The article is devoted to the lexical-semantic and cognitive analysis of the features of using certain socio-political terms in promoting the Chinese economic and strategic initiative “One Belt, One Way”. The topic also analyzes the factors affecting changes in the layer of the lexical component, analyzes the differences of a socio-political language (hereinafter OPJ) from an ordinary language, reveals the main functions of socio-political terminology (hereinafter OPT). The study of the semantic-comparative phenomena of the ORT of a QW using descriptive methods of description, features of the socio-political discourse in Chinese, used by us as a subject of a translation object containing a rich layer of vocabulary with background information. After the appearance of the Chinese initiative “One Belt, One Way” and the official distribution of the “Concept and Action Plan for the Joint Construction of Two Belts”, i.e. “The Economic Belt of the Silk Road” and “The Sea Silk Road of the 21st Century”, various assessments and opinions began to appear in the world press on the essence, purpose, guidelines and objectives of this initiative. A number of countries took this initiative passively and even negatively, seeing in it a new threat of “Chinese expansion”. Needless to say, the semantics of the terms within the framework of this initiative has also undergone some changes in terms of their perception by recipient languages. This article analyzes the opinions of a number of Chinese sinologists, political scientists, such as Chinese scientists Shan Hupin, Gong Ting, who in their scientific works analyze the main reasons for the negative perception of the “One Belt, One Way” initiative and come to a common opinion that The reason for doubt was the misinterpretation of some documents and an inaccurate, inadequate understanding of its content, and the incorrect use of social and political terms. In this regard, Chinese scientists propose a number of recommendations on the use of socio-political terminology. Namely, in order to promote the ideas and plans for the concept of the “One Belt, One Way” initiative, the use of mainly “soft” terms and voca-bulary is suggested. It is recommended in publications to avoid the idea that China, ostensibly, intends to chase the role of the project leader and achieve the role of managing the sphere of influence in regional issues. In this regard, Chinese experts consider it necessary to firmly adhere to the principles of joint discussion, joint construction and sharing of the benefits of the Chinese initiative. The research materials show the richness of the lexical layer of the Chinese language, the broad possibilities of transmitting thought using various social and political terms, transforming not only the tone, but also the cognitive paradigm of the text. These lexical and semantic features of Chinese socio-political terminology should be taken into account when translating articles, materials of negotiations, speeches, reports and speeches.
The authors reveal the prospects of participation of Uzbekistan in Chinese projects the "One Belt One Road" - Chinese initiative to create a global transport and infrastructure investment, which unites two projects - the “Silk Road Economic Belt” and “21st Century Maritime Silk Road. The subject of the study is the balanced position of the Republic of Uzbekistan regarding the implementation of the “Belt and Road” initiative. The great importance of the “Belt and Road” initiative for the development of the transport infrastructure of Uzbekistan is revealed, which meets the objectives of Uzbekistan’s Development Strategy for 2017-2021. The analysis shows that the "One Belt One Road" Initiative, despite various estimates, has firmly entered into the everyday life of politicians, diplomats and experts in the field of international economic relations. Attractive and strong point of this giant scale initiative is China's willingness to bear the burden of financing the multibillion-dollar projects in the Eurasian space. The analysis showed Uzbekistan’s interest in participation and implementation of the OBOR project, provided the initiative is filled with specific projects, which will meet the interests of both sides and contribute to the deepening of economic integration, liberalization of international economic relations, more full use of factors of globalization and openness of the world economy. Such cooperation will promote the formation of a qualitatively new model of international economic relations.
This article was adopted for the development of the industry along with the reforms carried out in our country in 2017-2022 in terms of training qualified personnel in the field of communications. As a result of decisions and resolutions adopted by the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Cabinet of Ministers, attention is focused on the history of advancing the work on training specialists in the system to a new level.
The aim of the study was clinical and functional assessment of the effectiveness of the drug "Lutein Ophthalmo" in treatment of age-related macular degeneration . We observed 40 patients (80 eyes ) aged from 55 till 80 years , with the age- related macular degeneration , which were divided into 2 groups. The first group (control ) - 20 people (40 eyes) who received conventional therapy . The second group ( basic) - 20 people ( 40 eyes ) who received conventional treatment in addition to the preparation of 500 mg "Lutein Ophthalmo" leap x 2 times daily for 30 days. During the spent treatment in the basic group of patients visual acuity improvement, reduction relative scotomas and with preservation of a condition of a retina of stable effect is noted indicators. All of this allows us to recommend "Lutein Ophthalmo" in treatment age-related macular degeneration
In Uzbekistan tuberculosis is one of the most threatening social and medical problem. Tuberculosis has become an epidemic in many countries of the world.Almost one and a half million people die annually from this insidious infection. Tuberculosis can be prevented and cured even with the most scarce resources.The article analyzes the case histories of patients who received in the threatment in the Khorezm regional anti- tuberculosis dispensary.
Today China tries to enhance its strategic positing in the international arena where it is persisting a severe rivalry among great powers for influence. From this perspective, this article analyzes the importance of Central Asian region for Chinese foreign policy. Xi Jinping’s presidency has given a new impetus to the revitalization of relations between Central Asian States and China. First of all, it is related to China’s new strategy known as “One Belt, One Road” where Central Asia is considered as an important region.
Relevance of the problem. The difficulties of diagnostics of orbital diseases are well known. Especially difficult is intraspecies differentiation among the multitude of tumour, pseudotumour, inflammatory, vascular, endocrine and other diseases occurring here, manifested by the symptom complex of unilateral exophthalmos [Beradze I.N., 1978; Brovkina A.F., 1993].
Malignant intraocular neoplasms are the main cause of death of patients with diseases of the organ of vision, with 45-48% of patients dying from metastases in the first 5 years after enucleation [Alekseeva I.B., 1990, Barkhash S.A.1978, Brovkina A.F..1991, 1997; Keizer R.W.. Viclvoyc G.L.,1986],
Retinoblastoma is the most frequent malignant neoplasm in children. According to different authors, the frequency of its occurrence is 1 case per 14000 - 35000 newborns. [Bobrova N.F. and Vit V.V., 1993; Brovkina A.F., 1997; Provenzale J.M., et al., 1995; Skulski M., et al., 1997; Weber A.L., Mafee M.F, 1992; Wilms G., et al., 1989]. The frequency of patients with the most malignant intraocular tumour in adults - uveal melanoma has recently reached 7-9 people per 1 million population [Brovkina A.F., 1997; Kotslyansky E.O., 1989; Yushko N.A., Peskova L.I., Kalenich L.A., 1989; Peyster R.G., Augsburger J..I., Shields J.A., 1988; Romani A.. Baldeschi L., ct al 1998; Scott I.U., 1998].
The fundamental difference in treatment tactics, depending on the stage of development, size and topography of the tumour, as well as the seriousness of the prognosis in retinoblastomas and melanomas sharply increase the requirements for the accuracy of their differential diagnosis. At the same time, the number of diagnostic errors in ocular tumours continues to be 10-30% even when complex clinical and instrumental examination is applied in specialised ophthalmological centres [Ternovoy S.K., Panfilova G.V., Rogozhin V.A., 1979; Friedman F.E., Malyuta G.D., Kodzov M.V., 1995; Song G.X., 1991].
Widely used in ophthalmological practice traditional diagnostic methods (ophthalmoscopy, gonioscopy, diaphanoscopy, fluorescence angiography, laboratory tests) are insufficient to obtain comprehensive information about the localisation, nature of growth and prevalence of volumetric pathological formations of the eye and orbit. This circumstance and not quite satisfactory results of surgical treatment are the causes of high mortality of patients [Muratova T.T., Nigmanova N.H., Kozlovskaya G.M.. 1989, Naches A.I., 1980; Cheremisin V.M., Trufanov G.E., Kholin A.V., 1991]. Untimely or erroneous recognition of pathological processes of the orbit leads to a sharp deterioration of visual functions, up to blindness, and in some cases to the death of the patient [Yuzhakov A.M., Travkin A.G., Kiseleva O.A., 1991]. All this determines the importance of timely and accurate diagnosis of diseases of the orbit, on the one hand, and the difficulty of such diagnosis - on the other [Gabunia R.I., Kolesnikova E.K., Tumanov L.B., 1982].
The fact that the orbit is closed from direct inspection and palpation by bone walls and the eyeball, indicates the advantage of radial diagnostics in comparison with other methods of examination. In the arsenal of clinicians there is a great variety of methods of clinical-radial diagnostics of orbital pathology, however, at present the information in the literature about their resolving capabilities and significance in comparative aspect is incomplete and not fully studied. The priority of using one or another instrumental investigation, their sequence and expedient combination have not been determined yet. This makes it difficult to choose the optimal standardised approach for diagnosis and adequate treatment [Cheremisin V.M., Trufanov G.E., 1993, Weber A.L., Sabates N.R., 1996; Wenig V.M., Mafee M.F., 1998].
Thus, the study of these and other questions, contributing to the improvement of diagnostics and treatment of patients with neoplasms of the eye and ocular cavity, should be recognised as urgent urgent.
Purpose of the study. Comparative evaluation of magnetic resonance tomography capabilities and development of algorithms for complex radial diagnostics of volumetric formations of the visual organ. To solve this goal we set the following tasks.
1. To study the normal picture of the magnetic resonance image of the visual organ in comparison with other methods of visualisation.
2. To find out the possibilities of magnetic resonance tomography, ultrasound and computed tomography in detection and evaluation of intraocular neoplasms.
3. To determine the role and place of magnetic resonance tomography in differential diagnostics of volumetric pathological formations of the eye cavity in comparison with other radial methods of research.
4. To determine the indications and to develop an algorithm for the complex application of radiography, ultrasound, computer and magnetic resonance tomography for diagnostics of volumetric formations of the eye organ.
Scientific novelty.
The present work is the first to give a detailed and detailed description of the complex clinical and radiation examination, with generalisation and standardisation of magnetic resonance, computer and ultrasound semiotics of volumetric pathological formations of the eye and eye cavity. The conducted clinical and instrumental investigations allowed to determine the diagnostic value and resolving capabilities of each of the applied methods. The ultrasound, CT and MRI signs of volumetric formations of the eye organ were studied, clarified and supplemented taking into account the use of low-field magnetic field and general-purpose ultrasound apparatus. The developed standardised diagnostic algorithm of examination of patients with this pathology is new, thanks to which the pre-oppositional diagnosis of tumour and other diseases of the visual organ is improved and the total radiation load on the patient is reduced.
Conclusions
1. MPT will provide an opportunity to study the weight of the soft tissue and anatomical components of the ocular cavity, up to the optic nerve sheath and perineural liquor space, the orbital apex and chiasmal-sellar region, as well as to assess the condition of adjacent structures of the brain and facial skull. The method is limited in the evaluation of changes in the bony walls of the orbital cavity.
2. MRI is inferior in detecting characteristic signs of retinoblastoma (presence of calcification). The sensitivity of MRI was 66.6%, while for ultrasound and CT these values were 96.1 and 100%, respectively. But when the tumour spreads rstrobulbarly outside the eyeball (at 3-4 stages) the informativeness of MRI increases significantly. In uveal melanoma the sensitivity and specificity of MRI reaches 100%.
3. Both MRI and CT have a high detection rate (98.1% and 95.8% respectively) of benign orbital tumours of both primary and secondary origin. However, MRI is the preferred method of investigation. MRI is especially informative when a cranioorbital tumour and pseudotumour are suspected. The sensitivity of the method is 90.9% and 91.6%, respectively
4. In some cases ultrasound can be used to differentiate between encapsulated and diffuse neoplasms, which facilitates the diagnosis. However, when the pathological process is localised near the orbital apex, the diagnostic value of ultrasound decreases. In such cases it is advisable to use MRI.
5. In detection of primary and secondary malignant tumours of the orbital cavity both MRI and CT are quite informative (sensitivity 97,2% and 95,4% respectively), but the most comprehensive information about the state of bone walls will be provided by CT. When the process spreads intracranially, the value of MRI increases significantly, especially with the use of contrast enhancement.
6. The developed algorithm of complex clinical and radiation examination of patients with the use of ultrasound, CT and MRI is the most effective in the diagnosis of volumetric pathological formations of the eye and eye cavity, allowing to reduce to an adequate minimum the total radiation load on the patient and diagnostic period, excluding duplication of research techniques and choosing the most informative in each case, which in turn allows to develop appropriate treatment tactics and reduce the level of disability of the patient.
The article is devoted to the demographic problems of Japan. According to estimates of the future population by the National Institute for Demography and Social Security every five years, based on the results of the census, the total population of Japan, reaching a peak of 128 million in 2010, began to decline, and it is estimated that in 2040 it will amount to 107 million 280 thousand people a year. According to the calculations of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, in 2050 the population will decrease to 97 million people, falling below the level of one hundred million. The decline in population poses a threat to the development of society from various points of view, even if you do not run so far ahead. Due to the decrease in the working-age population (from 15 to 64 years), hidden growth opportunities disappear, and GDP decreases. It becomes difficult to maintain a social security system, and in particular a pension system. There are fears of declining living standards. The author considers such specific trends in the demographic development of Japan as the rapid aging of the population, the drop in the birth rate, as well as the impact of these processes on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the workforce and possible ways to replenish it. In the analysis of the problems considered in the article, it is concluded that the demographic crisis faced by Japan will certainly have a noticeable negative impact on economic development, but it is likely that the country's ruling circles will be able to mobilize the nation and mitigate the effects of demographic shifts.
Цель этого обзора — представить имеющиеся данные в поддержку использования средств для ухода за зубами с высокой (> 1500 ppm) концентрацией фтора для профилактики и лечения кариеса у детей и подростков из групп высокого риска. Недавние данные из высококачественных систематических обзоров подтверждают взаимосвязь доза-реакция между профилактикой кариеса и уровнями фтора, а также есть убедительные доказательства из рандомизированных клинических испытаний в поддержку использования средств для ухода за зубами с высоким содержанием фтора. Требуются дальнейшие исследования в отношении использования таких продуктов на уровне населения или сообщества, и в настоящее время доказательства для средств для ухода за зубами, содержащих более 2900 частей на миллион, слабее, чем для тех, которые содержат 2800 частей на миллион или меньше.
Despite a large number of studies conducted in the field of dentistry, including in the field of surgical dentistry, the etiology and pathogenesis of inflammatory complications after tooth extraction have not been fully determined. This slows down the healing process of the hole and the normal formation of bone tissue. At the same time, the occurrence of complications is facilitated by the presence of concomitant pathology in patients. According to new WHO estimates, "... there are 354 million people worldwide living with chronic hepatitis B and C. In the European region, 14 and 12 million people live with hepatitis B and C – one of the main causes of cirrhosis and liver cancer, respectively ...". Currently, viral liver diseases are one of the global problems not only of a medical, but also of a social nature. First of all, this is due to the significant prevalence of viral hepatitis, despite preventive measures. An urgent problem of modern surgical dentistry is the improvement of methods of prevention and treatment after tooth extraction in patients with chronic hepatitis.
Ишемическая болезнь сердца (ИБС) является важнейшим фактором заболеваемости и смертности населения во всем мире, а коронарная болезнь сердца(КБС) занимает лидирующие позиции в структуре временной и стойкой утраты трудоспособности населения во всех странах мира. Согласно статистическим данным Всемирной организации здравоохранения (ВОЗ) в Российской Федерации (РФ) по сравнению со странами Евросоюза и Соединенных Штатов Америки (США) имеет место значительное превышение показателей смертности от болезней системы кровообращения (БСК), в том числе ишемических болезней сердца (ИБС). Статистика сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний в мире неутешительна – более 17 миллионов смертей, что составляет треть от общего количества умерших. По статистике от сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний в России умирает один миллион человек в год. Частым проявлением КБС является стабильная стенокардия(СС). Отсутствие эффекта или недостаточная эффективность медикаментозной терапии, прогрессирующий характер стенокардии, многосо-судистые поражения КА, снижение фракции выброса левого желудочка(ЛЖ), поражение ствола левой КА служат показаниями для реваскуляризации миокарда. Медико-социальная значимость коронарной болезни сердца(КБС) огромна, смертность от нее не снижается, в том числе среди молодых и спортсменов и является частой причиной инвалидизации трудоспособного населения. На фоне успехов хирургического лечения КБС становится очевидной недостаточная разработанность методов реабилитации больных, перенесших оперативное вмешательство. Не в полной мере осуществляется индивидуальный подход к проведению кардиореабилитации(КР) с учетом особенностей состояния пациента, у значительной части больных затягиваются сроки КР, что приводит к неоправданным финансовым затратам.
This article is devoted to some features of the foreign policy of the People’s Republic of China on ensuring the stability of social and political processes in the states of Central Asia and promoting economic prosperity of the region. In particular, the essence of the Belt and Road Initiative, aimed at the consistent development of constructive, good-neighborly relations between China and the Central Asian states, as well as raising them to a new level by increasing the region’s potential, is revealed.
The article discusses topical issues of further increasing the potential of transport and transport infrastructure of Uzbekistan and neighboring countries of Central Asia within the framework of the “One-belt, one-way” project implemented with the People's Republic of China.
Apricot is one of the fruits that stands out for its priceless taste, ripening as one of the first fruits in early spring, and as a decoration of our country's syrup. In this article, the phenological phases of apricot varieties, quality indicators, productivity, indicators of disease symptoms and other similar data were observed. According to it, some varieties of apricots were produced from March 4-5, and some from March 14-15.
Питание является одной из важнейших составляющих здорового образа жизни человека, обеспечивает организм необходимой энергией. Рациональное питание студентов следует рассматривать как одну из главных составных частей профилактической медицины, как один из факторов здорового образа жизни молодежи. Возраст первокурсников относится к критическому периоду в жизни, что обусловлено наибольшей интенсивностью роста и развития, гормональной перестройкой организма, когда максимальны потребности в энергетических затратах. Организм человека подчиняется законам термодинамики. В соответствии, с чем различают один из принципов рационального питания: его энергетическая ценность должна соответствовать энергетическим затратам организма. К сожалению, на практике этот принцип часто нарушается. В связи с избыточным потреблением энергоемких продуктов (хлеб, картофель, животные жиры, сахар и др.) энергетическая ценность суточных рационов часто превышает энергетические затраты.