Том 4 № 49 (2025)

this article describes the cognitive and affective neuroimaging of neuropedagogy, the emotional and logical perception of literary text, coupled with processes such as the formation of personal attitudes. Also, the principles of individualization, naturalness, neuroplasticity, and personality-oriented education have been cited as the basis for innovation in the development of literary literacy

Ushbu ilmiy ishda tijorat banklari faoliyatini transformatsiyalashuv jarayonlarini takomillashtirish masalalari o‘rganilgan. So‘nggi yillarda raqamli iqtisodiyotning jadal rivojlanishi, mijozlarning bank xizmatlariga bo‘lgan talabining o‘zgarishi hamda xalqaro moliya standartlariga moslashish zaruriyati bank tizimini tubdan yangilashni taqozo etmoqda.

Isolated from the medicinal plant Kalonchoye degremona and molecularly identified Bacillus amyloliquefaciens - UzMU 22 local bacterial strain Verticillium dahliae, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Candida albicans pathogenic fungi Candida albicans have high antagonistic properties. Among pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the strain Bacillus subtilis showed stronger antagonistic properties compared to other pathogenic bacteria.

This article explores semantic and lexical divergences in English and Uzbek legal terminologies, emphasizing their role as reflections of distinct juridical thinking and cultural frameworks. By examining case studies from constitutional, criminal, and civil law, the research reveals how variations in meaning, scope, and usage of legal terms create significant translational challenges. The study highlights the importance of jurilinguistics in bridging these disparities, underscoring the need for precise term equivalence, ontological modeling, and culturally informed approaches to ensure semantic interoperability and accuracy in cross-linguistic legal communication.

The image of Socrates occupies a special place in Alisher Navoi's epics "Farhod and Shirin", "Leyli and Majnun", "Saddi Iskandari". In classical Eastern literature, there are traditional images that are repeated in stories, legends, epics and in general creative works and have become known and popular to everyone. One of   such images is the image of the hakim. In the literature and historical books of the Near and Middle East, he is called the hakim, the wise man.

Проблема исследования заключается в изучении преломления мотива идеального героя в постколониальной литературе, отражающего процессы сопротивления империализму и формирования идентичности в многоэтничных обществах. Цель статьи – проанализировать трансформацию этого мотива в британской литературе («Робинзон Крузо» Даниэля Дефо) и его адаптацию в африканской («Вещие сестры» Чимаманды Нгози Адичи, Нигерия) и азиатской («Полуночные дети» Салмана Рушди, Индия/Великобритания) литературах. В результате установлено, что в британской традиции идеальный герой воплощает имперские ценности, тогда как в постколониальных адаптациях он становится символом культурного сопротивления и гибридной идентичности.

В статье исследуется значение ландшафтного дизайна как ключевого фактора формирования комфортной туристической среды. Рассматриваются теоретические основы, функции и задачи ландшафтного дизайна в контексте устойчивого развития и повышения привлекательности туристических территорий. Приводятся примеры зарубежного и отечественного опыта, включая проекты в Узбекистане. Особое внимание уделяется взаимосвязи ландшафтного дизайна с экологическими, культурными и социальными аспектами, а также формированию туристического имиджа территории. Автор обосновывает необходимость интеграции принципов устойчивого проектирования в развитие туристической инфраструктуры, особенно в условиях жаркого климата Центральной Азии.

This article highlights the importance of the competency-based approach in teaching chemistry and trends in its effective application. The significance of developing practical knowledge and skills in students through a competency-based approach, enhancing their critical and creative thinking, communication, and teamwork abilities is emphasized. The article also reveals, through real-life examples and experiments, how chemical knowledge can spark students' interest and demonstrate the intrinsic connection between knowledge and life. The process of knowledge acquisition is illustrated through experiments such as "Dry Ice," "Heat Race," "Self-Forming Crystals," and "Canaries in Mines."

Til insoniyatning eng muhim ixtirolaridan biri bo’lib, u nafaqat muloqot vositasi, balki madaniyat va tafakkurni shakllantirishning asosiy omilidir. Fonetika esa tilshunoslikning nutq tovushlarini, ularning hosil bo’lishi talaffuzi va muloqotjarayonidagi rolini o’rganuvchi bo’limidir.  Ayniqsa, ingiliz tili kabi xalqaro tilni o’rganishda fonetikaning o’rni beqiyosdir. Ushbu maqolada fonetikaning nutqdagi o’rni va uning til o’rganish, muloqot hamda kasbiy rivojlanishdagi ahamiyati haqida so’z yuritamiz.

issues of improving the mechanisms and criteria for assessing the effectiveness of the activities of leading employees of local executive authorities were studied.

Pneumopathies represent a significant challenge in modern medicine due to their high prevalence and the substantial impact on respiratory function, particularly in vulnerable populations such as newborns, elderly patients, and individuals with chronic comorbidities. Structural and functional alterations in alveolar tissue, including damage to alveolar septa and the capillary network, are key determinants of impaired gas exchange and disease progression. Despite advances in diagnostic imaging and clinical management, detailed morphometric and pathomorphological studies of alveolar structures in pneumopathies remain limited.

The claim that every person holds a human right to breathe clean air has moved from moral intuition to emerging legal norm. Yet the concept remains contested and under-specified. This thesis maps the principal conceptual problems that impede coherent recognition and enforcement of the right. It shows, first, that legal sources are fragmented—some systems protect clean air as an autonomous right, others as a dimension of life, health, or private life, and many rely on soft-law guidance. Second, the right lacks a stable definition of “clean,” oscillating between health-based thresholds, technology-feasible standards, and context-dependent balancing tests.

The global energy landscape is undergoing a profound transformation, driven by the dual imperatives of decarbonisation and energy security. As countries seek to diversify their energy portfolios and reduce reliance on fossil fuels, nuclear power has re-emerged as a viable low-carbon option. According to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), as of 2024 there are 412 operational nuclear power reactors worldwide, with an additional 59 under construction. Significantly, several of these new builds are located in emerging economies, including Bangladesh, Turkey, Egypt, and the United Arab Emirates—countries that have historically relied on imported hydrocarbons.

The article analyzes the legal status and the role of local representative bodies of state authority in Uzbekistan within the framework of democratic governance. It highlights the impact of the evolving constitutional and legal framework, the institutional cooperation between the upper chamber and local councils, as well as the effectiveness of governance through decentralization at the local level. The study relies on normative-legal analysis and evaluates the influence of reforms on the decision-making, oversight, and public communication functions of representative bodies. Problematic issues such as the clarity of status and powers, participation in budgetary processes, guarantees for deputies, and transparency are examined from a systemic perspective, with recommendations for further development. The conclusion emphasizes that strengthening local representative bodies is an integral part of democratic reforms and a fundamental condition for the institutional expression of public interests.

The article analyzes the principle of the direct application of the Constitution as an important guarantee of human rights. First of all, it highlights that Article 15 of the newly revised Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan explicitly enshrines this provision and elaborates on its practical significance. It is substantiated that the direct application of constitutional norms in the activities of state bodies and officials serves as a foundation for building a democratic state governed by the rule of law. Referring to international experience, particularly the Basic Law of Germany and the decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court, the author emphasizes that Uzbekistan’s constitutional reforms are in harmony with international democratic standards. On the basis of presidential decrees, the Plenum decision of the Supreme Court, and reports of the Constitutional Court, it is demonstrated that this principle is being widely applied in practice. In particular, it is shown that the direct application of constitutional norms in judicial practice has increased significantly.

Фуқаролар турли вазиятларда, жумладан, истеъмолчилар ҳуқуқларини ҳимоя қилиш, ишга жойлашиш, ҳужжатларни тайёрлаш, давлат ёки бошқа ташкилотларга мурожаат қилиш, сайлов ҳуқуқларини амалга ошириш ва ҳоказоларда малакали юридик ёрдамга мурожаат қилишларига тўғри келади.

The younger generation is the future of society, the primary bearer of its aspirations, ideas, and potential. Their rights are not only crucial for individual development but also a key factor in ensuring economic, social, and cultural stability on a global scale. Today, a significant portion of the world’s population consists of young people, and ensuring their rights to education, healthcare, safety, and equal opportunities has become one of the most critical tasks for the global community. However, factors such as poverty, conflicts, climate change, gender inequality, and risks in the digital environment continue to hinder the full realization of these rights for the younger generation.

Mazkur maqolada konseptosfera tushunchasi va uning milliy hamda universal ko‘rinishlari tahlil qilinadi. Har bir xalq dunyoni o‘ziga xos tarzda idrok etadi va bu til orqali ifodalanadi. Universal konseptlar barcha xalqlarga xos bo‘lsa, milliy konseptlar faqat muayyan madaniyat doirasida shakllanadi. Lakuna konseptlar esa bir xalq konseptosferasida mavjud, biroq boshqa tilda ekvivalenti bo‘lmaydi. Ingliz tilidagi “honour” va o‘zbek tilidagi “hurmat” konseptlari o‘z ifoda vositalari bilan farqlanadi. Olimlar konseptlarni birlamchi, ikkilamchi, metakonsept, ssenariy va segment kabi turlarga ajratadilar. Ushbu tadqiqot konseptlarning milliy tafakkur va madaniyatni anglashdagi o‘rnini ko‘rsatadi.

Мазкур тезисда ижро иши юритиш жараёнида давлат ижрочиларининг иш юкламасини оптималлаштириш мақсадида ижро иши юритиш жараёнига сунъий интеллект технологияларини кенг жорий этиш, сунъий интеллект соҳасида илғор тажрибага эга бўлган хорижий компанияларнинг бу борадаги тажрибасини миллий қонунчилик ва миллий ижро тизимига жорий этиш, Мажбурий ижро бюроси ходимларини сунъий интеллект соҳасида катта ютуқларга эга компаниялар билан ҳамкорликда малакасини ошириш мақсадида ўқув машғулотлари ташкил этиш, шу билан бирга, давлат ижрочиларининг иш ҳажми меъёрларини белгиловчи норматив-ҳуқуқий ҳужжатларни бугунги кун талабларидан келиб чиққан ҳолда қайта кўриб чиқиб янги таҳрирда қабул қилиш ва қонунчиликни такомиллаштириш хусусидаги таклифлар ҳақида фикр юритилган.

Мақолада аёллар меҳнатини ҳуқуқий тартибга солишда гендер тенглик принципининг роли ва ижтимоий-иқтисодий зарурати тадқиқ этилган. Муаллиф томонидан аёллар меҳнатининг физиологик, ижтимоий ва психологик хусусиятлари таҳлил қилинган ҳамда махсус ҳуқуқий тартибга солиш концептуал асослари белгиланган. Мақолада БМТнинг Барқарор ривожланиш мақсадлари, Жаҳон банки маълумотлари ва халқаро олимларнинг тадқиқотлари асосида гендер тенгликнинг иқтисодий самарадорликдаги роли кўрсатилган. «Work-life balance» концепцияси доирасида оила ва меҳнат мажбуриятларини уйғунлаштириш механизмлари таҳлил қилинган. Хулосада рақамли иқтисодиёт шароитида аёллар меҳнат ҳуқуқларини таъминлашнинг замонавий механизмлари таклиф этилган.

Prohibition is one of the most important speech acts that regulates human interaction in society. It functions as a linguistic tool to prevent unwanted actions and to maintain established norms of communication, morality, and law. The expression of prohibition can be realized through a variety of linguistic means, including lexical, grammatical, and pragmatic devices. Among these, lexical means occupy a central position, since they provide direct and explicit signals of prohibition.

Sun’iy intellekt (SI) bugungi kunda hamma joyda, jumladan, ta’limda ham qo‘llaniladi. Web of Science Core Collection ma’lumotlariga ko‘ra, 2016-2020 yillarda sun’iy intellekt va ma’lumotlar tahlili mavzusidagi ilmiy nashrlar soni 2011-2015 yillarga nisbatan 2,6 barobarga oshgan

This article explores the role of project-based activities in enriching students’ vocabulary within English as a Second/Foreign Language (ESL/EFL) classrooms. Traditional approaches to vocabulary instruction have often emphasized rote memorization and repetition, which limit learners’ ability to use new words in authentic contexts. In contrast, project-based activities foster active participation, independent inquiry, and collaborative learning, thereby enabling students to acquire and apply vocabulary in meaningful situations. Drawing on both international experiences and the context of Uzbekistan’s educational system, the paper highlights the potential of innovative methods for enhancing lexical competence, motivating learners, and developing 21st-century skills.

This article examines the development of the dramatic genre in Karakalpak cinematography, analyzing its historical foundations, thematic transformations, and future prospects.  Despite challenges such as limited financial resources and restricted distribution, the persistence of filmmakers indicates that the dramatic genre will continue to play a vital role in both preserving cultural heritage and engaging with global cinematic discourses. Consequently, Karakalpak drama demonstrates the ability to merge local authenticity with universal human themes, offering promising prospects for the future of the region’s cinema.

In recent years, scientific research has shown that the intestinal microflora (beneficial microorganisms in the intestine) is associated with the immune system, mental health, metabolic disorders (e.g., obesity, diabetes), cardiovascular diseases, and even brain function [1, 2]. Currently, numerous clinical studies conducted around the world prove a close relationship between specific types of microbes and human health, which causes eubiosis, and various diseases. That is why the connection between the intestinal microflora and human health is considered very relevant today [3,4].

Жиноят процесси иштирокчиларига таржимон хизматини кўрсатиш шартларини ҳуқуқий тартибга солиш масаласи бўйича миллий ва хорижий қонунчилик таҳлил қилинди. Бу жиноят процессида таржимоннинг иштироки туфайли юзага келган процессуал харажатлар кимнинг ҳисобига ўтказилиши кераклиги ҳақидаги саволга жавоб топишга имкон берди. Шундай қилиб, гумон қилинувчи, айбланувчи, унинг қонуний вакили, вафот этган айбланувчининг вакили, ҳимоячи, фуқаровий жавобгар ва унинг вакили учун давлат томонидан таржимоннинг бепул ёрдамини (унинг иштироки билан боғлиқ харажатларни кейинчалик қопламасдан) таъминлаш орқали инсон ҳуқуқларини ва одил судловдан фойдаланиш имкониятини таъминлаш соҳасидаги халқаро-ҳуқуқий стандартларни эътироф этган ҳолда, давлат жиноят процессини юритувчи органлар тимсолида айблов томонининг манфаатларини қондириш мақсадида таржимон ёрдами билан боғлиқ процессуал харажатларни қоплаш мажбуриятини айбдор шахс зиммасига юклаш учун халқаро-ҳуқуқий асосларга эга бўлади.

In the Concept for the Development of the Healthcare System of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2019–2025, priority tasks were identified such as the improvement of national legislation in the field, increasing the efficiency, quality, and accessibility of medical care, expanding private healthcare, introducing mechanisms of public–private partnership (PPP), promoting medical tourism to attract investments, as well as the widespread implementation of electronic healthcare systems.

Har bir sudyaning ichki olami — bu faqat qonun matnlarini yodlashdan iborat emas, balki insonning ichki vijdoni, adolatga bo‘lgan to‘yg‘usi va jamiyat oldidagi mas’uliyati bilan bog‘liq murakkab ma’naviy fenomendir. Ushbu maqolada sudyalarning kasbiy huquqiy ongining nazariy asoslari, shakllanish omillari va rivojlanish yo‘nalishlari ilmiy-tadqiqotlar va amaliyot misollari orqali chuqur tahlil qilingan. Shu bilan birga, milliy va xalqaro tajribalarning sudya ongini mustahkamlashdagi o‘rni ko‘rsatildi. Bu tadqiqot nafaqat huquqshunoslarga, balki keng jamoatchilikka ham sud tizimining insoniy va ma’naviy jihatlarini yaqinroq anglashda yordam beradi.

This article explores how storytelling techniques contribute to the development of speaking skills among school pupils. Storytelling not only nurtures creativity and imagination but also plays a significant role in enhancing vocabulary, pronunciation, fluency, and confidence in oral communication. Drawing from empirical studies and educational theories, this article discusses the cognitive, linguistic, and socio-emotional benefits of storytelling and provides pedagogical recommendations for educators.

Storytelling is a fundamental skill that supports children’s language development, cognitive growth, and social-emotional learning. This article examines the methodology for developing storytelling skills in children, integrating pedagogical theories, practical strategies, and the role of play-based learning. Furthermore, it provides step-by-step guidance on how educators can cultivate creativity, narrative structure, and expressive language in early learners.

This article analyzes the institution of exemption from criminal liability as regulated in the Special Part of the Criminal Code. It highlights how these provisions differ from the general part, especially noting the distinctive and incentivizing nature of exemptions tailored to specific offenses. Drawing upon doctrinal literature and comparative insights from the former Soviet Criminal Code, the study underscores the importance of these norms in fostering accountability and facilitating rehabilitation.

В работе рассмотрены состав сточных вод нефтеперерабатывающих предприятий и пути повышения эффективности их очистки. Результаты исследований показали, что действующие технологии обеспечивают лишь частичное снижение концентраций загрязняющих веществ и не всегда соответствуют нормативным требованиям. Предложенная технология позволяет значительно снизить содержание основных загрязнителей, включая хлориды, железо, нефтепродукты, поверхностно-активные вещества и показатели химического потребления кислорода (ХПК). После очистки качество воды соответствует экологическим стандартам, что обеспечивает возможность её повторного использования в технологических циклах или безопасного сброса в окружающую среду. Внедрение данной технологии способствует улучшению экологической ситуации на предприятиях и рациональному использованию водных ресурсов.

The period of Uzbekistan’s independence has witnessed a profound transformation in national literature, especially in the interpretation of cultural and spiritual values. This article examines how writers and poets of the independence era reinterpret national traditions, heritage, and identity in their works. Moreover, it highlights the significance of national values in shaping social consciousness, as well as their role in constructing a modern Uzbek cultural identity.

This article examines the poetic features of character creation in Uzbek literature across different historical periods, ranging from classical works to contemporary prose. The analysis demonstrates that character construction in Uzbek literature is not only a stylistic and artistic technique but also a reflection of ethical values, national identity, and social change. In classical literature, as exemplified by Alisher Navoi, characters are imbued with allegorical and moral significance. During the enlightenment and reformist period, writers such as Abdulla Avloniy introduced characters symbolizing the conflict between tradition and modernity. In the Soviet era, Abdulla Qodiriy and Oybek produced psychologically complex and socially engaged protagonists, while contemporary authors like Erkin A’zam emphasize individuality and spirituality. Thus, the poetic dimension of character creation embodies a dynamic synthesis of tradition, innovation, and cultural continuity.

Mazkur maqolada kislorod va azot birikmalarining atrof-muhitga ko‘rsatadigan ta’siri ilmiy tahlil qilinadi. Azot oksidlari, ammiak va boshqa gazsimon birikmalarning biosfera va inson salomatligiga ta’siri, shuningdek, ozon qatlami va global isish jarayonlariga qo‘shayotgan hissasi yoritiladi. Kislorodning ekologik jarayonlardagi o‘rni, uning yetishmovchiligi va ortiqcha konsentratsiyasi oqibatlari haqida fikr yuritiladi.

This thesis examines the risk management system practices in the customs authorities of the Republic of Uzbekistan and proposes recommendations for its development based on modern methodologies.

Oral candidiasis is an inflammatory process that occurs due to infection of the body with Candida fungi. Usually, the fungus is activated when the body's defenses are reduced. Often, candidiasis affects small children, who often have relapses of the disease. The risk group includes smokers, men over 60, women of all ages. In recent years, the number of patients with candidiasis has increased significantly. The main reason for this trend is the irrational and uncontrolled use of antibiotics, which reduce the body's immune functions and disrupt the balance of microflora.

Ushbu tezisda Mortimer Adlerning inson tafakkuriga oid konseptual fikrlash nazariyasi va sun’iy intellektning (SI) falsafiy imkoniyatlari tahlil qilinadi. Adlerga ko‘ra, konseptual fikrlash insonni boshqa mavjudotlardan va texnik vositalardan ajratib turadigan asosiy gnoseologik xususiyatdir. Biroq zamonaviy SI texnologiyalari abstrakt mulohazalarga yaqin jarayonlarni amalga oshirayotgandek ko‘rinadi. Ma’ruzada Adler nazariyasi va SI rivojlanishi o‘rtasidagi munosabat, ularning gnoseologik va ontologik farqlari, shuningdek “fikrlash” tushunchasini qayta aniqlash zarurati falsafiy nuqtai nazardan yoritiladi.

Grand strategy has long been the framing blueprint for U.S. foreign policy, enabling Washington to mobilize national power, maintain alliances, and guide the international order. Though commonly regarded as continuity from one government to the next, the Trump era placed both durability and contestation for American grand strategy in relief. Trump’s “America First” policy rebranded the engagement-restraint balance, transiting America’s policy from institutionalized liberal internationalism to transactional realism and selective retrenchment. This essay examines grand strategy as a theoretical framework to understand the U.S. foreign policy under Trump’s administration, drawing reference to competing schools of “deep engagement” and “offshore balancing.” It argues that Trump’s regime was not doctrinal chaos or complete rupture but rather a rebalanced reaction to the extended strategic controversies.

Инсон организмининг 65–70% и сувдан иборат бўлиб, ичимлик сувининг экологик ҳолати, аҳолининг умумий соғлиғига, айниқса болалар ва кексалар саломатлигига кучли таъсир кўрсатиб, сифати булса инсон соғлигига бевосита таъсир кўрсатади. Олиб борилган тадқиқотлар шуни кўрсатадики, ичимлик сув таркибидаги зарарли элементлар ва биологик агентлар турли касалликларни келтириб чиқаради.