COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH CONDUCTED AFTER WORLD WAR II

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH CONDUCTED AFTER WORLD WAR II

Sayfutdinov Feruz Ilniyazovich

Lecturer, Department of History and Philology, Asian International University.

Sharopov Jahongir Nusratovich

2nd year student, History Department, Asian International University.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15737878

In the mid-1950s, the Karakalpak ethnographic detachment of the Khorezm expedition of

the USSR Academy of Sciences studied the impact of socialist changes in the economy on the
life and culture of the Karakalpak people during the Soviet era.

New ethnographic materials (observation records, memoirs of elderly collective farmers,

participants in collectivization testify to the depth of the collapse of the old system) allowed T.A.
Zhdanko to briefly but holistically view the main stages of socialist reconstruction. It showed
how rich the agriculture, life and culture of the Karakalpak people, previously considered
backward, were.

1

U. Kh. Shalekenov made a comparative analysis of the past and present life of

Karakalpak peasants.

2

Thus, a positive result of archaeological and ethnographic studies of the history of

Karakalpakstan in 1938-1959. With the help of the Khorezm expedition of the USSR Academy
of Sciences, special archaeological and ethnographic research was developed in the autonomous
republic. The search routes covered the entire territory of the autonomous republic, as a result of
which a detailed archaeological and ethnographic map of the lower reaches of the Amu Darya
was compiled.

The works of the USSR Academy of Sciences “Trudy Khorezmskoy arheolo

-

ethnografi¬cheskoi ekspedisii” made a significant contribution to the study of the history of

Karakalpakstan. They collected, systematized and scientifically analyzed a large set of materials
describing (the economy, social structure, art history of the Karakalpak people). In this multi-
volume publication, a number of important problems of the ethnic history, ethnography, life and
culture of the Karakalpak people were developed on the basis of new archaeological and
ethnographic materials.

The works of the Khorezm expedition later served as a reliable basis for a more extensive

and in-depth study of the history of the autonomous republic.

Employees of the Karakalpakstan Research Institute of Economics and Culture actively

participated in the work of the Khorezm archaeological and ethnographic expedition of the
USSR Academy of Sciences. As a result, new young scientists emerged in Karakalpakstan, who
rose from student interns to founding scientists. The famous Karakalpak scientists S.K.
Kamolov, U.Kh. Shalekenov, R.K. Kosbergenov, who later became famous Karakalpak
scientists, are an example of this.

In general, the archaeological and ethnographic study of Karakalpakstan in 1938-1959.

brought great success and significantly strengthened historical research. Its results laid the
foundation for the further development of historical science in the autonomous republic.

In the late 40s, scientists created the first comprehensive work on the history of the

peoples of Uzbekistan.

1

Жданко Т. А. Быт колхозников переселенцев на вновь освоенных землях древнего орошения

Каракалпакии. / Труды Хорезмской экспедиции. –

М., 1958, –

C. 709.

2

Шалекенов У.

X

. Быт каракалпакского крестьянства Чимбайского района в прошлом и настоящем. / Труды

Хорезмской экспедиции. –

М., 1958, –

C. 269-370.

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The history of Karakalpakstan was also reflected in it (the first volume was published in

1950, the second volume was published in 1947). It was noteworthy that this work was the result
of a fruitful fraternal community of Uzbek scholars with historians from Moscow and Leningrad.
This wonderful community was strengthened, as we have already said, during the years of the
Patriotic War, when a significant group of prominent scholars was evacuated to Tashkent.

3

The generalizing work on the history of the peoples of Uzbekistan reflects the past of the

Karakalpak people quite widely and comprehensively. It includes special sections “Karakalpaks

in the XVI-

XVII centuries”. and “Karakalpaks in the XIII century”, as well as a separate chapter

“Karakalpaks in the first half of the XIX century”.

All of them were compiled by A.A. Semenov, corresponding member of the USSR

Academy of Sciences, with the support of prof. P.P. Ivanova. The pages of “History of the
Peoples of Uzbekistan” reflect many important issues of the history of Karakalpakstan, including

the ethnogenesis of the Karakalpak people, its political history, the level of development of
productive forces at different stages, and the socio-political system.

A.A. Semenov was able to clearly trace the stages of development of the Karakalpak

economy and the dynamics of changes; described the development of the landed economy and
the gradual increase in its share in the ratio of various branches of the national economy, in
particular, due to nomadic cattle breeding, which was the basis of the semi-nomadic lifestyle of
the Karakalpaks.

On this basis, A.A. Semenov, in general, correctly posed the problem of social

stratification in Karakalpak society, which was the result of the gradual destruction of the tribal
system, education, the feudal class and the peasants dependent on them.

At the same time, in A.A. Semenov's conclusions regarding the evolution of the social

system of the Karakalpaks, in our opinion, not everything seemed undeniable. For example, his
statement that the emergence of feudal relations in Karakalpak society was only a consequence
of the emergence of large landownership is such.

Indeed, it is known that feudal relations naturally arise in a society whose economic basis

is nomadic cattle breeding. Naturally, the feudal system among nomads differs from social
relations of the same type in agriculture. However, these differences are ultimately related to
external features, but not to the essence of production relations.

The “History of the Peoples of Uzbekistan” reflects in some detail the Karakalpak

-

Kazakh, Karakalpak-Bukhara and Karakalpak-Khivan relations, especially the struggle of the
Karakalpak people against the feudal lords of Khiva. A brief description of the Karakalpak
culture, in which oral folk art is highly valued, is undoubtedly valuable for its time.

Unfortunately, this generalizing work does not sufficiently cover the history of

Karakalpak-Russian relations in the 17th - first half of the 19th centuries. A.A.Semenov,
although he listed the main events of this process, does not separately analyze the essence of the
policy of tsarism towards the Karakalpak tribes in his essay.

At the same time, he took a naive approach in assessing the attacks of the Karakalpaks on

caravans serving trade relations between Russia and the Central Asian khanates. The author saw
the reason for this phenomenon solely in the Karakalpak economy, in the lack of the first
necessary goods due to the lack of industry. Subsequent research by scientists has shown that
this aspect of the issue has deep social roots, and the actions of the Karakalpaks should be
considered a phenomenon similar to the Turkmen alemani or Kazakh barimta.

3

История народов Узбекистана. –

Т., 1947. –

C. 105-106.

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In general, the publication of the first edition of the two-volume "History of the Peoples

of Uzbekistan" was an important event in the history of historical science in our republic.
Despite its inherent shortcomings and shortcomings, it became the basis and incentive for further
and even deeper study of archaeological, ethnographic, written and other sources on the history
of the Uzbek SSR, in particular, the KKASSR.

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