Relevance of the problem.Despite the great successes of angiosurgery, the problem of surgical treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms does not lose its relevance. World health statistics records a steady increase in the incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysm (ABA). According to L.J. Melton et al. (1984) and L.K. Bickerstaff et al. (1984) in the USA the number of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm has increased 7 times in 30 years since 1951. In England and Wales, according to F.G. Fowkers et al. (1989) for the same period revealed a 20-fold increase in abdominal aortic aneurysms in men and 11-fold in women. According to the results of multicentre screening studies ABA was detected in 8% of the examined (E.S. Vourvouri, 2001), and in the age group of 64-69 years ABA was detected in 5.7% of the examined, and in the age group of 75-81 years - in 8.9% (R.A.P. Skott et al., 2001). A similar trend is observed in other countries. Accordingly, mortality from ABA is also increasing - aneurysm rupture in a number of countries is one of the ten most frequent causes of death among elderly and senile people (F.A. Lederle et al., 1990)
Currently, planned aneurysm resection has become a recognised standard of radical treatment of ABA patients and the number of these operations is steadily increasing. For example, about 40,000 ABA resections are performed annually in the USA (J.J. Grange et al., 1997). In Sweden during the period from 1987-89 to 1993-95 the number of ABA operations increased 5 times and currently 10 operations per 100,000 population are performed (A.Hallin et al., 2001), although this is 1.5 - 2 times less than the required number. However, postoperative lethality is still quite high and makes 5-7% (A.V.Pokrovskiy et al., 1992; Y.V.Belov et al., 1992; V.V.Vakhidov et al., 1992; A.W. Bradbury et al. Bradbury et al., 1997; A.Hallin et al., 2001).
E.W. Steyeberg et al. (1995) summarised the data of literature on 17238 ABA resection operations and gave an average mortality of 6.8%.
Multicentre studies in five major hospitals in the Netherlands found that only 74% of patients underwent ABA resection without complications; 26% had some complications, 9% of which were severe and 4.1% of which were fatal (G.J. Akkersdijk et al., 1998). Similar results were obtained in the Canadian Cooperative Study (K.W. Johnston et al., 1990). It was established that the peculiarity of complications in the majority of patients was their systemic character (L.L. Lau et al, 2001) The course of the postoperative period is most often complicated by cardiac, respiratory, renal, cerebrovascular, as well as complications associated with thrombosis and bleeding (W.E. Lloyd et al., 1996; R.D. Sayers et al., 1997; J.D. Blankenstein et al., 1998; R. Ayari et al., 1998). Ayari et al., 2001)
The undisputed leadership, without doubt, belongs to cardiac complications, the incidence of which varies from 10% to 20%. Moreover, cardiac complications account for 50-70% of total mortality. Cerebrovascular complications, although not uncommon, account for no more than 1-1.5%, but their mortality reaches 40%. Complications associated with thromboses and haemorrhages in the perioperative period reach 2-5% (M.M.Reigel et al., 1987; K.W.Johnson et al., 1990; N.Franklin et al., 1993; A.A.Milne et al., 1994).
Certainly, a large number of complications after resection of abdominal aortic aneurysms is caused by the initial severity of patients' condition, however, many unresolved tactical and technical issues of patients' preparation for the operation, stage of performance in case of combined lesions of several vascular basins play a practically significant role. Adequate management of the operation itself and the immediate postoperative period is no less important, taking into account the possibility of such dreadful complications as thrombosis and embolism, cerebral and cardiac death. Until now there is no unified complex analysis of the results of treatment of uncomplicated abdominal aortic aneurysms and, accordingly, recommendations for the prevention of possible complications.
All this determined our aim and objectives of the study.
The aim of the study is to improve the results of surgical treatment of ABA by developing an effective system for determining the main risk factors of surgical treatment and optimal surgical tactics to prevent possible complications.
Scientific novelty.For the first time a complex analysis of indications and contraindications to surgical treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms was carried out
The most significant concomitant pathology capable to lead to formidable complications and lethality during the intervention and in the nearest postoperative period was revealed. Adequate measures of their prevention and treatment were proposed.
The algorithm of surgical treatment tactics for patients with combined pathology of coronary arteries and aortic arch branch lesions was developed
The state of haemostasis system at all stages of reconstructive surgery on abdominal aorta, starting from skin incision to wound closure, was studied for the first time.
Conclusions:
1. The proposed original classification of ABA, based on mutual dependence on the etiology of the disease, localisation, concomitant diseases, clinic and its course, allows to determine the strategy of early diagnosis, to estimate the most significant risk factors, the stage of intervention in combined lesions of adjacent and distant vascular basins and, ultimately, to determine the ways to reduce complications and mortality in patients with ABA.
2. The most informative methods of ABA diagnostics are duplex scanning and computed tomography. Non-invasive diagnostics capabilities are enough to determine the aneurysm size, its relation to the renal arteries, as well as to find out the state of visceral branches and aortic bifurcation. Abdominal aortography is indicated in patients with concomitant arterial hypertension to identify the state of the renal arteries.
3. Significant risk factors in these patients are ischaemic heart disease (44.1%), arterial hypertension (49%), haemostasis disorders (almost 100%).
4. The leading concomitant disease in the development of postoperative complications is ischaemic heart disease. Its share in abdominal aortic aneurysms is 40%. Postoperative cardiac complications reach 14.9%. Diagnostics of ischaemic heart disease should be based on the stage-by-stage detection of coronary lesions and its functional-compensatory abilities.
5. The main complications of the postoperative period after ABA resections are acute heart failure (14,9%), cerebral circulatory disorders (1,5%), acute renal failure (3,33%).
6. When significant coronary vascular channel lesions are detected in patients with ABA, it is fundamental to solve the issue of intervention staging. At 3-4 functional classes of circulatory insufficiency, appearance of new zones of hypo- or akinesia, decrease of ejection fraction below 40%, the first stage should be myocardial revascularisation surgery
7. In patients with combined lesions of brachiocephalic vessels in patients with ABA it is reasonable to assess the cerebral blood flow. In the presence of 70% or more stenosis of VCA, presence of embologenic plaque, bilateral haemodynamically significant stenosis it is necessary to perform carotid artery intervention as the first stage.
8. One of the most difficult problems of reconstructive operations in ABA is the contiguous lesion of renal and visceral branches of the abdominal aorta. The principle is their one-stage reconstruction. The types of reconstruction of these branches should be variable depending on the volume and extent of the pathological process.
9. Patients with aneurysmal lesion of abdominal aorta initially always have significant disorders of haemostasis system. In 30% of patients with occlusive diseases of aorta and its branches in the preoperative period the activity of thrombocytic-vascular link of hemostasis is increased, antithrombotic ability of vascular wall endothelium is decreased and blood rheological properties are disturbed. Activation of fibrinolysis was noted in patients with aneurysmal lesion of abdominal aorta.
10. During the operation for abdominal aortic aneurysmal lesion, after starting the blood flow the level of plasminogen increases additionally by 30%, which is a risk factor for haemorrhagic complications in the perioperative period. On the 1-3 day after the operation there is a significant decrease of blood anticoagulant potential - antithrombin-Sh by 25-27%, protein C by 23-25%. This period is the most dangerous in terms of thrombohemorrhagic complications development.
11. When using standard heparin during the operation there is a consumption of antithrombin-Sh by 30-45% and increase of platelet aggregation by 10%, which is a threatening condition for the occurrence of thrombosis of deep veins of the lower extremities with subsequent TELA. When using fraxiparin during reconstructive vascular surgeries the consumption of antithrombin-Sh and increase in platelet aggregation do not occur, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time are lengthened insignificantly that testifies to expediency of its use for prevention of thrombohemorrhagic complications.
12. Application of the diagnostic methods proposed by us to detect the main risk factors during the operation and in the nearest postoperative period, use of the algorithm of stage and volume of intervention allowed to reduce significantly the number of threatening complications, thus the lethality decreased 4 times, and the number of non-fatal complications - 4 times non-fatal complications - 1.5 times.
Objects of research: 1st group (control) - 8 dogs, which apply traditional intensive therapy at craniocereberal trauma without hypothermia. 2 st group - 8 dogs, which apply drug treatment with external craniocerebral hypothermia. 3 st group -8 dogs, which apply drug treatment with perfusion method of hypothermia. At 286 patients with heavy craniocerebral trauma, efficiency hyperventilation on a background of various methods CCH is investigated depending on type of infringement of a cerebral blood flow.
Purpose: to optimize results of protection and reanimation of a brain at a severe craniocereberal trauma by perfection of a method craniocerebral hypothermia and the differentiated choice of a mode of artificial ventilation easy.
Methods: the cerebral blood flow parameters estimated by transcranial Dop-plcrography datas. Also was definite saturation of arterial (SataO2) and venous (SaI. vjO2) blood oxygen, cerebral blood flow (arteriovenous difference O2), a level of lactate in peripheral blood and in liquor, parameters of intensity.
Results and novelty: by complex study was proved that perfusion method of the craniocerebral hypothermia is an effective and adequate method of protection of a brain caused by hypoxia and secondary damages at severe craniocerebral trauma. It is established, that at carrying out perfusion CCH the important factor of protection of a brain from hypoxia and secondary damages to which the death of animals at severe craniocerebral trauma, is preservation on a limit of physiological norm of functioning erythrocytes owing to adaptable decrease in processes the lipid peroxidation, preservation at high enough level of activity of enzymes antioxidant system, reactions peroxide hemolysis erythrocytes and which can serve as criteria of an estimation of the forecast of efficiency of spent treatment, an outcome of disease.
Practical value: it is developed and pathogenetic efficiency of a perfusion method of the CCH is proved at severe craniocerebral trauma. The algorithm of differential use hyperventilation at patients with severe craniocerebral trauma is developed depending on type of cerebral blood supply disturbance and a degree of development intracranial hypertension.
Inclusion of a method perfusion method of the CCH increase efficiency of protection of a brain from hypoxia and secondary damages reduces frequency of lethal outcomes at severe craniocerebral trauma.
Introduction and economic efficiency: results of research are introduced in practice of the Republican science centre of neurosurgery Health Ministry of the Republic of Uzbekistan and department of anesthesiology and resuscitation of 2-clinic of the Tashkent medical academy.
Field of application: resuscitation and neurosurgery.
Cardiovascular pathology and acute cerebrovascular accident (ACV) are in first and second place, respectively, as the causes of mortality in the structure of general mortality of the population. In this regard, interest in the issues of cerebral blood flow disorders does not weaken all over the world, more and more new aspects of this problem are being considered. CVA is a widespread pathology in the world and according to the WHO “... about 17.5 million people die every year from cerebrovascular diseases in the world, which is 30% of mortality from all diseases ...”. The most severe form of vascular pathology of the brain is a stroke. In European countries, mortality from stroke varies from 63.5 to 273.4 people per 100,000 population per year. About 85-88% of cerebral strokes are ischemic in nature. Ischemic stroke in developed countries ranks first as a cause of permanent disability. Movement disorders of varying severity are the most common and severe consequences of strokes.
Ишемия мозга вследствие сосудистого спазма стоит на первом месте среди причин нейродегенеративных заболеваний. При снижении уровня мозгового кровотока до 55 мл на 100г в 1мин. развивается первая реакция мозга в виде угнетения белкового синтеза, до 35 мл на 100 г в 1 мин. - активация анаэробного гликолиза. При снижении этого показателя до 20 мл на 100 г в 1 мин. формируется энергетическая недостаточность, наблюдается дестабилизация мембран нейронов и выброс нейротрансмиттеров. Развивающиеся энергетический дефицит и лактат-ацидоз способствуют глиальной активации; при дальнейшем снижении кровотока формируется некроз и апоптоз клеток в очаге ишемии. Именно развитием апоптотической гибели нейронов обусловлены отдаленные неблагоприятные последствия ишемии и поражение клеток, прилегающих к зоне инфаркта.
Ишемия и гипоксия мозга в той или иной степени, на определенных этапах являются факторами патогенеза большинства заболеваний центральной нервной системы различной природы (травма, воспаление, судороги и др.). Ишемия мозга вследствие сосудистого спазма стоит на первом месте среди причин нейродегенеративных заболеваний. При снижении уровня мозгового кровотока до 55 мл на 100г в 1мин. развивается первая реакция мозга в виде угнетения белкового синтеза, до 35 мл на 100 г в 1 мин. - активация анаэробного гликолиза. При снижении этого показателя до 20 мл на 100 г в 1 мин. формируется энергетическая недостаточность, наблюдается дестабилизация мембран нейронов и выброс нейротрансмиттеров. Развивающиеся энергетический дефицит и лактат-ацидоз способствуют глиальной активации; при дальнейшем снижении кровотока формируется некроз и апоптоз клеток в очаге ишемии. Именно развитием апоптотической гибели нейронов обусловлены отдаленные неблагоприятные последствия ишемии и поражение клеток, прилегающих к зоне инфаркта.
In gynecological practice, fibroids and adenomyosis are among the most common diseases among women of reproductive age, since these diseases are often the cause of radical operations. Ultrasound examinations are used in the world as screening for the detection of fibroids and adenomyosis. Conducting ultrasound on expert-class devices with blood flow Dopplerometry allows you to differentiate the type of myomatous node, determine the degree of adenomyosis and offer a comprehensive treatment depending on the activity of the process.
Своевременная и правильная диагностика заболеваний головного мозга у детей является одной из актуальных проблем в педиатрии. Комплекс исследований для определения состояния головного мозга необходимо проводить с учетом возможности получения максимальной диагностической эффективности, безопасности и приоритетных возможностей современных методов нейровизуализации в конкретной клинической ситуации
Развитие современных перинатальных технологий в настощее время способствует совершенствованию методов выхаживания и оказания специализированной медицинской помощи детям с массой тела менее2500 г и сроком гестации мснее37 недель, что взаимосвязано, в свою очередь, с увеличением доли таких пациентов в структуре новорожденных. [1, 2]. По данным ВОЗ, смертность среди детей с массой менее2500 г, родившихся живми, составляет 14 на 1000. Из них около2/3 умерших приходится на детей с массой тела при рождении менее 1500 гр. [3,4,5]. Среди факторов, повреждающих головной мозг новорожденного, особо выделяют нарушения углеводного обмена. Гипогликемия чрезвычайно опасна в раннем неонатальном периоде для недоношенных детей тем, что, вызывая компенсаторное повышение мозгового кровотока, она может способствовать возникновению и прогрессированию внутрижелудочковых кровоизлияний. В подавляющем большинстве случаев неонатальная гипогликемия протекает бессимптомно.
Изучить предикторы формирования факторов риска у больных параноидной шизофрении,перенесших нарушение мозгового кровообращения.