Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Researches of human population genomic variety and scenarios of its genetic pool formation arc one of perspective directions of modem genetics. Prompt progress in this field has allowed defining the basic routes of continents settlement. However the information about Central Asian (CA) populations even on «classical» genetic markers has accidental, fragmentary character, and requires additional large-scale investigations. Besides, according to historical, archeological, paleontological and some anthropogenetic studies, given region was playing certain role in ancient moving of modem human ancestors throughout Eurasian continent. Therefore it is extremely important to summarize and perform complex assessment of new and collected data on Central Asian populations as practically there arc no multivariate analyses studies of given region as a complex population system.
In studies of human population genetic structure arc usually used various approaches allowing understanding concept of populations subdivision and character of genetic relationships between them. Among these techniques the prominent place belongs to approaches based on an assessment of genetic distances between populations with their subsequent analysis by multivariate statistics methods. For even more compelling picture of the relationships between the populations on tree diagram we composed «the genetic landscape» of area, where the description of population genetic structure is presented by equally spaced figures consistently consolidating populations according to their genetic distances from each other and thus creating a genetic landscape. This approach is not only a tool for elementary population boundary detection, but also can be effectively used for identification of borders and sizes of population as naturalistic unit.
Multigcnctic landscape is a collection of different genetic systems which arc specific to the region and ethnic groups, which have their geographical areas, their geographical, historical and cultural boundaries. Gene flows arc run through these conventional boundaries, but they arc less intense than in the limits of area. These limits arc ambiguous and fluid, but it is real. You can identify them by studying, for example, the structure of marriage migration. Therefore anthropogenesis of different populations will inevitably differ from each other. Ethnogenetic composition tends to change over time, from generation to generation, and hence there is a need to understand the structure of the genepool, not only at a given time, but also in the study of genetic processes that form and reform the gcncpooL In this regard, the studying of multigcnctic landscapes is in close contact with the demographics, medical and genetic ecology, anthropology, ethnology, archeology and history of the peoples, that is, with a range of areas, not only natural, but also the humanities knowleges.
Study of genomic diversity is important not only to address questions of origin and genetic history of different ethnic groups, but is also the basis for molecular epidemiology of hereditary and multifactor diseases. Each region is characterized by a specific set of common genetically determined diseases. To understand the causes of the prevalence of disease in different regions, and to develop approaches to their early DNA diagnosis and effective prevention, initially it is necessary to conduct population-based studies, which determine the development of the disease.
Purpose of research is to implement a comprehensive description of the structure of indigenous Central Asian populations genetic pool, examine demographic, phylogenetic and evolutionary features of Central Asian populations through the analysis of genetic variety of mtDNA, Y-chromosomal (NRY), autosomal, X-chromosomal microsatcllites and immunogcnetic variants of Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) and hepatitis В virus (HB V).
To achieve this goal the following tasks of research is solved:
specification of immunogcnetic variants of H.pylori and HBV, allocated at the patients in Central Asian region, with the subsequent comparative phylogenetic analysis of H.pylori and HBV regional versions with those in other regions of the world;
examination of genetic variety and degree of genetic differentiation of Central Asian populations according to classical population-genetic objects -polymorphisms of mtDNA, Y-chromosomal, autosomal and X- chromosomal STRs;
assessment of the Western and East-Eurasian lines of population inheritance contribution to Central Asian populations’ genetic pool at regional, ethnic, sub-cthnic levels and in a level of elementary populations;
reviewing of character of regional populations relationships by genetic variety of mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal STRs markers in view of ethnographic, social and linguistic data;
evaluation of sex-specific genetic structure and the social organization according to polymorphisms of mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal markers in the region;
determination of ancient ways of migrations and scripts of formation of Central Asian populations according to mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal STRs markers and immunogcnetic variants of H.pylori and HBV',
evaluation of ethnogenetic position of studied Central Asian populations in the system of genetic pools of Eurasia and the world in general through comparative analysis of all studied population-genetic parameters.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
for the first time was performed a study of genetic pool structure of 26 Central Asian populations from 6 ethnic groups as complete population systems using a wide range of genetic objects;
for the first time was made an assessment of informativeness of each type of genetic subjects. For the first time was received detailed characteristic of genetic pool structure of indigenous Central Asian population on the basis of variability lines of the spectrum of genetical objects;
for the first time was defined the ratio of Westem-and the East-Eurasian lines in a genepool of Central Asian population and were made an assessments of genetic variety level and genetic differentiation degree of regional populations as a whole;
for the first time phylogenetic analysis of major haplogroups of investigated genetic subjects was conducted;
for the first time the position of Central Asian population in population genetic pool system of surrounding regions and Eurasia in the whole was studied;
for the first time the evolutionary-adaptable mechanisms, necessary in the forecast of formations of multigenic pathologies in region were studied at 6 ethnoses of Central Asian.
CONCLUSION
1. H.pylori from Central Asian territory is similar to Western Europe isolates, and shaped by two ancestral populations genotype Ancestral Europe 1 (dominant) and Ancestral Europe2 and for AE1-genotype Central Asian region probably is the source. H.pylori from the territory of Central Asia form a separate cluster group: close relationship of Tadjik, Uzbek strains and Iranian isolates from the north of Iran is established. Kirghiz isolates were found to be closer to populations from territory of Siberia.
2. High diversity of HBV genotypes in Central Asia was found -4 genotypes (A, C, D, and G). Phylogenetic analysis of Central Asian genotype HBV-with options for other regions of the world showed a close relationship between the dominant genotype D (0,78), the D1-subtype with variants of the virus in Europe, the Middle East and Africa.
3. The rates of genetic affinity for STR-NRY in Kazakhs, Turkmens, Karakalpaks Turtkul at the level of the same lineage were high: 0,58 (p<0,001); 0,34 (p<0,01) and 0,77 (p<0,001), respectively. The coefficients of relationship at the level of clan for Kazakhs, Turkmens, Uzbeks and Karakalpaks from Kungrad and Turtkul were lower: 0,30 (r<0,01); 0,21 (p<0,001) and 0,40 (r<0,001); 0,07 (p<0,05) and 0,09 (p<0,05), respectively. At the level of the tribe, the indicators were negative for all Turkic populations: -0,02 (r<0,05);-0,04 (r<0,001);-0,07 (p<0,01); -0,0011 (r<0,1) and -0,10 (r<0,01), respectively.
4. The analysis of mtDNA HVS-1 showed that total rate of differentiation level for all populations was low: FST=0,013; p<0,0001. Level of diversity between groups was 0,6% (p<0,001) of the total variability. Parameter of genetic differences between Turkic and Indo-Iranian populations made 0,55% (p<0,0283) of the total genetic variability. The rate of genetic differentiation on a sub-ethnic level was significantly expressed in Indo-Iranian group (FST=0,0197;r<0,001) than among the Turkic-speaking (0,3%; p=0,10). In all populations, in general, wasn‟t detected the correlation between genetic and geographic distances at the global level on mtDNA HVS-1: r=0,00682; p=0,502.
5. Analysis of STR-NRY showed that the level of the genetic differentiation between ethnic groups was 5,6% (p<0,02); general differentiation between populations made RST=0,186 (p<0,001). Combined analysis, taking into account the language and way of life of Turkic and Indo Iranian populations, showed the general differences between the two groups – 9,1% Value of genetic differentiation when comparing the ethnos-ethnos was slightly lower than the level within ethnos: 5,6% among ethnic groups, 18,6%, and 13,7%-between populations within the ethnic group.
6. Analysis of heterozygosity (H) and the average number of pairwise differences (p) of mtDNA, were high in nomadic populations (av.H=0,99; av.p=5,29) and farmer populations (av.H=0,99; av.p=5,32). Heterozygosity (H) on Y- chromosome was lower in nomadic groups than in the agrarian – 0,86 and 0,99,respectively (p<0,01). Nomadic populations exhibit a higher level of population differentiation (RST) in comparison with farmers - 0,19 and 0,06, respectively (p<0,01). Indicators of population growth (r) were lower in nomadic populations compared with farmers - 1,004 and 1,008, respectively (p=0,056).
7. The level of genetic differentiation in all ethnic groups was higher on the Y chromosome in comparison with mtDNA. The farming populations showed no significant difference in the genetic differentiation FST (Y)=0,069 and FST (mtDNA)=0,034, while among patrilineal nomadic population the level of genetic diversity was higher in the male line of inheritance - FST(Y)=0,177 and FST (mtDNA)=0,010. Genetic diversity of population structure in patrilineal nomads on autosomal and X-linked markers were: FST (A)=0,008 (0,006-0,010) and FST (X)=0,011 (0,001-0,004) (H0: FST(A)=FST(X); H1: FST(A)>FST(X); p=0,02). In bilinear farmer populations the differences of autosomal and X-chromosomal markers were insignificant: FST (A)=0,014 (0,012-0,016) and FST (X)=0,013 (0,008-0,018 at p=0,36).
8. Analysis of mtDNA indicated that the age of expansion on the territory of Eurasia (τw) declined significantly from East to West (r=0,72; p<0,001). The age of expansion had a pronounced tendency to decrease from 30 thousand years in China to 17 thousand years in Western Europe. Age of expansion in Central Asia amounted to 26 thousand years. Results of expansion analysis on NRY also show a decrease in genetic diversity from the East to the West of Eurasia (r=0,49; p<0,001). In Central Asia this age was 16 thousand yrs. According STRs-NRYBatwing analysis of the minimal age of Uzbek population origin was 1232,71 yrs old (Ne=14088 (6765-23942); α=0,0108 (0,0065-0,0155)).
9. The apportionment of multilocus genetic variations among ethnic and linguistic groups of Central Asian populations showed that more than 98% of all variations were within the population (p<0,0001). Evaluation of the ethnic and linguistic affiliations in the observed variations showed reliable conformity - FST=0,007; p<0,0001 and FST=0,011; p<0,0001, respectively. We didn‟t find evidence of geographical isolation within each of the Turkic and Indo Iranian groups of populations (p=0,363 and p=0,772, respectively).
10. Analysis of multilocus allelic diversity (AR) and heterozygosity (He) showed differences among the Central Asian and other populations in allelic variety (χ2 =105,29; d.f.=25; p<0,0001) and heterozygosity (χ2=67,98; d.f.=25; p<0,0001). Population differentiation at multilocus analysis at populations of Central Asia is more pronounced than in the other regions of Eurasia: in European and Middle Eastern groups pairwise estimation of FST ranged from 0,011 to 0,015 and -0,008-0,021, respectively; in East-Asian groups from -0,011 to 0,046; and finally, in Central Asia these rates ranged from -0,004 to 0,056. Heterozygosity was significantly higher in the group of the Indo-Iranian populations than among Turkic-speaking (He=0,818 and He=0,787, respectively; Z=-4, 55; p<0,0001). According to multilocus analysis all 26 Central Asian populations slightly but significantly differed (FST=0,015; CI99%=0,011-0,018; p<0,01).
The study of the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people began in the last quarter of the XIX century. In the twentieth century, many scientific researches have been conducted in this field. After the independence of Uzbekistan, the study of this topic has become a topical issue. In addition to ethnographic, archeological, anthropological, linguistic researches, the problems have been studied in the field of source studies. In the first years of independence, various scientific approaches to study ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people emerged. Researchers have abandoned the ideological stereotypes that prevailed in the Soviet era and conducted scientific research. The writing of historical works changed theoretically and methodologically, and began to write the history of the people objectively. The theoretical and methodological approach that emerged during the Soviet era and the use of published literature also continued. Source studies made researchs in the field of the history of the Turkic peoples, their historical formation, geographical location, ethnic
processes, the role of the Turkic peoples in public administration, socio-economic relations of
the Turkic peoples in the Middle Ages. Much attention was paid to highlighting the place of
the Turkic peoples in history. Ancient Arabic-Persian sources explored ethnic and ethno-
political processes in the Central Asian region. During the years of independence, the study
of ancient Chinese sources developed. In the ancient Chinese sources it has collected
information about the peoples of Central Asia. The names and location of the unknown Turkish tribes have been clarified. The literature published by the source scholar Ablat Khodjaev provided with new information on the history of the peoples of Central Asia in ancient Chinese sources. Researcher X.M.Mamadaliev studied the peoples of the region, ethnic processes in Central Asia in the IX-XII centuries, in particular, the formation of the ethnogenesis of the Uzbek people, the processes of statehood on the basis of Arabic sources. In recent years, Shamsiddin Kamoliddin interpreted the terms “Uzbek” and “Uzbekistan” in ancient Arabic-Persian sources. There are also articles about Uzbek tribes. During the years of independence, as a result of source studies, a number of scientific works, a small number of dissertations, many articles on the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people were published. A number of issues on the subject remained open. The article provides a systematic analysis of the study of this problem in source studies. The views and scientific approaches of source scholars on the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people are also covered.
The spiritual heritage of Sufism - the heritage of all the peoples of the Islamic world. And this spiritual heritage belongs to all mankind. In today's era of globalization, when small national cultures remain under the strong influence of powerful cultures, the scientific study of Sufism, which made a huge contribution to the development of world civilization for 1200 years. Sufism is the historical essence of the peoples of the region, appreciated as the highest way of philosophical and artistic thinking of man. It's no secret that today's person suffers from a spiritual poverty and the mental crisis. Spiritual and philosophical teachings, such as Sufism, are a unique vaccine from such crises. The work done by global scientists by history and the philosophy of Sufism, like a drop of the sea. This is only the beginning. There is still a lot of work in this regard, and there is still valuable research in this area. Therefore, it is natural that the joint study, study and presentation of this religious, philosophical, moral and aesthetic teaching as the general heritage of our peoples to the world scientific community will give positive results.
The innovative component of the article lies in an in-depth study of the classification, description and functional analysis of the image of “Peri” in the Avesta. Peri qualifies in the Avesta a deceptive image that distracts a person from his true faith. Interestingly, the article substantiates the character of the peri, with its simultaneous ability to appear in front of a person in bodily, often in the guise of a beautiful girl. Details of cases of marriage of peri with the heroes of stories are given. All this is given in the article as “positive” image properties. However, the essence of the negative properties of peri is convincingly revealed. It is argued that the image of the Peri is one of the forms of manifestation of the source of all the evils of Ahriman. On specific examples, the facts of the use of images of evil peri in magic acts, forms and fortune telling with the aim of influencing the psyche of people are revealed.
In the modern world, along with the processes of globalization, the increasing permeability of the integration and communication processes of the post-industrial society, the problem of studying such a universal as national identity is growing. Global changes are accompanied by the separation of cultures and peoples, an increase in the negative impact on national identity, which causes the desire for cultural self-affirmation, the desire to preserve national values and state interests. Due to the threat of disappearance of the identity of the people, it becomes necessary to search for an updated approach to the preservation and representation of national identity. In this regard, there is a growing need for philosophical and methodological research aimed at identifying the features of national identity. The scientific article examines the formation of the methodological base and philosophical categories within the cultural tradition of the Japanese and Uzbek peoples. The significance of the research topic is determined by the dynamics of the development of the modern global world, integration processes, the growth of interaction and cooperation between different countries and regions, in such conditions, a rapid transformation of national identity is taking place.
There is a special cultural and spiritual interpretation of numbers in intercultural dialogue, which is preserved from history to the present. The similarities and differences in ethnic cultures can be explained by lifestyle factors, ethnography, and the geographical location of the mentioned sources and literary works. Customs, ceremonies of peoples, as well as literary and other sources can be considered evidence of the existence of a long-rooted connection of numbers in the thinking and mythology of peoples. This article discusses the meaning of numbers in the customs and traditions of the Turkish peoples. Although their geographical location is far from each other, it has been said that there are certain rituals associated with certain numbers. The article explores the relationship of certain events related to the ceremony numbers, their particular importance in Turkish national culture. The preservation and revival of national values associated with the figures that form the unique mentality of Turkish today is one of the priorities of the country's cultural policy. The work describes the performance of Turkish rituals associated with the birth of a child, their influence on the further life of a person. Ethnopsychological features of the Turkish people that distinguish it from other nations and nationalities. You can see how religion has influenced the culture of some peoples, as well as what led to the emergence of new customs and traditions among people. Religion and religious concepts in Turkish folklore and cultural life are deeply rooted in the minds of people. The proof of our words is the existence of various ceremonies conducted by local residents. Numbers have their place and meaning in Turkish prayers and various ceremonies. Ceremonies associated with numbers have similarities in rural Turkey.
В данном тезисе приводится обоснования необходимости разработки и моделирования, а также производства конструкции навигационного хирургического шаблона и способов его клинического применения для трансплантации свободного эпителиального десневого трансплантата с целью воссоздания зоны кератинизированной десны при операциях вестиболопластики. В работе приводятся конструкционные особенности уже разработанного, навигационного хирургического шаблона, изготовленного с применением современных компьютерных технологий моделирования и производства.
Scientific study of Central Asia has its deep roots in Russian science. The ramified system of oriental scientific and educational institutions, the richest collections of oriental manuscripts, books, objects of material culture served as a sufficiently representative source base for the research of oriental scholars. The deep and disinterested interest of scientists in the achievements of Eastern civilizations played a certain role in acquainting the peoples of other countries with the culture and history of Central Asia. One of such representatives of Russian oriental studies, who, with his works and social and scientific activities, made a certain contribution to the development of science and culture of the peoples of Central Asia, in particular, to the history of the study of Uzbekistan, was Petr Ivanovich Lerkh. The range of scientific interests of Petr Ivanovich was extensive. He could study the languages, dialects and dialects of various peoples; he could be carried away by prehistoric archeology, as a result of which a number of interesting articles appeared in this direction; the result of his enthusiasm for oriental numismatics was the release of his corresponding scientific work. Moreover, it should be borne in mind that the geography of his scientific research, whatever direction they were, was also extensive: from remote provinces of Russia to the newly annexed neighboring outskirts. This is evidenced by archival materials where the works of P.I. Lerkh on archeology, linguistics, numismatics, ethnography, etc. He also did not reject the study of the works of foreign scientists concerning history, ethnography, oriental studies, in particular. The trip made by P.I. Lerkh in Khiva and Bukhara expanded the scope of the scientist's scientific activity. Since then, Central Asian countries and peoples, eastern numismatics, as well as primitive antiquities began to enter the circle of his scholarly research. During the trip 1858-1859 the scientist acquired over 30 oriental manuscripts for the Asian Museum. The versatility of scientific interests and abilities of a scientist can also be judged by his scientific reports in scientific communities. The article uses a wide range of sources of archival scientific institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in particular, materials from the personal fund of P.I. Lerkh from the scientific archive of the Institute of Oriental Languages in St. Petersburg.
Одним из основных направлении политики Советского государства была национальный вопрос. Поэтому одним из первых нормативных актов которая была принята Советским государством является «Декларация прав народов России» (2(15) ноября 1917 г). По своему значению этот документ был уникальным. Потому что впервые в истории впервые признавалась право на равенство, сувсрсннность и самоопределение народов в многонациональной стране. Исследователи этот документ приравнивают с Вестфальской системой международных отношений [1]. На наш взгляд Вестфальская система в межгосударственных отношениях внедрила«принцип национального государственного суверенитета». Декларация не только признала, но и притворила в жизнь равенство и суверенность народов, входящих в многонациональное государство.
The author notes in the article that good-neighborly and friendly relations between Tajiks and Uzbeks are unique in our world. New friendships are not only completely political and symbolic, but primarily socially oriented towards the well-being of people. The article notes that the literary ties of the Tajik Uzbek peoples were formed under the influence of a common religion, tradition and way of life, geographical proximity, and in the course of the historical process brought these peoples closer. A strong foundation and guarantor of sustainable development and prosperity are willingness and sincere desire for cooperation. It is this factor that consistently serves to further strengthen ties between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in various spheres of life. The Uzbek and Tajik peoples have been close neighbors for centuries, they were tied by friendly and family ties. The intertwining of spirituality, literature, music and the way of life of the two peoples is a unique phenomenon in history. In the most difficult historical periods, they supported each other, stood shoulder to shoulder. The author notes that the far-sighted heads of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan saved the peoples of their countries, preventing them from becoming strangers to each other, and created conditions for the continuation of the glorious
historical traditions of friendship. The author also examines the merits of the leaders of the two countries, the consistent steps of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyayev, including the efforts of the Founder of Peace and National Unity - the Leader of the Nation, President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon to create literary and friendly Tajik-Uzbek ties during the period of independence.
Автор в статье отмечает, что добрососедские и дружеские отношения между таджиками и узбеками являются уникальными в нашем мире. Новые дружеские отношения являются не только полностью политическими, и символическими, но в первую очередь социально ориентированными на благосостояние людей. В статье отмечается, литературные связи таджикского узбекского народов были сформированы под влиянием
общности религии, традицией и быта, географической близости, и в ходе исторического процесса сблизили эти народы. Прочным фундаментом и гарантом устойчивого развития и процветания являются готовность и искреннее стремление к сотрудничеству. Именно этот фактор последовательно служит дальнейшему укреплению связи Узбекистана и Таджикистана в различных сферах жизни. Узбекский и таджикский народы в течение веков были близкими соседями, их связывали дружеские и родственные узы. Переплетение духовности, литературы, музыки и образа жизни двух народов – уникальное явление в истории. В наиболее сложные исторические периоды они поддерживали друг друга, стояли плечом к плечу. Автор отмечает, что дальновидные главы Таджикистана и Узбекистана уберегли народы своих стран, не дав им стать чужими друг другу, и создали условия для продолжения славных исторических традиций дружбы. Автор также рассматривает заслуги лидеров двух стран, последовательные шаги Президента Республики Узбекистан Шавката Мирзияева, в том числе усилия Основателя мира и национального единства - Лидера нации, Президента Таджикистана Эмомали Рахмона по созданию литературные и дружеские таджикско-узбекские связи в период независимости.
There are different opinions about the origin of the “Thousand and One Nights”, one of the masterpieces and pearls of world civilization, and science it was translated into different languages of the world. Scientists of the world expressed opinions on this issue, and the author in the article cites his views on these conclusions. Scientists are divided into two camps in their views on the origin of the source. On the first side were scholars who believed that the source of all fairy tales in the collection is Arabic folklore. We admite true who thinks that this work of Persian folklore. The omnibus was writed in pehlavi language and was very famous in Iranian language. This folklore product was translated from pehlavi into Arabian language e in golden age of Arabian translation, actually in 9-10 centuries. The names of heroes “Thousand and One Nights” Padishah Shakhriyor and Princesse Shakhrezad are persian. The book “Alf Leila wa Leila” belongs and tells not only about the Arabs, but also when creating the work, the motifs of fairy tales from Central Asia, Iran and India were used. Analyzed on the example of a combination of motifs and plots of world folklore of different peoples and the processes of “plot migration”. There two options for this source. The first option is the translation of Persians into Arabic in the 8 th century. The second version was assembled in the 10 th century by Jahshiyor, who came from Baghdad. Explain of oral creation is recognized Egyptian fary tales, were collected by Jaxshiyor, was written in 13-14 centuries. The famous omnibus which named “Thousand fary tales” was collected in Egypt after that the new fary tales were added. “A Thousand and One Nights” was originally created in the form of Indian fairy tales cultivated by Arab masters, and became a unique monument of the Arab people. The current copy of the collection is a valuable monument of the Arab people. It is also a unique gem of world civilization. Literatury antiques of all Orient nation and uzbek are recognized antiques like on “Thousand and One Nights”.
Alexander is one of the great colonel and great conquerer figures of ancient history. Therefore, there are many related works in literature of different nations regarded on him. This article analyzes Alexander's interpretation of Navoi, the main characteristic of the myths and legends of the Oriental people.
В статье затрагиваются проблемы двуязычия (многоязычия), её актуальность, процессы развития и взаимообогащения языков в многонациональном государстве. Благодаря этим процессам в языках народов возникают некоторые общие закономерности, общие явления, главным образом в области лексики, синтаксиса, стилистики, семантики. Они в какой-то степени облегчают развитие разных типов двуязычия у народов.
The article examines the features of the court (palace) poetry in the literary heritage of the Turkic peoples and the work of Bukhar zhyrau. For the purpose of a comprehensive consideration of this problem, the methods of historical-comparative and comparative-typological analysis were used in parallel. On the basis of a systematic research method, the features of the work of court poets in the poetic literature of the Turkic peoples were identified. The creativity of the classic of Turkic literature Navoi and a prominent representative of Kazakh poetry Bukhar Zhyrau became the object of systematic research. Court poetry at different stages of development was distinguished by a thematic orientation. Based on specific examples, it is determined that court poetry develops not only in a laudatory, glorifying, but also in a social form. On the example of the creativity of Bukhar zhyrau, the main features of the poetry of zhyrau are revealed. Although Bukhara served at the palace, he is not ranked among the court poets. Arguments are given in favor of the fact that Bukhar zhyrau, despite the position of vizier and adviser to Abylai Khan, if necessary, sharply criticized some of the khan's actions, which testifies to the close connection of zhyrau poetry with historical and social conditions and events.
The moral-spiritual values play a central role in the life of the Central Asian Peoples. The formation of moral values is influenced by factors such as the natural and geographical environment in which the ethnos lived, the uniqueness of the lifestyle, social relations, especially the types of work. These factors cannot fail to affect the world, environment and socio-cultural life of a person, people. Therefore, there are many similarities and similarities in the moral culture of peoples who live in different regions and have the same natural and geographical environment. From the earliest times, the moral values are disseminated through culture, arts, national traditions and folklore. For instance, in the fight between goodness and evil, nobility and inferiority, nobility and inferiority, elegance and rudeness, high moral and spiritual qualities expressing the ideal of the people always prevail. It is almost rare to celebrate such immoral events and traits as evil, baseness, meanness, and rudeness in folk creativity and art. It should be noted that in some episodes they are superior to high moral and spiritual qualities, positive, they make the protagonists sad, they are exposed to danger, ignorance, arrogance, but the hero of the people overcomes them through noble and beautiful goals and actions. We can see the moral values in folklore by noticing the elevation and appraisal of patriotism, nobleness and courage in folklore. No matter which folk tale or folk epic, the main characters in them are depicted as a person with high moral qualities, noble qualities, bravery. In the artistic-aesthetic image, these noble
qualities become a social ideal that generations envy and follow. The article seeks to explore the role of ethical and moral values in individual and social life, the issues of ethical-spiritual norms and the problem of ethical ideal.
This article describes the activities of special services were sent by Great Britain to Central Asia until the first half of the 19 th century. Also the British-colonial East-India company and its staff, who visited Central Asia under the guise of British ambassadors, traders, and tourists. The state structure, form of government, relations with neighboring countries of the countries located in the region, types of armies, military fortification, topography of the region, economic, political and social situation of the peoples, their customs, traditions, way of life, diversity of nations, peculiarities of this period are described. It also covers the military-political and diplomatic preparations of the British Empire for the invasion of Afghanistan, Khiva, Bukhara and Kokand khanates in the late thirsty 19 th century. They carefully studied the detailed drawings of every road in the country, the waterways, the government officials, the various sources, the political and economic conditions of the regions. The essence of this article is to cover the UK’s secret services, their systematic and uninterrupted operation, and the use of any means at their disposal. The article concludes by saying that the British Empire had been carefully preparing for this process for many years before invading any territory.
The article analyzes the philosophical and didactic work of the scientist Yusuf Khass Hadjib Balasaguni, who lived in the X1-XN centuries, "Kutadgu Bilig" ("Blessed knowledge") and the moral and spiritual views contained therein. The first major monument of Turkic written literature, the work "Kutadgu bilig", which is a kind of manifestation of the didactic philosophy of the Turkic peoples, contains detailed information on the advanced socio-political, spiritual and moral issues of its time, history, culture, science, traditions and foundations of the Turkic peoples, lifestyle, values. The themes of this work are very comprehensive and the issues of man in particular, his social essence, thinking, morality are described through artistic images, poetic proverbs and sayings. The modern meaning of the thinker's views on speech and language etiquette is manifested through symbols, signs and symbols and coverage of such issues as man and faith, man and society, man and duty.
The article tries to reveal correctly interpreted and incorrectly stated points in the content of articles or abstracts, as well as researches and publications on the field of ethnography, ethnogenethes and ethnic history of people of Central Asia, particularly Uzbekistan since the beginning of the XXI century.
Alphabets used by Turkic-speaking peoples have always been the subject of investigation by researchers. Historically, many Turks have taken advantage of alphabets and the adoption of the alphabet has been linked to many factors. Turkish peoples in the past, so as historical integrity of its territory, language, alphabet and a lot of exposure to changes in the financial and moral values was no coincidence. The event, which is full of contradictions deep roots in the wars, massacres, has caused losses. Despite all this, the Turkic-speaking peoples, who are always at the heart of their attributes to preserve national and moral values, has been able to transmit from generation to generation. Most of the examples of Kazakh folk literature published by orientalists such as N.I. Ilminski, P.M. Melioransky, N.N. Pantusov, A.E. Alektorov, A.V. Vasilyev are published in the Cyrillic alphabet; Textbooks of the famous Kazakh educator Ibrai Altinsari in the Cyrillic alphabet were published in the 1870s. The first works of the Kazakh written language were published in Kazan, Orenburg, Ufa, Troitsk, and St. Petersburg. Until the first half of the twentieth century, these works were published in the Arabic alphabet, the common writing system of the Turkic world. At the time of the publication of the Kazakh-Turkish texts in the Arabic alphabet, books in the Cyrillic alphabet were also published for the Kazakhs in the 1860s in order to study the Cyrillic alphabet by the Kazakhs and to spread this alphabet. Today, the transition of Kazakhstan, one of the Turkic-speaking republics that gained independence after the collapse of the USSR, to a common Turkish alphabet is one of the most controversial. Kazakhstan, Central Asia, and has deep historical roots in the struggle of the alphabet. Research for this paper was carried out in Kazakhstan will try to give a broad struggle of the alphabet.
В данной статье предусматриваетсяпроисхождение и распространение каракульских овец в республике Каракалпакии. А также характеристика климату и растительного покрову этого региона. Дается заключения в процесс породообразования, многовековым селекционным работам создателей породы – народов Средней Азии. Сделаны выводы о происхождения каракульских овец и распространения каракалпакского сура в регионах Каракалпакии.