and correction of spelling mistakes in Uzbek texts methods, algorithms and systems arc developed included morphological and n-gram structured models. The developed technique of getting frequency characteristics of n-gram on the basis of distortions probability parameters statistics arc applied during systematization hash-codes for parsing coding.
6. Interpolation and extrapolation methods of construction the logic and arithmetic function of statistical recognition arc used for working out algorithms to control of text elements images authenticity. Methods arc developed to control authenticity of alarm characteristics of text elements images in ncuronctworking system to information processing which includes parts of automatic recognition and control of images signals. Methods and algorithms arc realized in the structure system to control of information authenticity for eases when information in EDIS is represented as metatext on the basis of belonging attributes and classification of metatext on fuzzy semantic hypcrnct.
7. Methods and algorithms of the control of the information authenticity, based on methods of dictionary, statistical and hash-codings provide effective applying of the hardware-software environment of parallel computations NVIDIA with use of standard libraries of numerical analysis, optimized data exchange between CPU and GPU for optimization.
8. It is determined that at realization of the system to control of spelling on the basis of developed ways of description and identification of the software shell, treelike representation of n-gramm grammar and architecture of framework Sfinks-4 focused on various language models used PR-rcdundancy, the number of undetected errors and cost of realization considerably decreases, and labour content in comparison with the spelling control system on the basis of morphological analysis decreases twice.
9. Developed simulating algorithms, complexes of software and systems to control of information authenticity on the basis of using PR-rcdundancy have found practical application in systems of: automated organization of educational environment in high schools; adapted data transfer, processing and analysis in infocommunication networks; EDIS of enterprises.
10. The developed software complexes to control the information authenticity in structure of EDIS and computer system of adapted transfer, handling and data analysis arc implemented in real working conditions in the Samarkand branch «UzTelecom» of the State committee or communication, for informatization and telecommunication technologies of the Republic of Uzbekistan and in Joint Venture «Tasty-Fuit». Appropriate certificates confirm cost of economical efficiency of dissertation results.
Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Development of science and intensification of all branches of national economy and also introduction of new technogenic processes of production have resulted in antropogenic influence of industrial activity of man on the environment and ecological equilibrium According to the data of regional evaluation of stable toxical compounds in the countries of the European Counsel the highest concentrations of Pb, Cd and Hg in the environment have been noted in the Ukraine (Pb-31,02; Cd-54, Hg-36 ton/year).Release of heavy metals to the environment for Russia equaled Pb-50%; Cd-66%; Hg-37% and in some others countries: Pb-10%,Cd-21%,Hg-58%,.Short analysis of the situation interms of these tree toxical metals has shown the level of antropogenic throwings of heavy toxical metals(HTM).The biggest part of HTM finding with throwings released to the atmosphere thrown out on soil and in waters of the country being the-surce the release and then they accumulate in neighbouring countries .
At presente time in the Republic of Uzbekistan the level of manufacture is rapidly growing and this results in the increase of the concervation of HTM compared with global scale of some natural processes. The most dangerous for the health of population are the non-essencial elements (Hg, Cd, Pb, As) . For this reason the monitoring of pollutions of objects of environment especialy HTM has acquired special importance and actuality. Qualitative and quantitative determination of ions of HTM has acquired important and necessary demands and has pulled out before analysts and ecologists the task of elaboration of express sensitive and selective methods of determination of microquantities of these elements which are dangerous toxicants, cancerogens and mutagens.
In this regard in the process protection of objects of the environment it is important and necessary to determinetion precise concentrations of HTM by different physical, chemical and physico-chemicals methods. For the practical realization of this problem at chemical analysis it is necessary to improve perfection existing methods analysis and elaborationof new modern methods ecotoxicants monitoring (espessially HTM). In the aspect of realization of theoretical prerequisites and practical confirmation of analytical determination of ecotoxicants concentrations it is necessary to elaborate some new hybrid methods with immobilization of different complexe-forming reagents on polymeric bearers and matrixes differing by high meteological and operation parameters.
Existing actual problems can be solved by introducing to the analytical practices of the methods of HTM determination of some new selective and specific organic reagents.The most perspective way of their solution is the purposeful synthesis and immobilization of new organic reagents with some definite analytical characteristics with following forecast of their properties with the aim of the optimal solving of the given tasks.
Elaboration of methods and approaches of prognosis as method of further development of sorbtion-spectroscopical method of analysis is an actual problem .In this range of theoretical and applied analytical chemistry there are considerable achivments bonding with investigations of home and forcing investigators ,but row of questions of problematical character has demanded of deep investigation and knowledges of new approaches and methods of their decision.
It is known that theory of action of OR is characterized as “system of ideas” allow ing to construct of some analytical system to find optimal by nature reagent and medium in which analytical reaction will carried out .In decision of some taskes of development of theory of OR action the fallowing stages neussarg to take into acconnl:”esplantion of observe processes and phenoments:prediction and direction works by synthesis of reagents with given properties .’’Thus the elaborated methodology and predication of properties of immobilized analytical reagents can be consider as definite seintific contribution in development of theory of action of IMOR for their using in analytical chemistry and ecology.
Purpose of research is elaboration of express, high-sensitive sorbtion-spectroscopical methods and test-systems of HTM determination with using of IMOR. Elaboration on the base of these methods some general approach to prognosis of properties and construction of specifical analytical grouos in organic reagents immobilized on different types of bearers synthesis of new organic reagents with given up properties on the base of our theretical prognosisesand introduction of them in practice of analysis of different analytical and ecological laboratories.
To achieve this goal the following tasks of research is solved: -optimization of immobilization conditions of organic reagents with preservation of their analytical properties; determination of mechanism of coloured reactious of complex-formation of immobilized organic reagents with ions of HTM;
-determination of connection between structure of OR and their analytical characteristics; prognosis of some perspective ways of their modification and directed synthesis of new specifical reagents on the base of nitronaphtols;
-analytical groups (EAG): (6-methyl-pyridil-2-azo-aminophenol; l-(5-methyl -2-pyridilfzo )-5-diethglaminophenol ;l-(4-antipyridilazo) -2-napthol sulphoacid; 1-(2-pyridilazo)-2-oxynaphtalin-6-sulphoacid sodlium; 3-hydroxy-4-nitrozo-2-naphtoic acid;2-hydroxiy -3-nitrozo naphtaldehyde and others);
-determination of influence of different factors and parameters on value of the analytical signal ;wing of elaborated methods in analysis of different by nature model binary ,triple and more complex mixtabiological objects industrial materials
-comparison of obtained results with results obtained by existing methods of determination of the investisated metals in solution.
Scientific novelty of disscrtational research consists in the following:
-Immobilization of different by nature reagents for prognosis and prediction of optimal construction of some OR based on quantum-chemical value of changing of analytical characteristics in dependence on structure of the functional and analytical-active groups has been theoretically based and practically has been realized;
-Chemico-analytical properties of OR immobilized on bearers on the base of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polypropylene (PP) for apriory prediction of structure of different OR and elaboration on their base an optical chemical sensors on the base PAN and PP-matrixes having some necessary analytical parameters;
Conclusion
1. Litrature date about using fiber sorbents and ion-exchanging on their base for determination of HTM cations at analysis objects of environment have been summarized. Advantages of using of fiber sorbents in comparison with their using as granule and powder have been shown. Necessarily of search of new immobilized reagents for determination metals in different objects was ground.
2. New scientific trend in analytical chemistry based on the sorbtion-spectroscopical determination of HTM in different objects of enviroment with using immobilized on fiber material organical reagents of different nature with aim of improvment of metrological parameters, exploitational and analytical parameters was developed.
3. Pysico-chemical and analytical properties of immobilized reagents on the base of reagents Arsenaza and threephenylmethan row and also synthesized on the department of organical chemistry NUUz sorbited on the fiber “Nitron” were systematically investigated. Optimal conditions of immobilization of new reagents on some polymeric bearers with preservation of theirspecifical analytical properties were determined.
4. 1R- spectroskopical investigation of immobilized reagents of fiber sorbents and their complexes with cations of HTM was carriedout. It was proved that in complex-formation of HTM ions with immobilized reagents the same functional analytical groups participated as in case of native solutions.
5. Results of investigations of interaction of reagents group Arsenazo and theephenylmethanic raw and also reagents synthesized on the derailment of inorganical and analytical chemistry of chemical faculty ofNUUz immobilized on marix on the base of PAN and PP-fibers with ions of HTM have shown that their immobilization was carried out owing to ionic changing and also formation of strong intermolecular hydrogenous bonds with bearers.
6. Using of calculating quant- chemical methods such as EMN, MNDO, RMZ and AM-1 has allowed in apriori to predict the structures of different rengents having some necessary analytical parameters (sensibility, contrastion of reactions and conditions of their carring out).
7. On the base on comparison optimal conditions of immobilization, sorbtion, degree of extraction of metals ions, coefficients of distribution, sorbtion capasity of fiber sorbents, data about sensibility of the analytical action occording to ions Cd, Hg, Cu and Fe in presence of accompanying elements, possibilities of quantitative desorption by small volumes of mineral acids and accessibility of initialcompounds it is shown an perspective of practical using of synthesized reagents and fiber sorbents. Immobilized reagents quantitativly have extracted ions of metals during 20-30 min at temperature 20-25°C in pH diapazone 3-7 (R=90-99%).
8. Coplex of methods of solidphase - spectroshopical and visually-testing determination of HTM in natural objects and samples of sewage and also new effective method of sorbtion - spectroskopical determination of Co,Cu, Cu, Ni, Fe and Hg in drinking and natural waters with using of immobilized organical reagent has been elaborated . This sorbtion - spectroskopical method has allowed to determine abovementioned metals in drinking and natural waters on the level n x 10-6 - n x 10'3 % and also to decrease the limitof their determination . Rightness of elaborated methods was proved by method “introduced - determined” at analysis of some real abjects and also by comparison with data obtained by atom -absorbtion method.
9. Elaborated methods were aprobated at analysis of real objects and were introduced in practics of laboratories by investigation of surface waters NYSMY; SES (sanepidemic station) of Tashkent region and Bekabad; department of radiopreparates of INP (Institute of nucleur physies) and others. Some obtained experimental data have been introduced in educational process at reading of lectures , carring out seminars and labaratory works with bachelors and masters by courses : “Analysis of environment objects”; “Optical methods of analysis “ ; “Physical methods of analysis “ ; “ Metrology statistics and computer in analytical chemistry” on the departments ofNUUz ; SamSU; Term.SV Tash.Pharm.1.
Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Researches of human population genomic variety and scenarios of its genetic pool formation arc one of perspective directions of modem genetics. Prompt progress in this field has allowed defining the basic routes of continents settlement. However the information about Central Asian (CA) populations even on «classical» genetic markers has accidental, fragmentary character, and requires additional large-scale investigations. Besides, according to historical, archeological, paleontological and some anthropogenetic studies, given region was playing certain role in ancient moving of modem human ancestors throughout Eurasian continent. Therefore it is extremely important to summarize and perform complex assessment of new and collected data on Central Asian populations as practically there arc no multivariate analyses studies of given region as a complex population system.
In studies of human population genetic structure arc usually used various approaches allowing understanding concept of populations subdivision and character of genetic relationships between them. Among these techniques the prominent place belongs to approaches based on an assessment of genetic distances between populations with their subsequent analysis by multivariate statistics methods. For even more compelling picture of the relationships between the populations on tree diagram we composed «the genetic landscape» of area, where the description of population genetic structure is presented by equally spaced figures consistently consolidating populations according to their genetic distances from each other and thus creating a genetic landscape. This approach is not only a tool for elementary population boundary detection, but also can be effectively used for identification of borders and sizes of population as naturalistic unit.
Multigcnctic landscape is a collection of different genetic systems which arc specific to the region and ethnic groups, which have their geographical areas, their geographical, historical and cultural boundaries. Gene flows arc run through these conventional boundaries, but they arc less intense than in the limits of area. These limits arc ambiguous and fluid, but it is real. You can identify them by studying, for example, the structure of marriage migration. Therefore anthropogenesis of different populations will inevitably differ from each other. Ethnogenetic composition tends to change over time, from generation to generation, and hence there is a need to understand the structure of the genepool, not only at a given time, but also in the study of genetic processes that form and reform the gcncpooL In this regard, the studying of multigcnctic landscapes is in close contact with the demographics, medical and genetic ecology, anthropology, ethnology, archeology and history of the peoples, that is, with a range of areas, not only natural, but also the humanities knowleges.
Study of genomic diversity is important not only to address questions of origin and genetic history of different ethnic groups, but is also the basis for molecular epidemiology of hereditary and multifactor diseases. Each region is characterized by a specific set of common genetically determined diseases. To understand the causes of the prevalence of disease in different regions, and to develop approaches to their early DNA diagnosis and effective prevention, initially it is necessary to conduct population-based studies, which determine the development of the disease.
Purpose of research is to implement a comprehensive description of the structure of indigenous Central Asian populations genetic pool, examine demographic, phylogenetic and evolutionary features of Central Asian populations through the analysis of genetic variety of mtDNA, Y-chromosomal (NRY), autosomal, X-chromosomal microsatcllites and immunogcnetic variants of Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) and hepatitis В virus (HB V).
To achieve this goal the following tasks of research is solved:
specification of immunogcnetic variants of H.pylori and HBV, allocated at the patients in Central Asian region, with the subsequent comparative phylogenetic analysis of H.pylori and HBV regional versions with those in other regions of the world;
examination of genetic variety and degree of genetic differentiation of Central Asian populations according to classical population-genetic objects -polymorphisms of mtDNA, Y-chromosomal, autosomal and X- chromosomal STRs;
assessment of the Western and East-Eurasian lines of population inheritance contribution to Central Asian populations’ genetic pool at regional, ethnic, sub-cthnic levels and in a level of elementary populations;
reviewing of character of regional populations relationships by genetic variety of mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal STRs markers in view of ethnographic, social and linguistic data;
evaluation of sex-specific genetic structure and the social organization according to polymorphisms of mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal markers in the region;
determination of ancient ways of migrations and scripts of formation of Central Asian populations according to mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal STRs markers and immunogcnetic variants of H.pylori and HBV',
evaluation of ethnogenetic position of studied Central Asian populations in the system of genetic pools of Eurasia and the world in general through comparative analysis of all studied population-genetic parameters.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
for the first time was performed a study of genetic pool structure of 26 Central Asian populations from 6 ethnic groups as complete population systems using a wide range of genetic objects;
for the first time was made an assessment of informativeness of each type of genetic subjects. For the first time was received detailed characteristic of genetic pool structure of indigenous Central Asian population on the basis of variability lines of the spectrum of genetical objects;
for the first time was defined the ratio of Westem-and the East-Eurasian lines in a genepool of Central Asian population and were made an assessments of genetic variety level and genetic differentiation degree of regional populations as a whole;
for the first time phylogenetic analysis of major haplogroups of investigated genetic subjects was conducted;
for the first time the position of Central Asian population in population genetic pool system of surrounding regions and Eurasia in the whole was studied;
for the first time the evolutionary-adaptable mechanisms, necessary in the forecast of formations of multigenic pathologies in region were studied at 6 ethnoses of Central Asian.
CONCLUSION
1. H.pylori from Central Asian territory is similar to Western Europe isolates, and shaped by two ancestral populations genotype Ancestral Europe 1 (dominant) and Ancestral Europe2 and for AE1-genotype Central Asian region probably is the source. H.pylori from the territory of Central Asia form a separate cluster group: close relationship of Tadjik, Uzbek strains and Iranian isolates from the north of Iran is established. Kirghiz isolates were found to be closer to populations from territory of Siberia.
2. High diversity of HBV genotypes in Central Asia was found -4 genotypes (A, C, D, and G). Phylogenetic analysis of Central Asian genotype HBV-with options for other regions of the world showed a close relationship between the dominant genotype D (0,78), the D1-subtype with variants of the virus in Europe, the Middle East and Africa.
3. The rates of genetic affinity for STR-NRY in Kazakhs, Turkmens, Karakalpaks Turtkul at the level of the same lineage were high: 0,58 (p<0,001); 0,34 (p<0,01) and 0,77 (p<0,001), respectively. The coefficients of relationship at the level of clan for Kazakhs, Turkmens, Uzbeks and Karakalpaks from Kungrad and Turtkul were lower: 0,30 (r<0,01); 0,21 (p<0,001) and 0,40 (r<0,001); 0,07 (p<0,05) and 0,09 (p<0,05), respectively. At the level of the tribe, the indicators were negative for all Turkic populations: -0,02 (r<0,05);-0,04 (r<0,001);-0,07 (p<0,01); -0,0011 (r<0,1) and -0,10 (r<0,01), respectively.
4. The analysis of mtDNA HVS-1 showed that total rate of differentiation level for all populations was low: FST=0,013; p<0,0001. Level of diversity between groups was 0,6% (p<0,001) of the total variability. Parameter of genetic differences between Turkic and Indo-Iranian populations made 0,55% (p<0,0283) of the total genetic variability. The rate of genetic differentiation on a sub-ethnic level was significantly expressed in Indo-Iranian group (FST=0,0197;r<0,001) than among the Turkic-speaking (0,3%; p=0,10). In all populations, in general, wasn‟t detected the correlation between genetic and geographic distances at the global level on mtDNA HVS-1: r=0,00682; p=0,502.
5. Analysis of STR-NRY showed that the level of the genetic differentiation between ethnic groups was 5,6% (p<0,02); general differentiation between populations made RST=0,186 (p<0,001). Combined analysis, taking into account the language and way of life of Turkic and Indo Iranian populations, showed the general differences between the two groups – 9,1% Value of genetic differentiation when comparing the ethnos-ethnos was slightly lower than the level within ethnos: 5,6% among ethnic groups, 18,6%, and 13,7%-between populations within the ethnic group.
6. Analysis of heterozygosity (H) and the average number of pairwise differences (p) of mtDNA, were high in nomadic populations (av.H=0,99; av.p=5,29) and farmer populations (av.H=0,99; av.p=5,32). Heterozygosity (H) on Y- chromosome was lower in nomadic groups than in the agrarian – 0,86 and 0,99,respectively (p<0,01). Nomadic populations exhibit a higher level of population differentiation (RST) in comparison with farmers - 0,19 and 0,06, respectively (p<0,01). Indicators of population growth (r) were lower in nomadic populations compared with farmers - 1,004 and 1,008, respectively (p=0,056).
7. The level of genetic differentiation in all ethnic groups was higher on the Y chromosome in comparison with mtDNA. The farming populations showed no significant difference in the genetic differentiation FST (Y)=0,069 and FST (mtDNA)=0,034, while among patrilineal nomadic population the level of genetic diversity was higher in the male line of inheritance - FST(Y)=0,177 and FST (mtDNA)=0,010. Genetic diversity of population structure in patrilineal nomads on autosomal and X-linked markers were: FST (A)=0,008 (0,006-0,010) and FST (X)=0,011 (0,001-0,004) (H0: FST(A)=FST(X); H1: FST(A)>FST(X); p=0,02). In bilinear farmer populations the differences of autosomal and X-chromosomal markers were insignificant: FST (A)=0,014 (0,012-0,016) and FST (X)=0,013 (0,008-0,018 at p=0,36).
8. Analysis of mtDNA indicated that the age of expansion on the territory of Eurasia (τw) declined significantly from East to West (r=0,72; p<0,001). The age of expansion had a pronounced tendency to decrease from 30 thousand years in China to 17 thousand years in Western Europe. Age of expansion in Central Asia amounted to 26 thousand years. Results of expansion analysis on NRY also show a decrease in genetic diversity from the East to the West of Eurasia (r=0,49; p<0,001). In Central Asia this age was 16 thousand yrs. According STRs-NRYBatwing analysis of the minimal age of Uzbek population origin was 1232,71 yrs old (Ne=14088 (6765-23942); α=0,0108 (0,0065-0,0155)).
9. The apportionment of multilocus genetic variations among ethnic and linguistic groups of Central Asian populations showed that more than 98% of all variations were within the population (p<0,0001). Evaluation of the ethnic and linguistic affiliations in the observed variations showed reliable conformity - FST=0,007; p<0,0001 and FST=0,011; p<0,0001, respectively. We didn‟t find evidence of geographical isolation within each of the Turkic and Indo Iranian groups of populations (p=0,363 and p=0,772, respectively).
10. Analysis of multilocus allelic diversity (AR) and heterozygosity (He) showed differences among the Central Asian and other populations in allelic variety (χ2 =105,29; d.f.=25; p<0,0001) and heterozygosity (χ2=67,98; d.f.=25; p<0,0001). Population differentiation at multilocus analysis at populations of Central Asia is more pronounced than in the other regions of Eurasia: in European and Middle Eastern groups pairwise estimation of FST ranged from 0,011 to 0,015 and -0,008-0,021, respectively; in East-Asian groups from -0,011 to 0,046; and finally, in Central Asia these rates ranged from -0,004 to 0,056. Heterozygosity was significantly higher in the group of the Indo-Iranian populations than among Turkic-speaking (He=0,818 and He=0,787, respectively; Z=-4, 55; p<0,0001). According to multilocus analysis all 26 Central Asian populations slightly but significantly differed (FST=0,015; CI99%=0,011-0,018; p<0,01).
ВВЕДЕНИЕ 3
ГЛАВА I. ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ ОБУЧЕНИЯ
ПОСЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬНОЙ ПЕРЕВОДЧЕСКОЙ
ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ СТУДЕНТОВ ЯЗЫКОВЫХ ВУЗОВ 11
1.1. Различные подходы к трактовке перевода и особенности устного перевода 11
1.2. Лингвистические особенности текстов для обучения последовательной переводческой деятельности 26
1.3. Лингводидактические особенности развития компетенций последова-тельного переводчика и психолингвистические особенности последовате-льного перевода 38
Выводы по первой главе 55
ГЛАВА II. СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ОБУЧЕНИЯ
ПОСЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬНОЙ ПЕРЕВОДЧЕСКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ СТУДЕНТОВ ЯЗЫКОВЫХ ВУЗОВ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ УЗБЕКИСТАН..58
2.1. Анализ Государственного образовательного стандарта, учебных программ и учебников в плане исследуемой проблемы 58
2.2. Изучение, обобщение опыта обучения последовательному переводу студентов языковых вузов 66
2.3. Уровень владения навыками последовательного перевода студентами языковых вузов 71
2.4. Использование информационно-коммуникационных технологий в обучении последовательному переводу студентов языковых вузов и в совершенствовании комплекса упражнений для обучения последовательному переводу 85
Выводы по второй главе 117
ГЛАВА III. МЕТОДИКА ОБУЧЕНИЯ ПОСЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬНОМУ
ПЕРЕВОДУ СТУДЕНТОВ ЯЗЫКОВЫХ ВУЗОВ 119
3.1. Цель, задачи, организация и проведение экспериментального обучения 119
3.2. Качественный и количественный анализ результатов экспериментального обучения 128
3.3. Методические рекомендации по обучению последовательному переводу студентов языковых вузов с учетом критериев отбора текстов 137
Выводы по третьей главе 148
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ 149
СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ 151
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ 167
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
Актуальность и востребованность темы диссертации. Потребность в практическом переводе растет в мире по мере углубления процесса глобализации и расширения межэтнических отношений. Понимание межъязыковой и межкультурной коммуникации в профессиональной подготовке переводчиков, анализ переводческой практики, разграничение жанровых особенностей, формирование и развитие переводческих способностей, расширение терминологии, анализ переводческих вмешательств, развитие профессиональных качеств, справка и комментарии к зарубежной специализированной литературе по переводу важно провести исследования для улучшения стандарта обучения.
В мире особое внимание уделяется углублению научных исследований на основе таких задач, как повышение качества перевода, развитие профессиональной этики, обучение за счет психофизиологических навыков, грамотное решение задач межкультурного общения, улучшение подготовки переводчиков в реальных ситуациях. В связи с этим формирование рефлексивных, коммуникативных, профессиональных, лингвистических, прагматических и межкультурных коммуникативных компетенций переводчиков при последовательномпереводе, анализ переводческой практики, расширение терминологии, выявление лексических, технических, психологических трудностей, а также двуязычия, многоязычия, коннотации, Приоритет отдается исследованиям трансформации, интерференции, эквивалентности, конвергенции, анализа (воображение) и синтеза (речь), формирования межъязыковой и межкультурной коммуникации, а также совершенствования жанровых и психолингвистических особенностей.
В нашей стране в результате реформ, основанных на развитии международных отношений, коренное реформирование системы образования, организация образовательного процесса в соответствии с общемировыми образовательными стандартами и национальными ценностями усиливает потребность в переводчиках. В Послании Президента Республики Олий Мажлису подчеркнуто: «Мы и в дальнейшем будем придавать приоритетное значение глубокому изучению английского и других иностранных языков. Вместе с тем наладим широкомасштабную работу по подготовке и повышению квалификации кадров по востребованным в нашей стране специальностям» [1]. При этом имеют важное значение лингводидактические особенности обучения последовательному переводу, составные и обоснованные характеристики компетенции переводчика относительно учебного процесса, авторская модель обучения, реализация обучения и интерактивных методов обучения с использованием общих, особенных и педагогических принципов, информационных технологий.
Данное диссертационное исследование в определенной степени служит реализации задач, обозначенных в Указе Президента Республики Узбекистан №УП-4947 от 7 февраля 2017 года «О Стратегии действий по дальнейшему развитию Республики Узбекистан» [2], в Указах Президента Республики Узбекистан №УП-5847 от 8 октября 2019 года «Об утверждении Концепции развития системы высшего образования Республики Узбекистан до 2030 года» [3], №УП-5763 от 11 июля 2019 года «О мерах по реформированию управления в сфере высшего и среднего специального образования» [4], в Постановлениях Президента Республики Узбекистан №ПП-2909 от 20 апреля 2017 года «О мерах по дальнейшему развитию системы высшего образования» [5], №ПП-3775 от 5 июня 2018 года “О дополнительных мерах по повышению качества образования в высших образовательных учреждениях и обеспечению их активного участия в осуществляемых в стране широкомасштабных реформах” [6], №УП-4391 от 11 июля 2019 года “О мерах по внедрению новых принципов управления в систему высшего и среднего специального образования” [7], в Постановлениях Кабинета Министров Республики Узбекистан №174 от 24 мая 2016 года "О мерах по закупке зарубежной учебной и научной литературы для системы высшего образования" [8], №816 от 10 октября 2018 год “Об обеспечении высших образовательных учреждений учебной литературой»[9], а также других нормативно-правовых актах, касающихся данной деятельности.
Соответствие исследования с приоритетными направлениями развития науки и технологий республики. Диссертация выполнена в рамках приоритетного направления развития науки и технологий Республики I.« Духовно-нравственное и культурное развитие демократического и правового общества, формирование инновационной экономики».
Степень изученности проблемы. Проблемами изучения перевода и преподавания перевода в Узбекистане занимались И.Гафуров, Ж.Шарипов, Н.Камбаров, Г.Саломов, О.Муминов, Э.Муратова, К.Мусаев, И.Тухтасинов, У.Йулдашев, Г.Ирмухамедова и другие ученые [92, 156, 110, 142, 46, 48, 134, 148, 108, 35].
Г.Бакиева, Л.Ахмедова, М.Джусупов, Д.Джуманова, Д.Хашимова, М.Ирискулов, Э.Эркаев, М.Назарова, Ф.Абдуллаева, Н.Бабаниязова [12, 80, 97, 96, 150, 107, 159, 50, 74, 82] и другие ученые проводили исследования в области методики обучения иностранным языкам.
Вопросы подготовки будущих переводчиков в странах СНГ изучали такие ученые, как Е.Аликина, Н.Гавриленко, А.Гребенщикова, Л.Бархударов, В.Сафонова, О.Максютина, И.Алексеева, С.Гураль, Б.Комиссаров [77, 90, 94, 84, 143, 124, 76, 95, 112].
Дж.Кэтфорд, Э.Найда, Дж.Ричардс, К.Бринклекс, С.Колина, Д.Жиль [19, 49, 58, 17, 22, 29] занимались обучением методам последовательного перевода в европейских странах.
Связь диссертационного исследования с планами научно-исследовательских работ высшего образовательного или научно-исследовательского учреждения, где выполнена диссертация. Исследование диссертации проводилось в рамках исследовательского проекта Узбекского государственного университета мировых языков «Исследования, научная и творческая работа среди докторантов, независимых исследователей и студентов».
Цель исследования состоит в выявлении лингводидактических особенностей обучения последовательному переводу студентов языковых вузов, а также разработка предложений и рекомендаций по совершенствованию методики обучения последовательному переводу с родного языка на английский и с английского на родной.
Задачи исследования:
изучить подходы к переводческому процессу и сравнить особенности последовательного и синхронного перевода через уровни процесса перевода;
определить лингводидактические особенности обучения последовательному переводу посредством изучения компетенций последовательного переводчика;
выявить психолингвистические особенности последовательного перевода и определить необходимые психофизиологические навыки студентов;
выявить и уточнить трудности, испытываемые переводчиком на каждом этапе процесса последовательного перевода;
определить критерии отбора текстов с учетом их лингвистических особенностей в обучении последовательному переводу;
организовать педагогические опытно-экспериментальные работы, провести их, разработать рекомендации по результатам исследования и усовершенствовать методику обучения последовательному переводу студентов языковых вузов.
В качестве объекта исследования обозначен процесс обучения последовательному переводу студентов языковых вузов, к опытно-экспериментальным работам привлечено 222 студента по направлению «Теория и практика перевода» Узбекского государственного университета мировых языков, Каракалпакского государственного университета им. Бердаха, Самаркандского государственного института иностранных языков.
Предмет исследования: лингводидактическое содержание, формы, средства обучения последовательному переводу студентов языковых вузов.
Методы исследования. В диссертации применен комплекс методов, направленных на обеспечение эффективного изучения: теоретические (аналитико-статистический, сравнительно-сопоставительный, аналогия, моделирование), диагностические (опросы, беседа, анкета, наблюдение, проектирующие методики), прогностические (экспертное оценивание, обобщение самостоятельных оценок), педагогический эксперимент и математические методы (статистическая обработка данных, графическое изображение результатов и другие).
Научная новизна исследования заключается в следующем:
общие, отличные (классификация, временной интервал, оборудование, переводческая деятельность, действия, коммуникация) и схожие (форма, усвоение, сопоставление, реальная коммуникация, общность навыков) особенности синхронного и последовательного перевода определены через уровни оценки качества перевода (микро-, мезо- и макроуровень);
своеобразные лингводидактические особенности обучения последовательному переводу (прагматические, лексико-семантические, коммуникативные, психофизиологические, социокультурные, технические) выявлены через развитие психофизиологических данных(громкость и четкость речи, устойчивость к стрессовым ситуациям, удерживание в оперативной памяти основного содержания фразы и др.) студентов;
лингвистические, психологические и технические трудности речевых навыков уточнены по ситуационным факторам через этапы последовательного перевода (начальный, ключевой, переходный, этап синтеза, итоговый);
на основе методики отбора целевых специальных текстов и ситуационного анализа усовершенствована методика обучения двустороннему последовательному переводу с родного языка на английский язык и с английского языка на родной язык.
Практические результаты исследования состоят из нижеследующего:
на основе психофизиологических особенностей последовательного переводчика усовершенствован комплекс упражнений с содержанием, ориентированным на последовательный перевод, а также критерии отбора специальных текстов;
разработан план тренинговых занятий для переводчиков с содержанием, ориентированным на последовательный перевод;
разработано методическое обеспечение обучения последовательному переводу гидов-переводчиков.
Достоверность результатов исследования определяется использованием результатов отечественных и зарубежных ученых и практиков в сфере педагогического образования и методологии теории познания; применением источников, соответствующих задачам исследования, взаимно дополняющих друг друга методов исследования; анализом опытно-экспериментальных работ и качественному и количественному обеспечению результатов исследования.
Научная и практическая значимость результатов исследования. Научная значимость результатов исследования состоит в описании психолингвистических особенностей последовательной переводческой деятельности и подходов к процессу перевода, критериев отбора текстов с учетом их лингвистических особенностей при обучении последовательному переводу, а также в изучении компетенций последовательного переводчика.
Практическая значимость исследования определяется тем, что при разработке учебников, учебных пособий, учебных программ в высших образовательных учреждениях можно использовать план тренинговых занятий для переводчиков с содержанием последовательного перевода, методическое обеспечение и комплекс упражнений по обучению последовательному переводу гидов-переводчиков.
Внедрение результатов исследования. На основе методических и практических предложений, разработанных по лингводидактическим особенностям обучения последовательному переводу студентов языковых вузов:
научные новшества, касающиеся общих, различных и аналогичных функций синхронного и последовательного перевода, были использованы при подготовке специальных материалов для обучения последовательному переводу гидов-переводчиков музея Олимпийской Славы (справка № 02-07-08-1926 Министерства физической культуры и спорта от 6 июля 2020 года). В результате разработана разработка тренингов по содержанию последовательного перевода для переводчиков, которая дает возможность более точно оценить качество перевода на микро-, мезо- и макроуровне и повысить качество последовательного перевода;
своеобразные лингводидактические особенности обучения последовательному переводу, выявленных на основе развития психофизиологических данных студентов использованы в практическом проекте А-1-209 «Создание учебников и учебных пособий на английском языке по теоретическим дисциплинам в магистратуре (английский язык) с точки зрения межкультурно-коммуникативного подхода и создание узбекско-англо-русского словаря лингвистических терминов» (справка № 89-03-4459 Министерства высшего и среднего специального образования от18 ноября 2019года). В результате возможности повышения качества перевода и его оценки были расширены за счет улучшения этапов процесса последовательного перевода;
ситуационные факторы лингвистических, психологических и технических трудностей речевых навыков, выявленные на этапах последовательного перевода 6.1. Совершенствование модуля современных тенденций в переводе и обучении (справка № 10-05/65 Республиканского научно-практического центра развития инновационных методик обучения иностранным языкам при Узбекском государственном университете мировых языков от 8 июня 2020 года). В результате, было обогащено содержание учебных курсов для учителей;
при подготовке материалов для методического обеспечения гидов- переводчиков и экскурсоводов использованы рекомендации по методике обучения двустороннему последовательному переводу с родного языка на английский и с английского на родной язык, усовершенствованные на основе методики выделения целевых специальных текстов и ситуационного анализа (справка № 02-22/7465 Государственного комитета Республики Узбекистан по развитию туризма от 11 октября 2019 года). В результате обогащено методическое обеспечение обучения гидов-переводчиков последовательному переводу, появилась возможность повысить профессиональную активность гидов-переводчиков и экскурсоводов.
Апробация результатов исследования. Результаты настоящего исследования обсуждались на 7 международных и 8 республиканских научно-практических конференциях.
Опубликованность результатов исследования. По теме диссертации всего опубликовано 23 научные работы, из них 8 статей в научных изданиях, рекомендованных Высшей аттестационной комиссией Республики Узбекистан для публикации основных научных достижений диссертации, из которых издано 7 - в республиканских, 1 - в зарубежных журналах.
Структура и объём диссертации. Диссертация состоит из введения, трёх глав, заключения, списка использованной литературы и приложений. Основной текст (объём) диссертации составляет 150 страниц.
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
В результате исследований, проведённых по диссертации доктора философии (PhD) по педагогическим наукам на тему «Лингводидактические особенности обучения последовательному переводу студентов языковых вузов» представлены следующие выводы:
The aim of the study is to development of an algorithm for managing pregnancy and childbirth by studying the functional state of the mother-placenta-fetus system in pregnant women who have undergone COVID-19 in different trimesters of pregnancy.
The object of the study was 105 pregnant women who, were treated at the Samarkand Regional Perinatal Center and a specialized maternity center for pregnant women with COVID-19
Тhe scientific novelty of the research consists of the followings: for the first time in pregnant women infected with COVID-19, a relationship was established between the course of pregnancy, childbirth, the postpartum period and the development of complications depending on the trimester and severity of the disease; a direct correlation has been established between the state of the vessels of the mother-placenta-fetus system (resistance and pulsation indices, Endothelin-1 indicators), disorders in the hemostasis system (D-dimer, platelet aggregation) and the clinical course of the disease in pregnant women who underwent COVID-19; it has been established for the first time that the developed scale for assessing risk factors for non-developing pregnancy in women infected with COVID-19 (age, BMI, obstetric history, gestation period, hemostasis system status, endothelial function and severity of the disease) can serve as a prognostic marker of the degree of risk of pregnancy complications; it was proved for the first time that the choice of effective therapy for restoring hemodynamics in the mother-placenta-fetus system, in women who underwent COVID-19 at different stages of pregnancy, leads to a decrease in the number of thrombophilic complications.
Implementation of the research results. The results of the scientific research were introduced into the practical activities of the Samarkand Regional Perinatal Center by Order No. 128/1 of 01.09.2022 and the Samarkand City Maternity Complex No. 1 by order No. 58/1 of 03.10.2022. In pregnant women who underwent COVID-19 at different periods of pregnancy, changes in the mother-placenta-fetus system were determined using simple and effective research methods, such as ultrasound and Dopplerography, and this saved 53,000 soums; obstetricians and gynecologists, as well as neonatologists and therapists, are needed to diagnose signs of complications in the echocartin, that is, it has been proven that there is no need for other highly qualified specialists for this, due to the lack of need to train new personnel, state budget funds have been saved. With early detection of disorders in the hemostasis system in pregnant women with COVID-19: the period of stay of patients in the hospital was reduced from 10.5 days to 7.5 days and the number of hospital bed days was reduced; due to the reduction of the period of stay in the hospital for several days, the number of necessary drugs was reduced (on average, drugs are used for 1 day in the amount of 130,000 soums). Examination of pregnant women infected with viral diseases using simple and effective research methods such as ultrasound and Dopplerography served to save 85,000 soums: in the early stages up to 16 (10-11 weeks. - fetometry), 19-21, 32-34, 38-40 weeks of pregnancy; due to the absence of the need to use other research methods, it was possible to reduce costs by 23.5%; early detection of changes in the hemostasis system and endothelial dysfunction using fast, budgetary and effective research methods, contributed to the prevention of possible pregnancy complications, as well as the absence of the need to use long-term and expensive research methods, and this saved 106 000 soums: the coagulogram was checked in 105 (100%) patients, time was saved and efficiency was increased; endothelin-1 was also determined in 105 (100%) patients, efficiency was increased by 78.6%.
Improving the functionality of blood circulation in the uteroplacental and fetal-placental systems, a comprehensive analysis of possible complications during pregnancy and childbirth in women who have had viral infections, improving diagnostic, preventive and prognostic measures for managing pregnancy and childbirth contributed to the birth of live, full-term and healthy newborns in women who experienced COVID-19 during pregnancy, as well as a decrease in maternal mortality and perinatal mortality, 43% of women underwent rehabilitation in the postpartum period, 23.8% of women who underwent severe COVID-19 improved their quality of life.
To introduce scientific novelty on the topic “The impact of COVID-19 on the state of hemodynamics in the mother-placenta-fetus system in pregnant women”, a letter was sent to the Ministry of Health from Samarkand State Medical University on November 9, 2022 under No. 4295 (Conclusion of the Ministry of Health No. 8 n-z / 679 of December 15, 2022).
The structure and volume of the dissertation. The content of the dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters, conclusion, list of used references. The volume of the dissertation consists of 113 pages.
The aim of the research work is to improve the results of surgical treatment of chronic anterior-medial dislocations of the radial head in children based on the improvement of the method of surgical treatment.
The object of the study was 83 patients with chronic antero-medial dislocations of the head of the radius, treated in the department of the consequences of childhood injuries of the Samarkand branch of the RSSPMC of Traumatology and Orthopedics for the period 2017-2020. The scientific novelty of the research work is the following: it is proved by histological examination that, in case of injuries from up to 1 month ago, the anterior wall of the joint capsule is thin and elastic, which is easily stretched, and from 3 months ago, it thickens, scars and forms fibrous tissue; the possibility of using a fibrous-modified joint capsule for annular ligament plasty in the surgical treatment of chronic antero-medial dislocations of the radial head from 3 months ago was proved; the tactics of surgical treatment of chronic antero-medial dislocations of the head of the radius depending on the deformity of the bones of the forearm were determined; a direct relationship between the results of surgical treatment of chronic antero-medial dislocations of the head of the radius, depending on the duration of the injury, has been proven.
The introduction of research results. Based on the obtained scientific results on the optimization of surgical treatment of chronic antero-medial dislocations of the radial head in children:
based on the results of the development of a method for annular ligament plasty, a patent for an invention was obtained from the Intellectual Property Agency of the Russian Federation “A method for the surgical treatment of chronic anterior medial dislocation of the radial head in children by capsuloplasty according” (patent № 2749870 dated 06/17/2021). The results obtained made it possible to improve the results of surgical treatment, to reduce the period of penetration in the hospital and after the surgical rehabilitation period; based on the results of scientific research on the surgical treatment of chronic anterior medial dislocations of the radial head, the guidelines “Surgical treatment of chronic dislocations of the radial head in children” were approved (Conclusion of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan 8 n-z / 81 dated February 21, 2022). The results obtained have improved the quality of early diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic anterior medial dislocations of the radial head in children; based on the results of scientific research on the surgical treatment of chronic antero-medial dislocations of the head of the radius, the methodological recommendations “Conclusion of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan 8 n-z / 289 of August 31, 2021” were approved. The results obtained have improved the quality of early diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic anterior medial dislocations of the radial head in children;
Scientific results have been introduced into the practice of healthcare (Conclusion of the Ministry of Health 08-32955 of October 24, 2022), in particular, the Samarkand branch of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics, the Bukhara branch of the Republican Scientific Center for Emergency Medical Care, and the Samarkand Regional Children's Multidisciplinary Medical Center. The proposed method for the treatment of chronic anterior-medial dislocations of the radial head in children allowed to reduce the frequency of relapses, increase excellent and good results from 75.6% to 92.9%.
The structure and scope of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, 5 chapters, conclusion, conclusions, practical recommendations, a list of references and applications. The volume of the dissertation is 109 pages.
The aim of the research work is to improve the results of treatment of patients with combined injuries of the pelvis and femur, by developing tactical and technical aspects based on the severity of the injury and the severity of the condition.
The object of the study was 130 patients with injuries of the pelvic and hip bones with concomitant trauma, treated at the Republican Scientific Center for Emergency Medical Aid and its Samarkand branch for the period 2016-2021 years.
The scientific novelty of the research work is the following: the structure and frequency of combined injuries of the pelvis and femur in the general structure of injuries, in the structure of injuries to the pelvis and femur separately were evaluated. the risk factors for the development of unsatisfactory results of treatment of concomitant injuries of the pelvis and hip, based on traditional clinical and diagnostic standards, have been determined; a direct relationship has been proven in the dynamics of the condition of the victims and the prognosis, taking into account the type and nature of segmental injuries; the device for external fixation for stable functional minimally invasive osteosynthesis has been improved and the possibility of expanding the indications for surgical treatment for combined injuries of the pelvis and hip in the early period of traumatic disease has been proved; the technical advantages of a complete set of an improved rod device for external fixation have been proved, the pelvic and femoral versions of which make it possible to use them for effective stabilization of the pelvis and hip separately during anti-shock measures, and for the final reposition of bone fragments; the direct dependence of treatment results on the proposed tactics of providing trauma care at an early hospital stage, depending on the type, nature, severity of pelvic and hip injuries, and the severity of the condition has been proved.
The introduction of research results. Based on the results of scientific research to improve the surgical aspects of providing assistance to victims with concomitant injuries of the pelvis and femur: based on the results of the development of a device for the treatment of fractures, a patent for an invention was obtained from the Intellectual Property Agency of the Russian Federation "Apparatus for the treatment of combined fractures of the pelvic and hip bones" (patent No. 2749897 dated 06/18/2020). The results obtained made it possible to improve the tactics of surgical treatment of patients, to shorten the period of hospitalization and the period of postoperative rehabilitation, to ensure the possibility of patients with minimal economic costs; on the basis of the results of scientific research on the diagnosis and treatment of concomitant injuries of the pelvic and femur bones, methodological recommendations were approved "Method for the treatment of victims with concomitant injuries of the pelvis and hip, depending on the severity" (Conclusion of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 8 n-z / 288 dated August 31, 2021 of the year). The results obtained made it possible to improve the quality of wound diagnosis and rehabilitation of patients with injuries of the pelvic and hip bones in concomitant injury; approved methodological recommendations "Tactics of rendering assistance to victims with combined injuries of the pelvis and hip, taking into account the severity of the condition" (Conclusion of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 8 n-z / 288 of August 31, 2020). The results obtained made it possible to improve the tactical and technical aspects in the treatment of injuries to the pelvic and hip bones, based on the severity of the injury and the severity of the patient's condition.
Scientific results have been introduced into the practical activities of healthcare, in particular, the Samarkand branch of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics, the Jizzakh Branch of the Republican Scientific Center for Emergency Medical Aid, the Samarkand branch of the Republican Scientific Center for Emergency Medical Aid (certificate of the Ministry of Health No. 08-09 / 18979 dated December 02, 2021). The proposed tactics for the treatment of combined injuries of the pelvis and femur made it possible to reduce the incidence of postoperative complications of excellent and good long-term functional results from 66.1% to 92.6%.
The structure and scope of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters, conclusions, practical recommendations, a list of referencesand applications. The volume of the text material of the work is 111 pages.
Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Various techniques of hybridization arc used in crop breeding, including cotton to produce a wide variability in agronomical valuable traits and develop new forms.
Regardless of its implementation hybridization process leads heredity decoding which allow the new plastic genotypes formation with an ability to change and adapt to the new conditions. Hybridization and selection arc considered as a main synthetic method of new varieties development and a success in this largely depends on the choice of crosses method and genotypes of initial forms. Therefore, there is given a special attention for studying the genetic basis and improving of hybridization methods. However, based on the most widely used of hybridization methods arc not always possible to develop varieties having high parameters of composite agronomical traits. Many developed varieties as a result of breeding methods arc genetically become homogeneous, which leads to a reduction of genetic variation and increasing of risk of cpiphytoty outbreaks and decreasing of total productivity (Boroycvich, 1981). Therefore, it is necessary to increase the genetic variability of crops’ agronomic traits by involving of original forms, as well as wild relatives of crops with genetic resistance to various stress factors, diseases and pests.
In increase cotton production through the creation of early maturing, high-yielding having good fiber yield and quality, resistant to various diseases, pests and stress factors, as well as with low level or toxic gossypol in cotton seeds still remain as critical problem in cotton production.
To overcome these problems there need to improving of genetic basis for assessment of existing donors and through the use of various hybridization methods to create new enriched genotypes, promoting positive recombination of polygene in hybrid’ organism for use in applied cotton breeding. Based on the above stated, the study of the genetic aspects of various methods of remote composite intraspecific and interspecific hybridization, based on the comparative evaluation of the effectiveness in order to isolate valuable recombinants and transgressive forms having new genetic variability of traits arc important both scientific and practical point of view.
The dissertation meets the objectives as set out in the Lows of Uzbekistan «On Seed Production» of December by 21, 2007 and «On Breeding achievements» by August 21, 2002 directed to developing and introduction of high-yielding cotton varieties, with a good yield and fiber quality, tolerance to various factors, as well as improving seed production.
Purpose of researches is comparative study of effectiveness of the various methods of intraspecific composite, convergent and inter-specific (3 to 5 species) hybridization revealing the nature of inheritance, form shaping and transgressive variation of traits, total and (+)-gossypol in creation of genetically enriched breeding material and for using in the applied cotton breeding.
Scientific novelty of the dissertation research is follows:
in the system of topcrosscs there used genetic evaluation for combining ability of main agronomic traits cotton varieties with different origins for further using in intraspecific composite and convergent hybridizations;
there established principally dominant inheritance and overdominance type of inheritance (with deviation toward the initial forms with the high agronomic traits) in F| at composite intra-and interspecific hybridization which genetically distinct accessions from the local and foreign selection and wide transgressive variability in F2-F3, facilitating to efficient selection of valuable recombinants;
first identified the inheritance nature and variability of total and (+)-gossypol in the cotton hybrids’ generative parts, developed by involving of American accessions with high (+)- gossypol and local varieties, as well as their correlation with some agronomical valuable traits;
first there held comparative study of economic traits at the different forms of amphidiploid G.thurheri x G.raimondii K-58 (hirsutum type) and K-59 (type harhadense) for free reproduction and after crossing the cultural forms of G.hirsutum L. species, it was established a wide range of variation of agronomic traits at mutant form of K-59 and composite hybrids, derived from it’s participation as compared to K-58 amphidiploid and it’s composite hybrids. It was found out those two types (type G.hirsutum K-58 and type G.harhadense K-59) of amphidiploid G.thurheri x G.raimondii at the free reproduction exhibits similarities with the both cultural tctraploid species; G.hirsutum L. and G.harhadense L., respectively. When they crossed with the cultivated G.hirsutum L. species these amphidiploid forms also behave as natural tctraploids;
it is revealed that, at the composite hybrids produced with the participation of the both forms of amphidiploid (K-58 and K-59) G.thurheri Tod. x G.raimondii Ulhr., as a result of transgressive variation, there is a disturbance of negative correlations between such traits as yield and fiber length, fineness and boll numbers conducive to positive recombinants emergence and increase donor opportunities of amphidiploids;
by comparative study of different methods of remote intra-and interspecific hybridization revealed the genetic nature of inheritance nature and variation degree of the main agronomic traits in composite hybrids, as well as their effectiveness in allocating recombinants having a new genetic variability of traits;
it is revealed that the possibility of breaking some negatively correlated traits by different methods of composite intra-and interspecific hybridization and selection of recombinants combining early maturity and high productivity, high fiber output with its quality and 1000 seed weight, etc.;
it is confirmed that the effectiveness of used methods such as a composite intraspecific and interspecific crosses, to increase positive transgressive variation and segregation genetically enriched recombinants having new combination of high levels of positive parameters of agronomic traits that were recommended and used to develop valuable initial material and new cotton varieties;
the obtained theoretical data on inheritance nature, hcritability and agronomic traits morphogenesis, levels of total and (+)-gossypol and their correlation with other agronomical valuable traits at developed hybrids could be successfully used in the field of fundamental research, and created unique hybrids, forms, progenies, lines and varieties could be used in applied cotton breeding.
Conclusion
1. There obtained and identified on comparative study base of intraspecific composed and converged hybrids with participation of six registered medium staple cotton cultivars in topcross system and high effects of GCA on the following traits:
«50%-cmcrgcncy-50 % flowering» Yulduz (-0.71); Tashkent-6 (-0.39) and in S-9070 (-0.38); “50% cmcrgcncy-50% maturing” S-9070 (-1.43), and in
Tashkent- 6 (-0.91); one boll weight S-6532 (+ 0.11); 1000 seeds weight S-9070 (+0.51); on productivity Tashkent-6 (+5,28), S-4911 (+4,04) and S-9070 (+2 24); fiber output S-6532 (+1,29); fiber length S-4911 (+0,70) and S-6532 (+0,48); fiber strength S-6532 (+1,57) and S-4911 (+0,91); micronairc S-6532 (+0,24) and Ak-Darya-6 (+0.24). These donors of high valuable traits were used by us for improving of the recurrent varieties by composite and convcrcgcnt hybridization. It was found that involvement of the varieties with a high GCA in convergent hybridization allows improving of the recurrent varieties and developing of a new initial material for cotton breeding:
inheritance nature and variability degree of agronomic traits at intraspecific composite and convergent cotton hybrids revealed the relative efficiency of the studied hybridization techniques during elaboration of new initial material with enriched genotypes of agronomic traits, and recommended to use in geneticselection process;
convergent hybrids F i dominated by early maturity, in terms of productivity and fiber output occurcd overall effect of overdominance, and F2-F3 appeared as positive transgressive forms;
significant effect of the genotype of the parental forms involved in hybridization on the inheritance nature of fiber quality (length, micronairc, strength) had convergent hybrids Fj, as well as their level of recombination in F2-F3 indicating the need for breeding of recombinants on these traits in early generations, taking into account genotype of initial forms;
the inheritance of the wilt tolcrancccs bccamcs not only depending on the pathogen load in soil fungus infections, but also depends on the used hybridization methods. Thus, most high resistance, i.c. negative superdominance on wilt tolerance observed in convergent hybrids F, and F2;
the direction and strength of correlation between the studied traits in intraspecific composite and convergent hybrids varied in depending on crosses type and from genotype of recurrent varieties. At present ease, the greatest number of recombinants with positive combination of high indicator traits which determining fiber quality, as well as its output, length, observed with with composite, particularly with convergent hybridization.
2. For the first time, on the basis of studies on determination the percentage of (+)- gossypol in seeds of genetically different cultivars of Uzbek cotton selection and analysis of variability, inheritance degree of total and (+)-gossypol in the environmentally and genetically remote hybrids and their correlations with economically valuable traits was proved:
the cultivars S-6524, S-6530 and S-6532 which were elaborated involving subspccic of G.ssp.punctatum had the highest level of (+)- gossypol and the «Turon» cultivar which was developed by composite hybridization has a low indicator of the current trait and relatively high level of total gossypol in seeds;
It was determined intermediate inheritance level of (+)- gossypol in the petals and seeds in F| hybrids and wide positive and negative transgressive variability in Ғ2-Ғ3. It was proved that the efficiency of plant selection with high (+)- gossypol in seeds since F2, that confirmed with segregation of constant progenies and lines on trait basis in F4 hybrids;
as a result of research the cross-correlation total and ( +)- gossypol and some agranomically valuable traits was found that between the ( +)- gossypol in the petals and seed exists a weak correlation. The data on correlations of studied traits showed an independent genetic control of (+)-gossypol in the generative organs and independent inheritance of them at cco- geographically and genetically remote hybridization.
3. For the first time, based on comparative study of agronomic traits of amphidiploid G.thurheri Tod. x G.raimondii Ulbr. two forms (hirsitum type -K-58 and harhadense type -K-59) and hybrids derived from G.hirsutum L. varieties revealed:
both studied forms of hirsutum type and harhadense type of amphidiploid G.thurheri Tod. x G.raimondii Ulbr., being functional diploids provided wide combinative variability in the progeny from the free reproduction and crossing with the cultivars of tetrapioid G.hirsutum L., and showed their similarity to G.hirsutum L. and G.harhadense L. tctraploid species, respectively;
as a result of the research a group of unique composite hybrids (F\G.thurherii Tod. x G.raimondii Ulbr.) x G.hirsutum L. confirmed unlimited transgressive variation as the basis of a new form revealing, new gene pool developing for use in applied cotton breeding. Herewith, at bud mutant K-59 observed emergence of phenotypes with higher variability for most agronomic traits compared to K-58;
it was found out that in composite hybrids which obtained by crossing of studied forms of G. thurberi Tod. x G. raimondii Ulbr. amphidiploids (2n=52) and with G.hirsutum L. cultivars were observed relatively rapid improvement on productivity and its components in comparison with freely propagated amphidiploids offspring. Herewith, composite hybrids involving K-58 on boll number in all generations was slower comparied to hybrids derived from K-59;
composite hybrids F, obtained involving two cultivars of cultivated forms on fiber output and length were observed deviation toward the parent with the best expression of the trait. It was revealed that the fiber output and length of the studied composite hybrids susceptible to less variability compared in terms productivity and its components. Relatively high variation was manifested on fiber output in F2, and on fiber length in F2-F3. In freely multiplying offspring of K-59 and its hybrids with varieties in F3 was observed the derivations of more long staple plants compared with hybrids, developed involving K- 58;
free propagating amphidiploids’ offsprings and composite hybrids selected by using of cultural forms showed the least wilt susceptibility compared with the control. Wilt resistance of barbadense type K-59 progenies from the free breeding was higher as compared than offspring of K-58, and higher in composite hybrids F2-F4, obtained involving K-59.
4. Under the general principle of correlation relationships among the studied hybrids were found that composite hybrids F2 amphidiploids’ G.thurberi Tod x G.raimondii Ulbr., both types (K-58 and K-59) with a G.hirsutum L. type Acala sj-5 cultivar showed mainly low positive and negative correlation coefficient values, which in most eases were none significant. In hybrid combination of K-58 x Andijan-60 fiber output and length correlated positively;
5. Based on comparative study of inheritance and variation of agronomic traits in developed 4 genomic [(G.thurberi Tod. X G.raimondii Ulbr.) X G.arhoreum L.] x G.hirsutum L., 5 - genome [(F|K-28 x S-6524 ) x G.harhadense L. hybrids and their backcross hybrids were proved:
the possibility of broad transgress variation and creation genetically enriched recombinants on unique traits;
efficiency of backcrosscs among the composite interspecific earlier generation hybrids for rapid improvement and stabilization of eultuvated forms of cotton;
wide transgress variability presence in 4 and 5 species composite hybrids and their backcross hybrids on productivity and its components starting with F|. In particular, it was confirmed the effectiveness of five species hybridization to increase the boll numbers per plant, boll weight and weight of 1000 seeds at 4 and 5 species and backcrosscs hybridization.
by obtaining recombinants having fiber output 43,1-45,0%, fiber length - 40 mm and above, micronairc of fiber 3.9-4.5 and wilt tolerance it was confirmed the effectiveness of introgressive and transgressive breeding at composite 4-5 species hybridization and their backcross hybrids.
6. As a result of studies of correlations in composite 4-5 species and backcrosscs hybridization of F2 hybrids it was revealed the effectiveness of used methods in interruption of such negatively correlated traits as «fiber output» and «fiber length» from medium positive (r=+0,39) up to high positive (r=+0,62), «fiber length» and «micronairc» -medium positive (r=+0,55), as well as «fiber length» and «fiber strength» -medium positive (r =+0,56 and r=+0.50).
7. Based on intraspecific composite and convergent, eco-geographically and genetically remote and 3-4-5 species and backcrosscs hybridizations were developed the following new breeding progenies, lines and varieties of upland cotton:
by composite and convergent hybridization way-L-7966, L-214/05; CC-896/05; CC-896/28; CC-991/05; CC-991/09; KC-1/05; КС-1/08; КС-1/18; KC-1/35; KC-1/51; KC-1/77, S-231-233/07, L-234-235/07, L-236-237/07, L-242-243/07, L-244-245/07, L-482-483/07, L-484-485/07, L-666-667/07, L-397-398/07, L-802-803/07, L-814-815/07, L-230/05;
cco- geographically and genetically distant hybridization - cultivar S-7300, S-7301, the progenies S-5344, S-5361. HPG-1;
composite 3 - specific hybridization -cultivar «Sulton», «Jarkurgan», S-7276, S-7277, as well as a number of lines;
8. Using the remote intra-and interspecific hybridization it was elaborated unique introgression hybrids, genetically enriched cotton recombinants, progenies, lines, and varieties «Sulton», «Jarkurgan», S-7276, S-7277, S-7300, S-7301 having positive combination of high agronomic traits. Cultivar «Sulton» was included in the State register from 2011 and for the period from 2008 up to 2014 it was sown on the area of over than 275,5 thousand hectares.
9. The following rcccomcndations were given for practize and future studies:
use of method convergent hybridization, allowing improving of agronomic valuable traits of recurrent parent and registered medium staple cotton cultivars and receiving a positive transgressive variability;
as an initial source in convergent crosses use cotton varieties with high General combination ability (GCA) on the following: on early maturity- Tashkent-6 and S-9070; boll weight - S-6532; weight of 1000 seeds S- 9070; on productivity -Tashkent-6, S-4911 and S-9070; fiber output -S-6532; fiber length - S-4911 and S-6532; fiber strength - S-6532 and S-4911; and for micronairc - S-6532 and Ak-Darya-6.
for use as an initial source in cotton genetics and breeding research such new cotton selection progenies as well as the lines: KS-1/05; K.S-1/08; K.S-1/18; KS-1/35; KS-1/51; and KS-1/77, L-7966, L-214/05, S-214/05, SS-896/05; SS-896/28; SS-991/05 and SS-991/09 with early maturity, productivity, wilt tolerance, fiber output and quality.
to use in cotton genetics and breeding researches both USA accessions BC3S,-47-8-l-17, BC3S|-l-3-6-15 with 95% of (+)-gossypol level in seeds and lines HPG-1 and others with 90% of (+)-gossypol level, as donors on this trait. Since 2012, developed and studied in the competitive variety testing of Institute the following lines: L-404-05 and L-6970 with high (+)- gossypol level were recommended for testing on ground control of the State Inspection Commission for Agriculture crops variety testing.
widespread use of various forms of synthetic tetrapioids G.thurheri Tod. x G.raimondii Ulbr., 4-5 species composite hybrids [(G. thurheri Tod. x G. raimondii Ulbr.) x G.arhoreum L.] x G.hirsutum L. and [(F t K- 28 x C-6524 ) x G.harhadense L., as well as their backcrosscs for achievement the broad transgress variation, elaboration genetically enriched recombinants on economically valuable traits and their use in practical cotton breeding;
to extend the areas in of early maturing commercialised cotton cultivar «Sulton» and perspective one «Jarkurgan» as well broad testing of such as new varieties S-7277, S-7300 and S-7301 in the republic.
The aim of the study is to improving the quality of treatment of ventral hernias in patients with morbid obesity by improving the tactical and technical aspects and optimizing the choice of hernioplasty method.
The object of the study were 121 patients with ventral hernias and morbid obesity who were hospitalized in the surgical department of the 1st clinic of the Samarkand State Medical University in the period from 2012 to 2021.
The scientific novelty of the study is as follows: a method was developed for preoperative preparation of patients with ventral hernia and morbid obesity using a modified pneumatic belt-bandage to adapt the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to intra-abdominal hypertension after hernioplasty; improved technical aspects of the reconstruction of the anterior abdominal wall in patients with morbid obesity; the surgical instrument "retractor" has been improved for technical optimization of the stage of suturing the anterior abdominal wall for fixing the prosthesis in patients with concomitant obesity and abdominal ptosis; clarified clinical and instrumental criteria for the specific unification of the scale for assessing the quality of life of patients after hernioplasty and abdominoplasty for ventral hernias and morbid obesity with differentiation of the value of physical, mental and social daily activity. The practical results of the study are as follows: According to the results of a scientific study to improve the diagnosis and surgical treatment of patients with ventral hernias and morbid obesity: improved "retractor". The use of the proposed tool made it possible to level the technical difficulties in fixing the prosthesis against the background of severe overweight with a reduction in the operation time; developed guidelines "Technical aspects of hernioplasty for ventral hernias in patients with morbid obesity" (certificate of the Ministry of Health 8n-r / 905 dated October 12, 2021), "Criteria for the choice of surgical treatment of patients with ventral hernias and obesity" (certificate of the Ministry of Health 8n-r /906 dated October 12, 2021). The proposed recommendations made it possible to optimize the choice of tactics for surgical treatment of patients with ventral hernias and morbid obesity; the obtained scientific results on improving the quality of diagnosis and surgical treatment of patients with ventral hernias and morbid obesity have been introduced into the practice of health care, in particular, in the departments of surgery of the 1st clinic of the Samarkand State Medical Institute, the Jizzakh Regional Multidisciplinary Medical Center and the Sh. Rashidov District Medical Association of the Jizzakh region (certificate of the Ministry of Health 8n-z / 368 dated October 22, 2021). The implementation of research results by improving the tactical and technical aspects of the surgical treatment of patients with ventral hernias and morbid obesity made it possible to reduce the overall incidence of postoperative complications from 14.8% to 8.9%, including wound complications from 11.1% to 4.5% and extra-abdominal from 7.4% to 4.5%, as well as significantly reduce the duration of surgical treatment and rehabilitation periods after various types of hernioplasty and abdominoplasty. The structure and scope of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters, a conclusion, conclusions, practical recommendations and a list of cited literature. The volume of the text material is 107 pages.
В современной абдоминальной хирургии одним из актуальных направлений для исследований продолжает оставаться совершенствование различных вариантов пластики послеоперационных грыж. В мире ежегодно выполняется более 2100000 операций по поводу вентральной грыжи и 42% из них -послеоперационные грыжи. В последние годы наблюдается явная тенденция к расширенному применению при гсрниопластикс различных вариантов биологических сеток. «Объединенный анализ семи исследований PCSTAR для послеоперационных грыж с использованием ретромускулярной сетки показал, что частота рецидивов грыжи составляет 5,7%». Применение стандартных оперативных вмешательств по типу аллопластики в положении onlay не решает проблему ранних послеоперационных осложнений: отхождение сером, миграция сетки, спаечпая болезнь, высокая частота рецидива грыж и др. В то же время пластика грыж местными тканями создает проблему повышения вну-трибрюшного давления, и поздним осложнениям в виде рецидивов грыж. «Рост послеоперационного внутрибрюшного давления приводит к полиорган-ной недостаточности, затем абдоминальному компартмент синдрому, и даже смерти». В настоящее время не существует консенсуса о хирургическом подходе при гигантских послеоперационных грыжах брюшной стенки, в связи с чем необходимость продолжения разработки новых технологий и совершенствования тактики не вызывает никаких сомнений.
В мировой практике в настоящее время наиболее актуальными продолжают оставаться исследования, направленные на изучение морфологических и функциональных аспектов рецидивных послеоперационных вентральных грыж, электронная микроскопия выявляет ультраструктурные деструктивные изменения клеток кожи, апоневроза и мышц, что свидетельствует о морфофункциональной недостаточности тканей брюшной стенки,обсуждаются вопросы клеточной инженерии новых инновационных материалов, проводятся шментальные исследования на животных с испытанием биотехнических свойств, текстуры и эластичности новых полимеров, проводятся исследования открытых доступов с разделением заднего компонента с выпуском поперечной мышцы живота и ретроградной сеткой, начаты роботизированные операции.
Современные аспекты развития отечественного здравоохранения включают множество мер, направленных на улучшение результатов лечения больных с послсопсрациоными вентральными грыжами и связанными с ними патологическими состояниями за счет внедрения современных принципов интенсивной терапии и хирургической тактики. В стратегию развития Нового Узбекистана на 2022-2026 годы по семи приоритетным направлениям включены задачи по повышению качества оказания населению квалифицированных медицинских услуг. Реализация данных задач, в том числе, путем оптимизации тактико-технических подходов к выбору метода герниопластики, а также разработка методов профилактики гнойно-воспалительных осложнений в области аллопластического матераиала, является одним из актуальных направлений абдоминальной хирургии и медицины в целом, ввиду высокой медико-социальной значимости данной патологии.
В результате исследований, проведённых в мире, по повышению эффективности аллопластики при послеоперационных вентральных грыжах и снижению риска осложнений в послеоперационном периоде получен ряд научных результатов, в том числе: определено, что пациенты, перенесшие реконструкцию брюшной стенки, имеют повышенный риск послеоперационной дыхательной недостаточности, понимание эпидемиологии этого осложнения может улучшить профилактику; доказано, что чем крупнее грыжа, тем выше риск ранних хирургических осложнений, в том числе таких как дыхательная декомпенсация, поскольку грыжи со временем часто увеличиваются в размерах, откладывание операции может привести к увеличению размеров грыжи и, следовательно, к большему риску осложнений; показано, что отношение объема грыжи к объему брюшной полости <20% является независимым фактором при закрытии без натяжения, что обосновывает интерес к предоперационной во-люметрии для адаптации тактики хирургической помощи; определено, что у пациентов, перенесших плановую лапароскопическую гсрниопластику, предикторами смертности являются более старший возраст и некоторые сопутствующие заболевания: застойная сердечная недостаточность, нарушения легочного кровообращения, коагулопатия, заболевания печени, метастатический рак, неврологические расстройства и паралич; установлено, что пожилой возраст, асцит, предоперационная почечная и легочная недостаточности являются независимыми предикторами 30-дневной смертности, при наличии этих факторов риска следует серьезно рассмотреть консервативное лечение; доказано, что универсальный калькулятор хирургического риска Американского колледжа хирургов (ACS) точно предсказывает тридцатидневные исходы, включающие серьезные осложнения: венозную тромбоэмболию, соматическую заболеваемость, инфекцию области хирургического вмешательства, незапланированную повторную операцию, смертность и продолжительность пребывания в стационаре.
В настоящий период в мире наиболее актуальными исследованиями в хирургии продолжают оставаться разработка новых методов герниопластики при больших и гигантских вентральных грыжах, каждый из которых имеет свои плюсы и минусы в зависимости от сложности выполнения, риска развития послеоперационных осложнений и рецидива, проводятся крупные рандомизированные клинические исследования, сравнивающие существующие методы традиционной герниопластики с лапароскопическим доступом и роботизированной хирургией, все более распространяющейся в последние 10 лет, проводится поиск новых синтетических и биологических материалов, разрабатываемых для производства и использования композитных сеток, обладающих необходимой прочностью и способностью предотвращать фатальные местные осложнения в условиях контаминированной среды. Однако, несмотря на технические достижения в этой области, ни один современный метод герниопластики и протезы не отвечают всем требованиям. Одна из ключевых проблем заключается в том, что существующие синтетические эндопротезы не имеют достаточной эластичности, устойчивости к инфицированию, высокой механической прочности и целостности в течение длительного времени. Дальнейшие исследования этих клинических аспектов несомненно улучшат современное представление о возможностях биосовместимых эндопротезов и позволят разработать оптимальный метод их расположения при аллогсрниопластикс.
Подход к пациентам с послеоперационными грыжами значительно изменился за последние 20 лет благодаря как достижениям в технологии создания сетки, так и хирургическим подходам. Ключевые факторы успешного исхода включают изменение факторов риска до операции, таких как отказ от курения и снижение веса, выбор сетки, соответствующей типу грыжи и запланированному расположению сетки, а также широкое перекрытие сетки за пределами грыжевого дефекта. У этих пациентов все чаще используются новые методы, такие как высвобождение трансабдоминальной мышцы и разделение компонентов с установкой ретроградной сетки и роботизированные подходы к грыже брюшной стенки. В последние годы наблюдается увеличение количества биологических сеток, доступных для герниопластики брюшной стенки. Биологические сетки обычно состоят из материалов, полученных от человека, свиньи или крупного рогатого скота. Обоснование использования биологических сеток заключается в том, что они могут действовать как каркас для прорастания естественных тканей. Кроме того, существуют рассасывающиеся синтетические сетки, которые обладают свойствами, аналогичными свойствам биологических сеток, но с теоретически меньшим риском, поскольку они не получены из животного или человеческого материала. Выбор сетки для вентральной грыжи зависит от множества факторов, которые включают в себя как свойства сетки, так и се расположение, например, внутрибрюшинно, предбрю-шинно или ретроректусно ее размещать. Кроме того, тип грыжевого дефекта является еще одним фактором риска, например, является ли рана чистой или грязной, и выполняется ли пластика мостовидным протезом или с опорой. Следует избегать легких или биологических сеток для перекрытия дефекта из-за повышенного количества рецидивов. Проведенный анализ литературы, касающейся теоретических аспектов и клинического опыта применения технологий совершенствования современных синтетических и биологических протезов, способных обеспечить более лучший пластический эффект, а также методов профилактики рецидивов вентральных грыж свидетельствует о том, что это является одним из приоритетных направлений в современной абдоминальной хирургии. Нерешенным вопросом остается выбор оптимального эндопротеза, обладающего высокой эффективностью и соответствующего международным стандартам, предъявляемым к таким свойствам как биологическая инертность и механическая прочность, а также метода расположения сетки по отношению к слоям брюшной стенки. Учитывая, что многие применяемые на сегодняшний день методы аллогерниопластики не лишены недостатков, актуальным направлением является разработка новых методов пластики при гигантских вентральных грыжах и способов профилактики послсопсрацитонных осложнений в условиях контаминированной раны, с обоснованием их эффективности в клинико-экспериментальном исследовании.
The aim of the research consists in development of offers and recommendations about further improvement of criminal-legal and criminological measures of fight against crimes in the sphere of information technologies and safety.
The object of the research work is the system of the public relations regulating criminal-legal, criminological and organizational measures for counteraction to crimes in the sphere of information technologies and safety.
The scientific novelty of the research consists of the following:
the expediency of establishment of administrative responsibility for violation of personal privacy at compliance with the law about protection of private life, ensuring protection of the rights of citizens and also completion of legal gaps is proved;
need of establishment of responsibility for infringement of personal privacy in article 1411 Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan when ensuring criminal legal protection of personal privacy and inevitability of responsibility is proved;
for ensuring the principles of justice and humanity in the criminal legislation the expediency of awarding punishment in the form of restriction of freedom on the persons who have committed crimes in the sphere of information technologies is proved;
high degree of public danger of some crimes (illegal activities for attraction of money and (or) other property (article 1881 of CK), production, storage, distribution or demonstration of the materials containing threat of public safety and to public order (article 2441 of CK)) committed with use of networks of telecommunications and the Internet is explained;
establishment of responsibility for bringing to suicide and inducement to suicide with use of networks of telecommunications and the Internet is proved;
need of introduction of responsibility of the blogger for placement of public negative information of a certain look for the Internet is proved;
inadmissibility of use of personal data of the participants at implementation of electronic commerce for who aren't provided by the contract, need of nondisclosure of the specified data are proved;
establishment of the ban on distribution among children of the information justifying illegal behavior and promoting commission of offense, calling for promotion of the destructive ideas in society and also responsibility for the specified acts is offered;
expediency of application of a method of «confidential dialogue» concerning the persons who have committed information crimes, need of implementation of inquiry, the investigation and preventive measures proceeding from their psychological state are specified;
need of recognition of the actions exerting negative impact to life, health and morality of the personality, made with use of means of information technologies as socially dangerous act is offered.
Implementation of research results. The results of the study are used:
the proposal on establishment of administrative responsibility for violation of personal privacy has found the reflection in article 461 of the Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan about the administrative liability entered by the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of September 23, 2016 No. ZRU-411 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from September 28, 2016, No. 06/1-05/1148-vkh). This change provides compliance with the law about personal privacy, protection of the rights of citizens and also completion of a legal gap in the legislation;
the proposal on establishment of criminal liability for violation of personal privacy has found the reflection in article 1411 of the Criminal code of the Republic of Uzbekistan entered by the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of September 23, 2016 No. ZRU-411 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from September 28, 2016, No. 06/1-05/1148-vkh). Establishment of criminal liability for commission of the act breaking personal privacy provides criminal legal protection of private life of the person and inevitability of responsibility;
offers on expediency of awarding punishments in the form of restriction of freedom concerning the persons who have committed crimes in the sphere of information technologies, have found the reflection in articles 2781-2786 Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan according to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan from August 10, 2015 No. ZRU-389 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 06/1-05). This offer serves purpose of alternative punishment for crimes in the sphere of information technologies;
high degree of public danger of commission of some types of crimes with use of networks of telecommunications and the Internet has found reflection in article 1881, the «g» point of third part of article 2441 Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan according to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of April 25, 2016 No. ZRU-405 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 06/1-05). According to this offer criminal liability for use of information technologies in criminal intents has been established;
responsibility for bringing to suicide, the inducement to suicide made with use of networks of telecommunications and the Internet have been established in article 103 and 1031 Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan according to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of June 13, 2017 No. ZRU-436 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 06/1-05). This offer has served establishment of criminal liability for the information attacks encroaching on human life;
regulations on responsibility of the blogger for dissemination of public negative information of some look on the Internet are introduced in articles 3 and 121 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan from December 11, 2003 No. 560-II «About informatization» (the act of Committee on questions of innovative development, information policy and information technologies of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 05/2-01-71). This offer serves prevention of various crimes committed with use of the Internet;
offers on inadmissibility of use of personal data of the participants at implementation of electronic commerce for who aren't provided by the contract need of nondisclosure of the specified data have found the reflection in article 18 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of May 22, 2018 No. ZRU-385 «About electronic commerce» (the act of Committee on questions of innovative development, information policy and information technologies of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 05/2-01-71). This offer became a basis for the ban illegal use of personal data from participants of electronic commerce;
offers on establishment of the ban on distribution among children of the information justifying illegal behavior and promoting commission of offense, calling for promotion of the destructive ideas in society and also responsibility for the specified acts are introduced in article 16 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of September 8, 2017 No. ZRU-444 «About protection of children from information doing harm to their health» (the act of Committee on questions of innovative development, information policy and information technologies of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 05/2-01-71). This offer has served recognition of dissemination of information among children of information doing harm to their health as illegal behavior;
offers on improvement of criminal liability for crimes in the sphere of information technologies and safety have been used by preparation of analytical notes within the Concept of improvement of the criminal and criminal procedure legislation approved by the resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan of May 14, 2018 No. PP-3723 (the act of Committee on questions of innovative development, information policy and information technologies of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 05/2-01-71). This offer serves a proving of inevitability of responsibility for crimes in the sphere of information technologies and information security;
offers on expediency of application of a method of «confidential dialogue» concerning the persons who have committed information crimes, need of implementation of inquiry, the investigation and preventive measures proceeding from their psychological state have been introduced in activity of the relevant structural divisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan (the act of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018 No. 33/1985). This offer has served increase in efficiency of prevention of crimes in the sphere of information technologies and information security;
offers on need of definition of external influence, level of competence and practical skills of employees, motives of offense when studying the reasons of crimes in the sphere of information technologies and information security and also conducting monitoring of social networks have been introduced in activity of the relevant structural divisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan (the act of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018 No. 33/1985). This offer has served definition of the reasons and early warning of crimes in the sphere of information technologies and information security;
offers that the information security is object of criminal legal protection taking into account its direct connection with the state interests have found the reflection in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About modification and additions in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About the principles and guarantees of freedom of information» (the act of the Center of information security and assistance in ensuring public order at the Ministry of information technology development and communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan from November 13, 2017 No. 03-07-02/124). This offer has served protection of information security as object of criminal legal protection;
offers on need of implementation of complex measures from law enforcement agencies for ensuring information security at information security have found the reflection in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About modification and additions in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About the principles and guarantees of freedom of information» (the act of the Center of information security and assistance in ensuring public order at the Ministry of information technology development and communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan from November 13, 2017 No. 03-07-02/124). This offer has provided orientation of activity of law enforcement agencies on information security;
offer that threats of information security exert essential harm to the interests of the personality, society and state information have found the reflection in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About modification and additions in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About the principles and guarantees of freedom of information» (the act of the Center of information security and assistance in ensuring public order at the Ministry of information technology development and communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan from November 13, 2017 No. 03- 07-02/124). This offer has allowed to estimate high degree of public danger of information threats as a factor of commission of information crimes;
the rule about protection of the personality against illegal information influence taking into account that impact on consciousness of the personality with use of means of information technologies exerts negative impact on life, health and morality of the personality, has found the reflection in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About modification and additions in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About the principles and guarantees of freedom of information» (the act of the Center of information security and assistance in ensuring public order at the Ministry of information technology development and communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan from November 13, 2017 No. 03-07-02/124). This offer has served recognition of the specified actions as socially dangerous act.
Structure and volume of the dissertation. The thesis consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, a list of used literature and applications. The volume of the thesis is 260 pages.
Аny lаnguаge consists of four skills which аre (listening, speаking, reаding, writing) аnd аs much аs the level of the Аrаbic lаnguаge teаcher for non-Аrаbic speаking speаkers of these skills in the Аrаbic lаnguаge enаbles the level of Аrаbic lаnguаge leаrners to be spoken by other thаn those skills, аnd in this sense wаs This reseаrch is аbout the importаnce of lаnguаge skills for the Аrаbic lаnguаge in teаching аnd leаrning the Аrаbic lаnguаge for non-nаtive speаkers, аnd the importаnce of this reseаrch is in its orientаtion to teаchers of Аrаbic lаnguаge who do not speаk Аrаbic аnd whаt it represents the importаnce of knowing the lаnguаge skills of the Аrаbic lаnguаge аnd knowing its importаnce in teаching the lаnguаge аs well аs the role of the teаcher аnd leаrner аnd Teаching methods аnd how to develop those skills аnd the meаns used to teаch those skills. The need for non-nаtive speаkers of Аrаbic lаnguаge to identify these skills, their importаnce аnd the role of the teаcher in them аnd how they аre performed is no less thаn the need of Аrаbic lаnguаge leаrners from other speаkers, in this reseаrch we leаrn the lаnguаge skills of the lаnguаge Аrаbic аnd its importаnce аnd the role of the teаcher in her teаching, аs well аs the role of the leаrner in her leаrning, аs well аs how to develop this skill for the teаcher аnd the leаrnerَ. The reseаrcher hаs relied on his field studies through his work in the Depаrtment of Аrаbic Lаnguаge, Fаculty of Orientаl Lаnguаges, Tаshkent Stаte University for Orientаl Studies, аnd to identify some of the problems fаcing Аrаbic lаnguаge teаchers who аre not speаkers of it, аs well аs the difficulties fаcing Аrаbic lаnguаge leаrners аt the university аt their vаrious levels of beginner, intermediаte аnd upper Аnd аlso for grаduаte students; therefore we cаn sаy thаt fаmiliаrity with the lаnguаge skills of the Аrаbic lаnguаge аnd how to teаch аnd develop it is аn urgent necessity in building curriculа for teаching Аrаbic to non-speаkers аs well аs in progrаms for prepаring Аrаbic lаnguаge teаchers for non-speаkers. Аnd presenting them in а wаy thаt helps in the educаtionаl process by employing these skills effectively in the clаssroom, аnd not only thаt they аre merely knowledge informаtion provided to students аnd teаchers.
The aim of the study is to improve the results of diagnosis and surgical treatment of victims with closed abdominal injury by developing a new approach to ultrasound assessment of the amount of hemoperitoneum, expanding and specifying indications for laparoscopy, taking into account the volume of free fluid in the abdominal cavity.
The object of the study were 160 patients with closed abdominal injury with stable hemodynamics, was hospitalized in the surgical Department of the Republican specialized scientific and practical center for emergency medicine of the Samarkand branch (clinical departments of surgical diseases № 2 and surgery postgraduate faculty of Samarkand state Medical Institute) for the period from 2010 to 2019.
The scientific novelty of the study is as follows: a fundamentally new approach to ultrasound evaluation of discrete volumes of free fluid in the abdominal cavity is proposed, based on taking into account the thickness of the fluid layer and its prevalence in the abdominal cavity zones; The expediency of using the ultrasound indicator "free fluid in the abdominal cavity < or >500 ml" in choosing the tactics of surgical treatment of patients with closed abdominal injury is substantiated; an algorithm for choosing surgical tactics for the treatment of patients with closed abdominal trauma was developed based on an ultrasound assessment of the volume of free fluid in the abdominal cavity.
Implementation of research results. Based on the results of a scientific study to improve the diagnosis and surgical treatment of patients with closed abdominal trauma:methodological recommendations "The choice of tactics for surgical treatment of closed abdominal trauma based on ultrasound assessment of the nature and severity of the injury" have been developed (certificate of the Ministry of Health No. 8n-z/1282 dated November 15, 2022). The proposed recommendations made it possible to increase the effectiveness of the diagnosis of intra-abdominal injuries in patients with abdominal trauma;
The results of scientific research on improving the diagnosis and surgical treatment of patients with closed abdominal injury have been introduced into medical practice, including the clinical practice of the Republican Scientific Center for Emergency Medical Care and its Samarkand, Surkhandarya and Navoi branches (conclusion of the Ministry of Health No. 8 n-z/699 dated December 21, 2022). The introduction of the obtained results into clinical practice allowed to improve the quality of high-tech surgical care provided to patients with isolated and combined abdominal injuries, to reduce the frequency of postoperative complications from 11.9 to 3.1% (p=0.144).
The structure and volume of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, 4 chapters, conclusions and a list of cited literature. The volume of the text material is 107 pages.
Any epidemic and pandemic that is a great stress or emergency leads to disruptions in the psycho-neurological system and human behavior. Psycho-emotional excitement in patients with severe Covid-19 dramatically reduces the effectiveness of non-invasive ventilation. Purpose of the study: to assess the efficacy, safety and impact on the quality of life of patients with dexmedetomidine and propofol against the background of a decrease in need for oxygen. The study included 21 patients with severe and extremely severe Covid-19. In the first group of patients with fear of death, a combination of drugs propofol + sibazone + fentanyl was used. In the second group, dexmedetomidine and promedol. Conclusions: in patients with a severe course of coronavirus infection, dexmedetomidine is more effective in reducing psycho neurological arousal and improving cognitive functions, which leads to an effective supply of oxygen and to their faster recovery.
Objects of research: technologies of computer teaching, automated training-teaching systems, technological objects of complicated technological processes and productivity controlling.
Purpose of the work: principle, methods and ways of cognitive automated training teaching systems construction development with extended test control, analysis and information classification functions for training operating controlling staff of manufacturing enterprises with continuous technological processes, which help increase the efficiency of adaptation to students’ individual features and education standard requirements.
Methods of research: device of mathematic modeling processes and devices of chemical technological type, modern theory of automated controlling, principles and methods of cognitive engineering and statistic data processing.
The results obtained and their novelty: scientific novelty of the thesis results is that theoretical generalization and solution of important economic task development of scientific methodical training platform realizing typical ATLS with extended functions of test control on the subject “Automatization of manufacturing process”, and operators training technological processes and production is carried out.
Practical value: is that solution of considered task in the thesis allows develop and fulfill practical integration of ATLS meeting standard requirements for the wide types of processes in chemical, oil-processing, petrochemical spheres, mineral fertilizer production, construction materials industry and others.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: results of the research arc used in: “Khimavtomatika”, Tashkent state technical university.
Field of application: Educational process in technical institutions and in industrial manufacture specialists training and qualification system.