In the article, the complex examination is classified by the value of special knowledge used in research - by the integration of special knowledge into the research process and by the number of specialists conducting research, and it is also concluded that an examination carried out by one forensic expert using methods and techniques belonging to different (several) specialties can be considered as a comprehensive examination.
МУНДАРИЖА
тушунчаси ва моҳияти............................................................................ 12
Биринчи боб бўйича хулосалар............................................................. 45
ҳуқуқий тартибга солиш манбалари..................................................... 46
Иккинчи боб бўйича хулосалар............................................................ 96
даражада аниқламасликнинг ҳуқуқий оқибатлари............................... 112
қонунчилиги ва ҳуқуқни қўллаш амалиётини такомиллаштириш истиқболлари....................................................................................... 130
Учинчи боб бўйича хулосалар............................................................... 138
АДАБИЁТЛАР РЎЙХАТИ.................................................................. 154
КИРИШ
Диссертация мавзусининг долзарблиги ва зарурати. Дунёда халқаро хусусий-ҳуқуқий муносабатларнинг ривожланиши, глобаллашув жараёнлари ва давлатлар ҳамда уларнинг жисмоний ва юридик шахслари ўртасидаги алоқаларнинг кенгайиб бориши ва ривожланиши бир мамлакат худудида бошқа мамлакат ҳуқуқини қўлланилишини талаб этадиган ҳолатларни юзага келтирмоқда. Ҳозирги вақтда бу каби ҳолатлар турли шартномавий ва шартномадан ташқари муносабатларда, турли давлатлар субъекти бўлган тарафлар ўртасидаги низоларда юзага келмоқда ва ҳуқуқни қўллаш доирасида бир қатор муаммоларни келтириб чиқармоқда. Миллий суд статистикасига асосан охирги уч йилда чет эл ҳуқуқни қўллашга доир иккита иқтисодий иш ва халқаро шартномалар талаблари қўлланган бир қатор фуқаролик ишлари кўрилганлиги маълум бўлди[1]. Ушбу кўрсаткичлар мазкур масалаларнинг миллий қонунчилик ва суд амалиёти доирасида етарлича ўрганилмаганлигини ва шунга мувофиқ қўлланилмай келаётганлигидан далолатдир.
Жаҳонда давлатлар ўртасида ўзаро ҳуқуқий ёрдам, моддий ва коллизион нормаларни, жумладан чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини тўғри қўллаш ва уларга тўғри ҳуқуқий баҳо бериш масалалари вужудга келиши мумкин бўлган халқаро хусусий-ҳуқуқий низоларнинг олдини олишга ёки бундай низоларни адолатли ҳал этишни таъминлашга хизмат қилувчи муҳим илмий-амалий аҳамият касб этадиган тадқиқот йўналиши сифатида алоҳида эътибор қаратилмоқда.
Республикамизда қонун устуворлигини таъминлаш, халқаро савдо- иқтисодий муносабатларни, ўзаро манфаатли ҳамкорликни ҳамда фуқароларимизнинг ҳуқуқлари ва қонуний манфаатларини барча мамлакатларда ҳимоялаш механизмларини яратиш соҳасида тизимли ишлар амалга оширилмокда. Чуқур ўйланган, ўзаро манфаатли ва амалий руҳдаги ташқи сиёсат юритишга йўналтирилган давлатимиз мустақиллиги ва суверенитетини мустаҳкамлаш, Ўзбекистоннинг ён-атрофида хавфсизлик, барқарорлик ва аҳил қўшничилик муҳитини шакллантириш, мамлакатимизнинг халқаро нуфузини мустаҳкамлаш1 мамлакат ривожланишнинг устувор йўналишларидан бири сифатида баҳоланган бўлиб, ушбу соҳадаги қонун ҳужжатлари ва ҳуқуқни қўллаш амалиётини янада такомиллаштиришни долзарб этиб белгиламоқда.
Ўзбекистон Республикасининг 1996 йил 29 августдаги Фуқаролик кодекси,[2] [3] 2018 йил 24 январдаги Иқтисодий процессуал кодекси[4], 2018 йил 22 январдаги Фуқаролик процессуал кодекси[5], 2006 йил 16 октябрдаги ЎРҚ- 64-сон «Ҳакамлик судлари тўғрисида»ги, 2021 йил 16 февралдаги ЎРҚ-674- сон «Халқаро тижорат арбитражи тўғрисида»ги қонунлари, Ўзбекистон Республикаси Президентининг 2017 йил 19 июндаги ПФ-5087-сон «Бизнеснинг қонуний манфаатлари давлат томонидан муҳофаза қилиниши ва тадбиркорлик фаолиятини янада ривожлантириш тизимини тубдан такомиллаштиришга доир чора-тадбирлар тўғрисида»ги Фармони ва мавзуга оид бошқа қонун ҳужжатларида белгиланган вазифаларни амалга оширишда ушбу диссертация тадқиқоти муайян даражада хизмат қилади.
Тадқиқотнинг республика фан ва технологиялари
ривожланишининг устувор йўналишларига боғлиқлиги. Диссертация тадқиқоти республика фан ва технологиялар ривожланишининг I. «Ахборотлашган жамият ва демократик давлатни ижтимоий, ҳуқуқий, иқтисодий, маданий, маънавий-маърифий ривожлантиришда инновацион ғоялар тизимини шакллантириш ва уларни амалга ошириш йўллари» устувор йўналиши бўйича бажарилган.
Муаммонинг ўрганилганлик даражаси. Чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллашга доир масалаларнинг ҳуқуқий таҳлили, чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларига ҳуқуқий баҳо бериш, уларнинг мазмунини аниқлаш, қатъий нормаларни қўллаш ва оммавий тартиб тўғрисидаги изоҳни қўллаш, бу борадаги халқаро тажриба ҳамда хорижий мамлакатлар қонунчилиги ва ҳуқуқни қўллаш амалиёти мамлакатимизда мустақил тадқиқот объекти сифатида ўрганилмаган.
Чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини қўллаш тартиби ва хусусиятларига доир айрим масалалар мамлакатимизнинг олимларидан - Ҳ.Р.Раҳмонқулов, С.С.Гулямов, И.Р.Рустамбеков, Б.Б.Самарходжаев, С.Ҳамраев,
Н.Х-А.Раҳмонқулова, З.Ш.Шамуҳамедова, Д.А.Огай, Б.Т.Мусаев,
Х.Б.Абдурахмонова ва бошқаларнинг1 илмий ишларида муайян даражада кўриб чиқилган.
МДҲ давлатларида тадқиқ қилинаётган мавзу йўналишида сўнги йилларда тадқиқот олиб борган тадқиқотчилар сифатида Л.А.Лунц, В.А.Канашевский, М.М.Богуславский, И.В.Гетьман-Павлова, Т.Н.Нешатаева, Л.П.Ануфриева, Г.К.Дмитриева, Н.Ю.Ерпылева, В.Л.Толстых, В.П.Звеков, Х.Шак, О.В.Новикова, Ю.Г.Морозова, Е.Б.Леанович, С.В.Мартынюк, А.А.Мережко ва бошқаларни[6] [7] кўрсатиш мумкин.
Хорижий мамлакатларда чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллаш ҳамда унда янги ҳуқуқий механимзларни ривожлантиришни сўнги йилларда тадқиқ қилган олимлар сифатида Reynolds W., Batiffol H., Lagarde P., Pillet A., Vischer F., Haller S.M., Cavers D.F., Gutmann D., Farkas J., Clark D.S., Freeman M., Geeroms S., Dannemann G., Fentiman R., Lalive P., Nishino К., Drahoza С., Zoller R. ва бошқаларни[8] кўрсатиш мумкин.
Бироқ мамлакатимизда ўтказилган номлари келтирилган олимларнинг ишлари коллизион нормалар ва чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллашнинг умумий жиҳатларига бағишланган бўлиб, чет эл элементы билан мураккаблашган фуқаролик-ҳуқуқий муносабатларга нисбатан қўлланилиши лозим бўлган ҳуқуқни белгилашга доир муаммолар ва уларнинг ҳуқуқий тартибга солиниши масалалари комплекс тадқиқ қилинмаган. Шу сабабли ушбу масалани комплекс тадқиқ этиш долзарб ҳисобланади.
Диссертация тадқиқотининг диссертация бажарилаётган олий таълим муассасасининг илмий-тадқиқот ишлари режалари билан боғлиқлиги. Тадқиқот иши Тошкент давлат юридик университети илмий- тадқиқот ишлари режасининг «Инвестиция муҳити жозибадорлигини ошириш ва таваккалчилик хавф-хатарини камайтиришнинг ҳуқуқий механизмини яратишнинг назарий-методологик асосларини ткомиллаштириш» номли фундаментал лойиҳаси (2019-2О21й.й.) доирасида бажарилган.
Тадқиқотнинг мақсади халқаро хусусий ҳуқуқда чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини қўллашнинг тартибга солинишини янада такомиллаштириш ва ушбу соҳадаги қонун ҳужжатлари ва ҳуқуқни қўллаш амалиёти самарадорлигини оширишга қаратилган таклиф ҳамда тавсиялар ишлаб чиқишдан иборат.
Тадқиқотнинг вазифалари:
чет эл ҳуқуқи нормалари ва чет эл ҳуқуқига ҳавола этиш тушунчаси ва моҳияти аникдаш;
чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллаш асосларини очиб бериш;
чет эл ҳуқуқига ҳавола этишнинг ўзига хос хусусиятларини аниқлаш;
чет эл ҳуқуқи нормалари мазмунини аниқлаш институти ҳуқуқий тартибга солиш манбаларини таснифлаш;
чет эл ҳуқуқи нормалари қўлланилишига ҳуқуқий баҳо бериш;
чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини аниқлаш ва асослантиришнинг ҳусусиятларини аниқлаш;
чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллашни рад этишнинг ҳуқуқий асосларини тавсифлаш;
чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини мазмунини аникдамаслик ёки лозим даражада аникламасликнинг ҳуқуқий оқибатларини аниклаш;
чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллаш соҳасида Ўзбекистон Республикаси қонунчилиги ва ҳуқуқни қўллаш амалиётини такомиллаштириш бўйича таклиф-тавсиялар ишлаб чиқиш.
Тадқиқотнинг объекти чет эл элементи билан мураккаблашган фуқаролик-ҳуқуқий муносабатларга нисбатан қўлланилиши лозим бўлган ҳуқуқни белгилаш билан боғлиқ ҳуқуқий муносабатлар тизими ҳисобланади.
Тадқиқотнинг предмети халқаро хусусий ҳуқуқда чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллашга доир илмий-амалий муаммолар, миллий қонунчилик ва ҳуқуқни қўллаш амалиёти, халқаро-ҳуқуқий ҳужжатлар, хорижий мамлакатлар қонунчилиги ва амалиёти ҳамда мавжуд концептуал ёндашувлар, илмий назарий қарашлар ва ҳуқуқий категориялардан иборат.
Тадқиқотнинг усуллари. Тадқиқот олиб боришда тарихий, тизимли таҳлил, қиёсий-ҳуқуқий, мантиқий, умумлаштириш, илмий манбаларни комплекс тадқиқ этиш, индукция ва дедукция, статистик маълумотларни таҳлили каби усуллар қўлланилган.
Тадқиқотнинг илмий янгилиги қуйидагилардан иборат:
чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини қўллаш ҳамда уларнинг мазмунини аниқлаш зарурати, чет эл ҳуқуқи нормалари мазмунини аниқлашда судлар тегишли ваколатли органларга мурожаат қилиши ва аниқлик киритиши, шунингдек экспертлар жалб этиб уларнинг хулосаларини қўллаш тартиби асосланган;
фуқаролик ва иқтисодий ишлар доирасида ўзаро ҳуқуқий ёрдамни такомиллаштириш, бунда чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини қўллаш ҳамда хорижий суд қарорларини тан олиш ва ижро этиш механизмларини халқар шартномалар талабларига мувофвиқ қўллаш тартиби ҳамда бу жараёни коллизион ва моддий адолат тамойилини таъминлашга қаратилганлиги асослаб берилган;
чет эл элементи билан мураккаблашган муносабатлар билан бевосита ёки билвосита боғлиқ бўлган барча субъектларнинг манфаатларини чет эл ҳуқуқи энг яхши тарзда ҳимоя қилиши кўрсатилиб, бунинг доирасида Ўзбекистон Республикаси фуқаролик кодексида чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини қўллаш, уларнинг мазмунини аниқлаш, императив нормалар ва оммавий тартиб тўғрисидаги изоҳни қўллашга доир нормаларни миллий қадриятлар ва манфаатлар асосида такомиллаштириш зарурати асосланган;
халқаро даражада чет эл ҳуқуқи қўлланилиши коллизион нормалар ва ўзаролик принципларига асосланганлиги ҳамда халқаро хусусий ҳуқуқ доирасида коллизион, моддий ва процессуал нормалар ўзаро алоқадорилиги асосланиб, комплекс Коллизион ҳуқуқ кодексини ишлаб чиқиши зарурати кўрсатиб берилган.
Тадқиқотнинг амалий натижалари қуйидагилардан иборат:
чет эл элементи билан мураккаблашган хусусий-ҳуқуқий муносабатларни ҳуқуқий тартибга солиш самардорлигини ошириш, хусусан чет эл ҳуқуқий нормалари мазмунини аниқлаш имконини берадиган чет эл ҳуқуқи мазмунини аниқлаш тўғрисида алоҳида норма киритилиши билан халқаро хусусий ҳуқуқ ва халқаро фуқаролик процесси бўйича ягона меъёрий- ҳуқуқий ҳужжат қабул қилиниши зарурияти концептуал жиҳатдан асослаб берилди;
судлар, фуқаролик ҳолати далолатномаларини ёзиш органлари, нотариат, шунингдек халқаро арбитраж суди чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини қўлловчи ва уларнинг мазмунини аниқловчи ташкилотлар сифатида белгилаб берилди;
суд процесси бошланишигача ва бошлангандан кейин процессуал ҳуқуқни танлаш тўғрисида битим тузиш имконияти ва тартибини белгилайдиган нормаларни, шунингдек Ўзбекистон Республикаси Фуқаролик процессуал ва Иқтисодий процессуал кодекслардаги чет эл ҳуқуқи нормалари ва бошқа ижтмоий нормалар далилларини йиғишни тартибга соладиган нормани аниқлаш зарурияти асослаб берилди;
чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларининг мазмунини аниқлаш зарур бўлган низоларни ҳал қилиш мақсадида, суд қатъий ҳаракатлар ва чоралар кўриши шартлиги, шунингдек, суд қарор қабул қилишда таянган чет эл ҳуқуқи нормалари манбаларининг матнларини иш материалларига мажбурий равишда киритиши белгилаш зарурати асослаб берилди;
чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллаш масаласини соддалаштириш мақсадида сунъий интеллект негизида махсус тизимларни жорий қилиш ва уларнинг ҳуқуқий асосларини яратиш бўйича таклифлар асослаб берилди;
чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллашдан бош тортиш бўйича барча асосларни ягона модда остига бирлаштириш зарурати асослаб берилди;
халқаро даражада чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллаш муаммосини ҳал қилишда халқаро хусусий ҳуқуқнинг асосий принциплари ҳамда халқаро судлар ва арбитражлар амалиёти асосида яратилган коллизион нормаларни ўз ичига олган универсал конвенцияни ишлаб чиқиш ва қабул қилиш мақсадга мувофиқлиги асослаб берилди.
Тадқиқот натижаларининг ишончлилиги. Ишда қиёсий тадқиқот олиб бориш бўйича илғор хорижий олимлар томонидан ўрганилган ва тавсия этилган усуллардан фойдаланилган. Тадқиқот натижалари халқаро ҳуқуқ ва миллий қонунчилик нормалари, ривожланган давлатлар тажрибаси, ҳуқуқни қўллаш амалиёти, статистик маълумотларни таҳлил қилиш натижалари умумлаштирилиб, тегишли ҳужжатлар билан
расмийлаштирилган. Тадқиқот олиб бориш жараёнида билдирилган айрим таклифлар амалиётда жорий этилган ва бу тегишли ваколатли органлар томонидан тасдиқланган. Тадқиқот натижалари етакчи миллий ва хорижий нашрларда эълон қилинган.
Тадқиқот натижаларининг илмий ва амалий аҳамияти. Тадқиқот натижаларининг илмий аҳамияти ундаги илмий-назарий хулосалар, таклифлар ва тавсиялардан келгуси илмий фаолиятда, қонун ижодкорлигида, ҳуқуқни қўллаш амалиётида, чет эл жисмоний ва юридик шахслари иштирокида иқтисодий ва фуқаролик ишларини судда ҳал этиш тартибини такомиллаштиришда, тегишли фуқаролик, фуқаролик ва иқтисодий процессуал нормаларини шарҳлашда, миллий қонунчиликни
такомиллаштириш фаолияти юзасидан илмий тадқиқотлар олиб боришда, шунингдек «Халқаро хусусий ҳуқуқ», «Халқаро низоларни ҳал этиш», «Фуқаролик процессуал ҳуқуқи» ва «Иқтисодий процессуал ҳуқуқ»каби ҳуқуқий фанларини ўқитиш ва методик тавсиялар тайёрлашда фойдаланиш мумкин.
Тадқиқот натижаларининг амалий аҳамияти қонун ижодкорлиги фаолиятида, хусусан норматив-ҳуқуқий ҳужжатлар тайёрлаш ҳамда уларга ўзгартириш ва қўшимчалар киритиш жараёнида, ҳуқуқни қўллаш амалиётини такомиллаштиришда ҳамда олий юридик таълим муассасаларида халқаро хусусий ва оммавий ҳуқуқ фанларини ўқитишда хизмат қилади.
Тадқиқот натижаларининг жорий қилиниши. Тадқиқот иши бўйича олинган илмий натижалар қуйидагиларда фойдаланилган:
чет эл ҳуқуқи судлар томонидан қўлланилиши ҳамда уни такомиллаштиришга доир таклифлар Ўзбекистон Республикаси Фуқаролик процессуал кодексининг 14-моддаси ҳамда Иқтисодий процессуал кодексининг 13 ва 14-моддаларида ўз аксини топди (Ўзбекистон Республикаси Олий Мажлиси Қонунчилик палатасининг 2021 йил 19 июлдаги 02/819-сон далолатномаси). Ушбу таклиф чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини қўллаш ҳамда уларнинг мазмунини аниқлаш зарурати, чет эл ҳуқуқи нормалари мазмунини аниқлашда судлар тегишли ваколатли органларга мурожаат қилиши ва аниклик киритиши, шунингдек экспертлар жалб этилиши доирасида ҳуқуқни қўллаш амалиётини такомиллаштиришга хизмат қилган;
чет эл элементи билан мураккаблашган муносабатлар билан бевосита ёки билвосита боғлиқ бўлган барча субъектларнинг манфаатларини чет эл ҳуқуқи томонидан ҳимоя қилинишини таъминлаш мақсадида Ўзбекистон Республикаси Фуқаролик кодексида чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини қўллаш, уларнинг мазмунини аниклаш, императив нормалар ва оммавий тартиб тўғрисидаги изоҳни қўллашга доир нормаларни миллий қадриятлар ва манфаатлар асосида такомиллаштириш бўйича таклифлар Ўзбекистон Республикаси Президентининг 2019 йил 5 апрелдаги «Ўзбекистон Республикасининг фуқаролик қонунчилигини такомиллаштириш чора- тадбирлари тўғрисида»ги Ф-5464-сон фармойиши ва унинг асосида тайёрланган янги Фуқаролик кодекси лойиҳасида эътиборга олинган. (Ўзбекистон Республикаси Адлия вазирлигининг 2021 йил 12 октябрдаги далолатномаси). Ушбу таклиф чет эл элементи билан мураккаблашган муносабатлар билан бевосита ёки билвосита боғлиқ бўлган барча субъектларнинг манфаатларини чет эл ҳуқуқи томонидан ҳимоя қилинишини таъминлашга хизмат қилган;
халқаро даражада чет эл ҳуқуқи қўлланилиши коллизион нормалар ва ўзаролик принципларига асосланганлиги ҳамда халқаро хусусий ҳуқуқ доирасида коллизион, моддий ва процессуал нормалар ўзаро алоқадорлиги доирасида комплекс Коллизион ҳуқуқ кодексини ишлаб чиқиши зарурати бўйича таклифлар Ўзбекистон Республикаси Президентининг 2019 йил 5 апрелдаги «Ўзбекистон Республикасининг фуқаролик қонунчилигини такомиллаштириш чора-тадбирлари тўғрисида»ги Ф-5464-сон фармойиши ва унинг асосида тайёрланган янги Фуқаролик кодекси лойиҳасида эътиборга олинган. (Ўзбекистон Республикаси Адлия вазирлигининг 2021 йил 12 октябрдаги далолатномаси). Ушбу таклиф Фуқаролик кодексида халқаро даражада чет эл ҳуқуқи қўлланилиши коллизион нормалар ва ўзаролик принципларига асосланишида ижобий кўриб чиқилишига хизмат қилган.
Тадқиқот натижаларининг апробацияси. Мазкур тадқиқот натижалари 4 та илмий-амалий анжуманда, жумладан 2 та халқаро ва 2 та республика илмий-амалий анжуманларида муҳокамадан ўтказилган.
Тадқиқот натижаларининг эълон қилинганлиги. Диссертация мавзуси бўйича жами 11 та илмий иш, жумладан 7 та илмий мақола (2 та халқаро нашрларда) чоп этилган.
Диссертациянинг тузилиши ва ҳажми. Диссертация таркиби кириш, учта боб, хулоса, фойдаланилган адабиётлар рўйхати ва иловалардан иборат. Диссертация ҳажми 151 бетни ташкил этган.
ХУЛОСА
Ўзбекистон Республикаси халқаро хусусий ҳуқуқида чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллаш масалаларининг назарий ва амалий таҳлилидан келиб чиқиб, қуйидаги хулосалар қилинди:
Шу билан бир қаторда, Ўзбекистон Республикасининг «Халқаро тижорат арбитражи тўғрисида»ги ҳамда «Ҳакамлик судлари тўғрисида»ги қонунлари халқаро тажриба асосида танқидий таҳлил қилиниб, миллий ҳакамлик судлари чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллаш ваколатига эка эмаслиги ва уларнинг фаолияти халқаро стандартларга жавоб бермаслиги намоён этилди ҳамда мазкур иккита қонунни ягона қонун остига бирлаштириб чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллаш ҳуқуқи ва механизми тўлиқ тартибга солиниши мақсадга мувофиқлиги асослантирилди.
«1161-модда. Қарши томон ва учинчи мамлакат ҳуқуқига ҳавола этиш.
Ушбу бўлим қоидаларига мувофиқ, чет эл ҳуқуқига ҳар қандай ҳавола этиш тегишли мамлакатнинг коллизион ҳуқуқига эмас, балки моддий ҳуқуқига ҳавола этиш деб қаралиши лозим, ушбу бўлимда назарда тутилган ҳоллар бундан мустасно.
Жисмоний шахснинг шахсий қонунини, унинг ҳуқуқ ва муомала лаёқатини аниқлаш бўйича муносабатларни, шунингдек оила-мерос муносабатларини тартибга солиш чоғида чет эл ҳуқуқи қўлланилганда Ўзбекистон Республикаси ҳуқуқига қайта ҳавола этиш қабул қилинади».
«1160-модда. Чет эл ҳуқуқи нормалари мазмунини аниқлаш
Чет эл ҳуқуқини қўлланишда суд ёки бошқа давлат органи унинг нормалари мазмунини бу нормаларнинг тегишли хорижий давлатда расмий талқин этилиши, қўлланиш амалиёти ва доктринасига мувофиқ аниқлайди.
Суд ёки бошқа давлат органи чет эл ҳуқуқи нормалари мазмунини аниқлаш мақсадида ёрдам ва тушунтиришлар сўраб Адлия вазирлигига ва бошқа миллий ва хорижий ташкилотларга, шу жумладан Ўзбекистон Республикасининг хориждаги консулликлари ва хорижий давлатларнинг Ўзбекистон Республикасидаги консулликларига мурожаат қилиши ёхуд экспертларни жалб қилиши мумкин.
Томонларнинг тадбиркорлик фаолиятини амалга ошириши билан боғлиқ талабларга кўра, чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларининг мазмуни тўғрисидаги маълумотларни тақдим қилиш мажбуриятини суд томонлар зиммасига юклаши мумкин.
Ишда иштирок этаётган шахслар ўз талаблари ёки эътирозларини асослаш учун ўзлари важ келтираётган чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини тасдиқловчи ҳужжатларни тақдим этишга ва бу нормаларнинг мазмунини аниқлашда судга ёки бошқа давлат органларига бошқача тарзда ёрдамлашишга ҳақлидирлар.
Агар ушбу моддага мувофиқ кўрилган чора-тадбирларга қарамай, чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларининг мазмуни оқилона муддатларда аниқланмаса, Ўзбекистон Республикасининг ҳуқуқи қўлланилади».
«1164-модда. Оммавий тартиб тўғрисидаги изоҳ
Ушбу бўлим қоидаларига мувофиқ қўлланилиши лозим бўлган чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаси, уни қўллаш оқибати Ўзбекистон Республикасининг ҳуқуқ- тартиботи асосларига (оммавий тартибга) очиқ-ойдин зид келган ҳолларда, истисно ҳолати сифатида қўлланилмайди. Бу ҳолларда ушбу ҳуқуқнинг бошқа мувофиқ келувчи қоидаси, ёки зарурият бўлганда, Ўзбекистон Республикаси ҳуқуқи қўлланилади.
Ўзбекистон Республикаси оммавий тартиби деганда Ўзбекистон Республикаси ижтимоий тузуми асослари, Ўзбекистон Республикаси Конституцияси ва қонунларида мустаҳкамланган асосий принциплари тушунилади.
Тегишли чет эл давлатининг ҳуқуқий, сиёсий ёки иқтисодий тизими Ўзбекистон Республикасининг ҳуқуқий, сиёсий ёки иқтисодий тизимидан фарқланишигина чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллашни рад этиш учун асос бўлиши мумкин эмас».
Кўрсатилганлардан келиб чиқиб Ўзбекистон Республикаси Фуқаролик Кодекси 1165-моддасини қуйидаги таҳрирда баён қилиш таклиф қилинади:
«1165-модда. Бевосита кўлланиладиган нормалар
Ушбу бўлим қоидалари Ўзбекистон Республикаси қонунчилигининг тўғридан тўғри чет эл элементига эга хусусий-ҳуқуқий муносабатларни, қўлланилиши лозим бўлган ҳуқуқдан қатъий назар, тартибга солувчи қатъий моддий нормалари (бевосита қўлланиладиган нормалар) амал қилишига дахлдор эмас.
Бирон-бир мамлакатнинг ҳуқуқи ушбу бўлим қоидаларига мувофиқ қўлланилганда, агар ана шу мамлакатнинг ҳуқуқига кўра бундай нормалар қўлланилиши лозим бўлган ҳуқуқдан қатъи назар, тегишли муносабатларни тартибга солиши лозим бўлса, суд бошқа мамлакатнинг ана шу муносабатлар билан узвий алоқада бўлган қатъий ҳуқуқ нормаларини қўллаши мумкин. Бунда суд бундай нормаларнинг вазифасини ва хусусиятини, шунингдек уларни қўллаш оқибатларини эътиборга олиши лозим».
«Томонлар суд процесси бошланишигача ва бошлангандан кейин процессуал ҳуқуқни танлаш тўғрисида ёзма битим тузиш ҳуқуқига эга. Бошқа давлатда амал қилувчи ҳуқуқ суд учун зарурлиги ва маълумлигига қараб исботланади. Чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини аниқлашда суд томонлар тақдим қиладиган далиллар билан чекланмайди, суд бошқа манбалардан фойдаланиш ва чет эл ҳуқуқи қўлланилиши билан боғлиқ зарур ҳаракатларни бажариш ваколатига эга».
фуқаролик муомаласи иштирокчиларининг ҳуқуқлари ва қонуний манфаатларини таъминлаш учун норманинг алоҳида аҳамияти;
суд кўрсатмаларига амал қилиши керак бўлган ҳуқуқий тизимнинг виждонлилик ва адолатлилик тасаввурлари нуқтаи назаридан тегишли нормани қўллашдан бош тортиш натижасида келиб чиқиши мумкин бўлган салбий оқибатлар таҳлили.
Кўрсатилганлардан келиб чиқиб, Фуқаролик процессуал кодекси ва Иқтисодий процессуал кодекс қуйидаги мазмундаги норма билан тўлдирилиши лозим:
“***-модда. Чет эл ҳуқуқи нормалари мазмунининг суд томонидан аникданиши
Қўлланилиши керак бўлган чет эл ҳуқуқи нормалари мазмунининг аникданиши, Ўзбекистон Республикаси халқаро шартномаларига мувофиқ ҳуқуқий ёрдам учун мурожаат қилиш орқали суд томонидан расмий тартибда амалга оширилади.
Қўлланилиши керак бўлган чет эл ҳуқуқи мазмуни тўғрисидаги сўров тегишли ташкилотларга ишнинг асосий ҳолатлари ва томонлар қўяётган талабларни кўрсатган ҳолда берилади. Агарда Ўзбекистон Республикасининг халқаро келишуви йўқлиги ёки бошқа судга боғлиқ бўлмаган сабабларга кўра ҳуқуқий маълумотни расман олиш имконсиз бўлса, суд ўз қарорини қўлланилиши керак бўлган чет эл ҳуқуқи нормалари мазмунини тасдиқловчи бошқа манбаларга, шу жумладан ишда қатнашаётган шахслар тақдим қилган ҳужжатларга, ва мутахассислар хулосаларига мувофиқ асослашга ҳақли.
Суд тақдим қилинган далилларнинг мақбуллиги, алоқадорлиги ва асослилигини баҳолайди. Суд тарафларнинг розилиги билан ўз қарорини тақдим қилинган далилларга ёки қўлланилиши лозим бўлган чет эл ҳуқуқи мазмуни тўғрисида суд ихтиёрида мавжуд бўлган бошқа ҳужжатларга мувофиқ кўриб чиқиши ва асослаши мумкин. Суд чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини қўллаш, мазмунини аниқлаш, баҳолаш ва шарҳлашга доир маълумотларни иш материалларига қўшиб қўйишга мажбур.
Агарда мазкур моддага мувофиқ кўрилган чораларга қарамасдан чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларининг мазмуни оқилона муддатларда аниқланмаган бўлса, Ўзбекистон Республикаси ҳуқуқи қўлланилади.
Чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини кўрсатилган муносабатларга нисбатан нотўғри қўллаш ёки қўллашдан асоссиз бош тортиш моддий ҳуқуқ нормаларини нотўғри қўллашнинг процессуал оқибатларини келтириб чиқаради”.
Буларнинг барчаси ҳамда диссертация доирасида ишлаб чиқилган бошқа қатор таклиф ва хулосалар Ўзбекистон Республикасида чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллаш самарадорлигини оширишга, миллий даражада ҳуқуқ устуворлиги, чет эл фуқаролари ва юридик шахслари қонуний манфаатлари ҳимоясини таъминлашга, хорижий инвесторлар ишончини ошириш ва инвестиция муҳитини яхшилашга, шунингдек мамлакатимизнинг турли ҳуқуқ устуворлиги рейтингларидаги кўрсаткичлари ошишига хизмат қилади.
The aim of the research consists in development of offers and recommendations about further improvement of criminal-legal and criminological measures of fight against crimes in the sphere of information technologies and safety.
The object of the research work is the system of the public relations regulating criminal-legal, criminological and organizational measures for counteraction to crimes in the sphere of information technologies and safety.
The scientific novelty of the research consists of the following:
the expediency of establishment of administrative responsibility for violation of personal privacy at compliance with the law about protection of private life, ensuring protection of the rights of citizens and also completion of legal gaps is proved;
need of establishment of responsibility for infringement of personal privacy in article 1411 Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan when ensuring criminal legal protection of personal privacy and inevitability of responsibility is proved;
for ensuring the principles of justice and humanity in the criminal legislation the expediency of awarding punishment in the form of restriction of freedom on the persons who have committed crimes in the sphere of information technologies is proved;
high degree of public danger of some crimes (illegal activities for attraction of money and (or) other property (article 1881 of CK), production, storage, distribution or demonstration of the materials containing threat of public safety and to public order (article 2441 of CK)) committed with use of networks of telecommunications and the Internet is explained;
establishment of responsibility for bringing to suicide and inducement to suicide with use of networks of telecommunications and the Internet is proved;
need of introduction of responsibility of the blogger for placement of public negative information of a certain look for the Internet is proved;
inadmissibility of use of personal data of the participants at implementation of electronic commerce for who aren't provided by the contract, need of nondisclosure of the specified data are proved;
establishment of the ban on distribution among children of the information justifying illegal behavior and promoting commission of offense, calling for promotion of the destructive ideas in society and also responsibility for the specified acts is offered;
expediency of application of a method of «confidential dialogue» concerning the persons who have committed information crimes, need of implementation of inquiry, the investigation and preventive measures proceeding from their psychological state are specified;
need of recognition of the actions exerting negative impact to life, health and morality of the personality, made with use of means of information technologies as socially dangerous act is offered.
Implementation of research results. The results of the study are used:
the proposal on establishment of administrative responsibility for violation of personal privacy has found the reflection in article 461 of the Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan about the administrative liability entered by the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of September 23, 2016 No. ZRU-411 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from September 28, 2016, No. 06/1-05/1148-vkh). This change provides compliance with the law about personal privacy, protection of the rights of citizens and also completion of a legal gap in the legislation;
the proposal on establishment of criminal liability for violation of personal privacy has found the reflection in article 1411 of the Criminal code of the Republic of Uzbekistan entered by the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of September 23, 2016 No. ZRU-411 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from September 28, 2016, No. 06/1-05/1148-vkh). Establishment of criminal liability for commission of the act breaking personal privacy provides criminal legal protection of private life of the person and inevitability of responsibility;
offers on expediency of awarding punishments in the form of restriction of freedom concerning the persons who have committed crimes in the sphere of information technologies, have found the reflection in articles 2781-2786 Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan according to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan from August 10, 2015 No. ZRU-389 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 06/1-05). This offer serves purpose of alternative punishment for crimes in the sphere of information technologies;
high degree of public danger of commission of some types of crimes with use of networks of telecommunications and the Internet has found reflection in article 1881, the «g» point of third part of article 2441 Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan according to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of April 25, 2016 No. ZRU-405 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 06/1-05). According to this offer criminal liability for use of information technologies in criminal intents has been established;
responsibility for bringing to suicide, the inducement to suicide made with use of networks of telecommunications and the Internet have been established in article 103 and 1031 Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan according to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of June 13, 2017 No. ZRU-436 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 06/1-05). This offer has served establishment of criminal liability for the information attacks encroaching on human life;
regulations on responsibility of the blogger for dissemination of public negative information of some look on the Internet are introduced in articles 3 and 121 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan from December 11, 2003 No. 560-II «About informatization» (the act of Committee on questions of innovative development, information policy and information technologies of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 05/2-01-71). This offer serves prevention of various crimes committed with use of the Internet;
offers on inadmissibility of use of personal data of the participants at implementation of electronic commerce for who aren't provided by the contract need of nondisclosure of the specified data have found the reflection in article 18 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of May 22, 2018 No. ZRU-385 «About electronic commerce» (the act of Committee on questions of innovative development, information policy and information technologies of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 05/2-01-71). This offer became a basis for the ban illegal use of personal data from participants of electronic commerce;
offers on establishment of the ban on distribution among children of the information justifying illegal behavior and promoting commission of offense, calling for promotion of the destructive ideas in society and also responsibility for the specified acts are introduced in article 16 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of September 8, 2017 No. ZRU-444 «About protection of children from information doing harm to their health» (the act of Committee on questions of innovative development, information policy and information technologies of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 05/2-01-71). This offer has served recognition of dissemination of information among children of information doing harm to their health as illegal behavior;
offers on improvement of criminal liability for crimes in the sphere of information technologies and safety have been used by preparation of analytical notes within the Concept of improvement of the criminal and criminal procedure legislation approved by the resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan of May 14, 2018 No. PP-3723 (the act of Committee on questions of innovative development, information policy and information technologies of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 05/2-01-71). This offer serves a proving of inevitability of responsibility for crimes in the sphere of information technologies and information security;
offers on expediency of application of a method of «confidential dialogue» concerning the persons who have committed information crimes, need of implementation of inquiry, the investigation and preventive measures proceeding from their psychological state have been introduced in activity of the relevant structural divisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan (the act of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018 No. 33/1985). This offer has served increase in efficiency of prevention of crimes in the sphere of information technologies and information security;
offers on need of definition of external influence, level of competence and practical skills of employees, motives of offense when studying the reasons of crimes in the sphere of information technologies and information security and also conducting monitoring of social networks have been introduced in activity of the relevant structural divisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan (the act of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018 No. 33/1985). This offer has served definition of the reasons and early warning of crimes in the sphere of information technologies and information security;
offers that the information security is object of criminal legal protection taking into account its direct connection with the state interests have found the reflection in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About modification and additions in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About the principles and guarantees of freedom of information» (the act of the Center of information security and assistance in ensuring public order at the Ministry of information technology development and communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan from November 13, 2017 No. 03-07-02/124). This offer has served protection of information security as object of criminal legal protection;
offers on need of implementation of complex measures from law enforcement agencies for ensuring information security at information security have found the reflection in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About modification and additions in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About the principles and guarantees of freedom of information» (the act of the Center of information security and assistance in ensuring public order at the Ministry of information technology development and communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan from November 13, 2017 No. 03-07-02/124). This offer has provided orientation of activity of law enforcement agencies on information security;
offer that threats of information security exert essential harm to the interests of the personality, society and state information have found the reflection in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About modification and additions in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About the principles and guarantees of freedom of information» (the act of the Center of information security and assistance in ensuring public order at the Ministry of information technology development and communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan from November 13, 2017 No. 03- 07-02/124). This offer has allowed to estimate high degree of public danger of information threats as a factor of commission of information crimes;
the rule about protection of the personality against illegal information influence taking into account that impact on consciousness of the personality with use of means of information technologies exerts negative impact on life, health and morality of the personality, has found the reflection in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About modification and additions in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About the principles and guarantees of freedom of information» (the act of the Center of information security and assistance in ensuring public order at the Ministry of information technology development and communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan from November 13, 2017 No. 03-07-02/124). This offer has served recognition of the specified actions as socially dangerous act.
Structure and volume of the dissertation. The thesis consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, a list of used literature and applications. The volume of the thesis is 260 pages.
Subject of the inquiry: 298 patients with finn deformations of the larynx and trachea
Aim of the inquiry: early rehabilitation of patients with firm deformations of the larynx and trachea path optimization and creating clinical and pathogenic methods of complex treatment.
Methods of the inquiry: clinical examination, special examination: LOR-examination, endoscopy of air ways, X-ray, CT, MRI of larynx, trachea and bronchus, bacterial examination of larynx and trachea wounds; morphological examination, biochemical methods of examination: lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes, activity of hepatic monooxygenase system (MOS); biophysical methods of examination: исследование electric damage of erythrocytes’ membrane (EDEM), blood viscosity (BV) and blood shift velocity (BSV); cytological examination.
The results achieved and their novelty: In patients with firm deformations of the larynx and trachea, firstly basing on complex investigation clinical and structural-functional parameters revealed pathomorphological changes in neck tissues as chronic inflammation with productive component. Despite, revealed disrupt balance of process lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system, hydroxylic function of liver, decrease of electoral penetrability of erythrocytes’ membrane and aggravate of hemorheology. With this, level of expression of changes depends on clinic form and load disease, correlate with stage of wound healing and after restore of functions of the larynx and trachea gradually becoming normal. Presented classification of the firm deformations of the larynx and trachea, permitting complexly counting etiologic factor and morphological variant of the damage of laryngotracheal tract. In scheme of the pathogenic complex conservative therapy before and after reconstructive operations included medicine, influencing on Hemodynamic, with ability membranotrope action, systemic enzymotherapy, immunostimulators, and correction of the tissue metabolism by laser. Created private and modified methods of reconstructive laryngotracheoplasty in case of cicatricle stenosis of glottic and subglottic parts, bilateral paralyses of the larynx, cicatricle deformations of pharyngolarynx, combination deformations and defects of the larynx and trachea, permitting single stage restore laryngotracheal ways.
Practical value: The investigation of pathogenic mechanism of developing of the firm deformations of the larynx and trachea on data of changes of main functional and metabolic processes will permit not only activating and improving of pathogenic therapy, and forecasting variant of development and course of postoperative period after reconstructive operations.
Use of proposed methods of complex conservative and surgical treatment of the firm deformations of the larynx and trachea allowed to provide whole volume of restoring means in more short time and with less quantity of stage operations, preoperative preparing till 3 days, hospital stay till 14-20 days, surgical operations in 1.9 time.
Degree of embed and economical effectivity: The results of investigation intruded in treatment practice of the First and Second Tashkent Medical Institutes, LOR-clinics of Samarqand territorial children hospital, territorial hospital of Karshi. Materials of the investigation using in study process of LOR - cathedra First Tashkent Medical Institutes during lectures and practice tutorials with students, magistracies, and clinic ordinators. Determined main economic effect in use of proposed complex therapy in connection with reduce of term of treatment and hospital stay (on an average 10 days) and taking off or decreased disability on 67% patients.
Sphere of usage: otorhinolaryngology, surgery, reanimation
Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Development of science and intensification of all branches of national economy and also introduction of new technogenic processes of production have resulted in antropogenic influence of industrial activity of man on the environment and ecological equilibrium According to the data of regional evaluation of stable toxical compounds in the countries of the European Counsel the highest concentrations of Pb, Cd and Hg in the environment have been noted in the Ukraine (Pb-31,02; Cd-54, Hg-36 ton/year).Release of heavy metals to the environment for Russia equaled Pb-50%; Cd-66%; Hg-37% and in some others countries: Pb-10%,Cd-21%,Hg-58%,.Short analysis of the situation interms of these tree toxical metals has shown the level of antropogenic throwings of heavy toxical metals(HTM).The biggest part of HTM finding with throwings released to the atmosphere thrown out on soil and in waters of the country being the-surce the release and then they accumulate in neighbouring countries .
At presente time in the Republic of Uzbekistan the level of manufacture is rapidly growing and this results in the increase of the concervation of HTM compared with global scale of some natural processes. The most dangerous for the health of population are the non-essencial elements (Hg, Cd, Pb, As) . For this reason the monitoring of pollutions of objects of environment especialy HTM has acquired special importance and actuality. Qualitative and quantitative determination of ions of HTM has acquired important and necessary demands and has pulled out before analysts and ecologists the task of elaboration of express sensitive and selective methods of determination of microquantities of these elements which are dangerous toxicants, cancerogens and mutagens.
In this regard in the process protection of objects of the environment it is important and necessary to determinetion precise concentrations of HTM by different physical, chemical and physico-chemicals methods. For the practical realization of this problem at chemical analysis it is necessary to improve perfection existing methods analysis and elaborationof new modern methods ecotoxicants monitoring (espessially HTM). In the aspect of realization of theoretical prerequisites and practical confirmation of analytical determination of ecotoxicants concentrations it is necessary to elaborate some new hybrid methods with immobilization of different complexe-forming reagents on polymeric bearers and matrixes differing by high meteological and operation parameters.
Existing actual problems can be solved by introducing to the analytical practices of the methods of HTM determination of some new selective and specific organic reagents.The most perspective way of their solution is the purposeful synthesis and immobilization of new organic reagents with some definite analytical characteristics with following forecast of their properties with the aim of the optimal solving of the given tasks.
Elaboration of methods and approaches of prognosis as method of further development of sorbtion-spectroscopical method of analysis is an actual problem .In this range of theoretical and applied analytical chemistry there are considerable achivments bonding with investigations of home and forcing investigators ,but row of questions of problematical character has demanded of deep investigation and knowledges of new approaches and methods of their decision.
It is known that theory of action of OR is characterized as “system of ideas” allow ing to construct of some analytical system to find optimal by nature reagent and medium in which analytical reaction will carried out .In decision of some taskes of development of theory of OR action the fallowing stages neussarg to take into acconnl:”esplantion of observe processes and phenoments:prediction and direction works by synthesis of reagents with given properties .’’Thus the elaborated methodology and predication of properties of immobilized analytical reagents can be consider as definite seintific contribution in development of theory of action of IMOR for their using in analytical chemistry and ecology.
Purpose of research is elaboration of express, high-sensitive sorbtion-spectroscopical methods and test-systems of HTM determination with using of IMOR. Elaboration on the base of these methods some general approach to prognosis of properties and construction of specifical analytical grouos in organic reagents immobilized on different types of bearers synthesis of new organic reagents with given up properties on the base of our theretical prognosisesand introduction of them in practice of analysis of different analytical and ecological laboratories.
To achieve this goal the following tasks of research is solved: -optimization of immobilization conditions of organic reagents with preservation of their analytical properties; determination of mechanism of coloured reactious of complex-formation of immobilized organic reagents with ions of HTM;
-determination of connection between structure of OR and their analytical characteristics; prognosis of some perspective ways of their modification and directed synthesis of new specifical reagents on the base of nitronaphtols;
-analytical groups (EAG): (6-methyl-pyridil-2-azo-aminophenol; l-(5-methyl -2-pyridilfzo )-5-diethglaminophenol ;l-(4-antipyridilazo) -2-napthol sulphoacid; 1-(2-pyridilazo)-2-oxynaphtalin-6-sulphoacid sodlium; 3-hydroxy-4-nitrozo-2-naphtoic acid;2-hydroxiy -3-nitrozo naphtaldehyde and others);
-determination of influence of different factors and parameters on value of the analytical signal ;wing of elaborated methods in analysis of different by nature model binary ,triple and more complex mixtabiological objects industrial materials
-comparison of obtained results with results obtained by existing methods of determination of the investisated metals in solution.
Scientific novelty of disscrtational research consists in the following:
-Immobilization of different by nature reagents for prognosis and prediction of optimal construction of some OR based on quantum-chemical value of changing of analytical characteristics in dependence on structure of the functional and analytical-active groups has been theoretically based and practically has been realized;
-Chemico-analytical properties of OR immobilized on bearers on the base of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polypropylene (PP) for apriory prediction of structure of different OR and elaboration on their base an optical chemical sensors on the base PAN and PP-matrixes having some necessary analytical parameters;
Conclusion
1. Litrature date about using fiber sorbents and ion-exchanging on their base for determination of HTM cations at analysis objects of environment have been summarized. Advantages of using of fiber sorbents in comparison with their using as granule and powder have been shown. Necessarily of search of new immobilized reagents for determination metals in different objects was ground.
2. New scientific trend in analytical chemistry based on the sorbtion-spectroscopical determination of HTM in different objects of enviroment with using immobilized on fiber material organical reagents of different nature with aim of improvment of metrological parameters, exploitational and analytical parameters was developed.
3. Pysico-chemical and analytical properties of immobilized reagents on the base of reagents Arsenaza and threephenylmethan row and also synthesized on the department of organical chemistry NUUz sorbited on the fiber “Nitron” were systematically investigated. Optimal conditions of immobilization of new reagents on some polymeric bearers with preservation of theirspecifical analytical properties were determined.
4. 1R- spectroskopical investigation of immobilized reagents of fiber sorbents and their complexes with cations of HTM was carriedout. It was proved that in complex-formation of HTM ions with immobilized reagents the same functional analytical groups participated as in case of native solutions.
5. Results of investigations of interaction of reagents group Arsenazo and theephenylmethanic raw and also reagents synthesized on the derailment of inorganical and analytical chemistry of chemical faculty ofNUUz immobilized on marix on the base of PAN and PP-fibers with ions of HTM have shown that their immobilization was carried out owing to ionic changing and also formation of strong intermolecular hydrogenous bonds with bearers.
6. Using of calculating quant- chemical methods such as EMN, MNDO, RMZ and AM-1 has allowed in apriori to predict the structures of different rengents having some necessary analytical parameters (sensibility, contrastion of reactions and conditions of their carring out).
7. On the base on comparison optimal conditions of immobilization, sorbtion, degree of extraction of metals ions, coefficients of distribution, sorbtion capasity of fiber sorbents, data about sensibility of the analytical action occording to ions Cd, Hg, Cu and Fe in presence of accompanying elements, possibilities of quantitative desorption by small volumes of mineral acids and accessibility of initialcompounds it is shown an perspective of practical using of synthesized reagents and fiber sorbents. Immobilized reagents quantitativly have extracted ions of metals during 20-30 min at temperature 20-25°C in pH diapazone 3-7 (R=90-99%).
8. Coplex of methods of solidphase - spectroshopical and visually-testing determination of HTM in natural objects and samples of sewage and also new effective method of sorbtion - spectroskopical determination of Co,Cu, Cu, Ni, Fe and Hg in drinking and natural waters with using of immobilized organical reagent has been elaborated . This sorbtion - spectroskopical method has allowed to determine abovementioned metals in drinking and natural waters on the level n x 10-6 - n x 10'3 % and also to decrease the limitof their determination . Rightness of elaborated methods was proved by method “introduced - determined” at analysis of some real abjects and also by comparison with data obtained by atom -absorbtion method.
9. Elaborated methods were aprobated at analysis of real objects and were introduced in practics of laboratories by investigation of surface waters NYSMY; SES (sanepidemic station) of Tashkent region and Bekabad; department of radiopreparates of INP (Institute of nucleur physies) and others. Some obtained experimental data have been introduced in educational process at reading of lectures , carring out seminars and labaratory works with bachelors and masters by courses : “Analysis of environment objects”; “Optical methods of analysis “ ; “Physical methods of analysis “ ; “ Metrology statistics and computer in analytical chemistry” on the departments ofNUUz ; SamSU; Term.SV Tash.Pharm.1.
Research purpose: to study the effectiveness of a complex treatment of patients with age-i macular degeneration (AMD). Material and methods: a complex therapy of 104 patients (206 eyes) with AMD has been cone Mean age of patients made up 68.8±6.2 years old. Along with a traditional medicinal treatment Citicoline and Ginkgo Biloba w ere included. Results and discussion: application of the proposed method leads to a persistent increase of functions, improvement of hemodynamic indicators, as well as multiplies the bio-potentials’ amj of retina reflecting the functional activity in the macular area, and improvement of the retina sta
To evaluate the effectiveness of the method of targeted delivery of the drug to the retina in the treatment of preproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Materials and methods. The effectiveness of treatment with retinalamin was evaluated in 73 patients with diabetic retinopathy. The patients were divided into 2 groups. In the main group, the drug is in the upper - outer quadrant under the conjunctiva (0.5 ml of solution) for 10 days. Also used internally wobenzym 3-6 tablets 3 times a day for 3 months. Results. After treatment in the main group, visual acuity improved by 0, 35 compared to 0, 12 in the control group. There was also an improvement in eographical indicators and the state of the fundus in both groups. Stabilization of visual function was achieved in 71% of patients as a result of a complex treatment method. Conclusion: a comprehensive method can be recommended for use in patients with preproliferative diabetic retinopathy to achieve stabilization of visual functions.
Subject of the inquiry: rabbits, visceral-ischemic shock, metabolism, mitochondria, suktsinasol, suktsivil.
Aim of the inquiry: to study effect of new hemocorrectors such as suktsinasol and suktsivil on the basic pathogenetic mechanisms of visceral-ischemic shock.
Methods of inquiry: physiological, biochemical, biophysical, statistical.
The results achieved and their novelty: A complete evaluation of indices in hemodynamics is given in VIS including AAB and toxemia, functional changes in liver, indices of carbohydrate-phosphoric metabolism. A number of research methods have been studied which gave the opportunity to have a distinct understanding about metabolic status of the organism. Efficiency of a new polyfunctional hemocorrection - suktsinasol on hemodynamic and metabolic indices of VIS have been studied for the first time. The effect of a new polyfunctional hemocorrector Suktsivil on the hemodynamical and metabolic indices of VIS have been studied. A comparative analysis of effective blood substitutes during infusion for VIS in experiment has been carried out.
Practical value: We have determined hypothesis about disorder of energetic metabolism in liver cells in VIS. We have proved efficiency of using new complex blood substitutes sulktsinasol and suktsivil as supply of rich energetic compounds (sulktsinasol) and corrector of electronic and transport function of mitochondria in liver in emergency complicated by hypoxia and toxemia.
Degree of embed and economical efficiency: Obtained results concerning effective new substitutes suktsinasol and sukrsivil for VIS can be recommended for combined treatment of VIS in medicine new blood substitutes can restore hemodynamics, acid-alkaline balance, metabolism, reduce toxemia.
Sphere of usage: medicine.
Subject of research: 128 patients with acute, subacute, secondary-chronic and primary-chronic types of Rock fever.
Aim of research: early diagnosis of audio and vestibular disturbances on patients undergo Rock fever and against background of usage of ototoxic medicines by applying of modem complex tools of audio research and impcdanccmctry.
Tools of research: general clinical research, special inquiries: examination of otolaryngologic organs, acoumctcring, tone threshold audiomctcring, voice audiometery, impcdanccmctry, detection of audio sensitivity to ultrasound under methodology of В. M. Sagalovich, vestibulometery, clcctronistagmography, reenccphalography.
Results received and their novelty: different types of audio disturbances were first time discovered from patients with Rock fever infection during a complex inquiry of audio and vestibular organs status: in acute and subacute types of Rock fever there dominate the audio disturbances on sound conductivity, in chronic type - the mixed or advantageously ncurosensoric character. There was applied an impcdanccmetry to define a character and level of injury of audio organ.
A scheme of complex conservative therapy included the mounts that influence on hemodynamics; adjuvants; the mounts that influence on tissue interchange; antyhypoxantincs that improve microcirculation of internal car; enzyme mounts that eliminate cicatrical and soldering processes in medium ear.
Practical value of dissertation: a qualified method of diagnosis of different types audio disturbances was proposed to practical public health. The methods of early diagnosis allow asserting a necessity of usage of early complex inquiries of audio and vestibular analyzers to make a prevention and development of further abnormalities (hard hearing and surdity).
A level of introduction: received results were introduced to the work of Otolaryngologic department of Second Tashkent State Medical Institute and clinical infectious hospital of Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology, Microbiology of Infection Diseases of Republic of Uzbekistan.
Fields of applying: otolaryngology, infection diseases.
Subject of the inquiry: 97 patients with ankylosing spondylitis, 20 healthy volunteers.
Aim of the inquiry: to assess metabolic activity of erythrocytes and peculiarities of fcrrokinctics in using Fhlogcnzymc in the complex therapy of patients with AS. Methods of research: functional-metabolic process erythrocytes and ferrokinctics (scrum iron, ferritin, saturation of transferrin with iron) lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system.
The results achieved and their novelty: For the first time purposeful complex study was conducted of metabolic process parameters in erythrocytes and fcrrokinctics, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system processes, Willebrand factor, atherogenicity in relation to the clinical course of the disease. Functional-metabolic disorders in erythrocytes in fcrrokinctics determined systemic changes in blood, with their extent associating with severity of the clinical course of AS. For the first time it was found that the use of Fhlogcnzymc in the complex treatment improved clinical course of the disease. The shortening of clinical recovery period was associated with normalization of parameters characterizing functional metabolic activity in crythrocytea and ferrokinctics. Systemic enzyme therapy was proved to increase the effect of conventional therapy by a directed improvement of functional metabolic processes in erythrocytes, energetic activity and ferrokinctics which allowed inclusion of systemic enzyme therapy preparations for hemic hypoxia in patients with AS.
Practical value: Use of Fhlogcnzymc in the complex treatment of AS increased the efficacy of therapy, decreased the rate of drug side-effects, allowed us to decrease the doses of basic preparations and non-stcroid anti-inflammatory. Changes of laboratory parameters in Fhlogcnzymc using included more significant decrease of acute phase indices, increase of hemoglobin and erythrocyte concentration in the peripheral blood.
Degree of inculcate and economic efficiency: conclusions and practical recommendations were introduced into the practice of departments of rheumatology, nephrology of the third clinic of the Tashkent Medical Academy and into teaching process of departments of faculty and hospital therapy, folk medicine, internal diseases of the stomatological faculty and clinical pharmacology of the Tashkent Medical Academy.
Sphere of usage: rheumatology, therapy.
The author analyzed the legal nature of the enterprise as a single property complex in civil law, defines the basic criteria for assigning items to this concept and their relationship and substantiates the necessity improving its legal status.
Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Bronchial asthma (BA) is one of the most common and serious diseases, which in the world suffer from 3 to 12% of the child population of the globe. Proportion of adolescents with asthma, is one third of all children with this disease. High prevalence of asthma in the numbers of teenagers, characteristics of the disease, age-related aspects of the functioning of the endocrine and immune systems of teenagers that cause difficulties which arise in the course of the diagnostic process, highlight the need to find innovative approaches to diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
It is known that the key immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of the vast majority of AD cases is real and indisputable fact. Currently, considerable interest to researchers involved in the pathogenesis of positions of allergic diseases, especially asthma, along with IL-4 and IL-13 causes a number of other (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-5, INF-a and INF-y) immunoregulatory cytokines.
Genetic predisposition plays an important role in the development of allergic diseases. Currently available data on the relationship with asthma and associated with disease symptoms polymorphism approximately 150 genes. Important role as the main contender for the predisposition to asthma gene is a gene encoding flchain of high affinity receptor IgE. Interaction elevated levels of antigen-specific IgE with FceRip plays a central role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. Particularly attractive candidate gene asthma is also one of the enzyme genes biotransformation - GSTirl, encoding glutathione S-transferase and л1 express almost exclusively in the pulmonary tissue. This gene is located at the locus 11 ql 3, for which repeatedly shown clutch with atopic symptoms. Accumulated in the literature say about the relationship of gene polymorphism FceRI, GSTnl with different allergic diseases.
From this perspective, the study of immunological and genetic mechanisms of the pathogenesis of this disease for the construction of rational treatment and prevention emphasizes the relevance of this thesis research.
From the earliest days of independence, the country has successfully implemented state programs aimed at reforming the health care system. As a result, the targeted implementation of organizational health and research activities aimed at effective diagnosis, prevention and treatment of asthma among adolescents, with some success in the treatment of this disease in the country. However, now the problem of early diagnosis and the development of effective programs for treatment and prevention among adolescents with asthma remain one of the most important issues of modern health care. This research work was carried out in the framework of the tasks set by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On additional measures to improve the health of women and the younger generation," dated 25.01.2002 for the №32. In this regard, the need to deepen the information received about the state of cellular and humoral immunity among adolescents, asking pathogenetic informative immunogcnctic studies in asthma arc one of the important criteria demand the dissertation topic.
Purpose of research is study the immunological and genetic mechanisms of the pathogenesis of asthma in adolescents and form the basis of this plan rational diagnostic and therapeutic measures in this pathology.
In To achieve this goal the following tasks of research is solved:
to establish the clinical course of asthma in the population of adolescents living in the Samarkand region, in the early stages of the pathological process in the bronchopulmonary system.
explore the features of the state of cellular and humoral immunity, as well as activation markers in asthma in adolescence by determining the immunophenotype of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood.
to examine the level of production of immunorcgulatory cytokine interleukin-6 and interfcron-y and install them pathogenetic informative in asthma among adolescents.
to determine the features of distribution of allele and genotype frequencies of polymorphic variants of genes and FceRip GSTnl population Uzbek people with asthma, compared with the healthy part of the population.
examine the clinical and immunological aspects effectiveness of therapies using drugs and polioksidony tsikloferon in patients with asthma in adolescence.
on the basis of studies to develop a multivariate model of formation of bronchial asthma and develop an optimal algorithm for the diagnosis, treatment, prevention in adolescents with this pathological condition.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
proposed introduction to the work of doctors teen clinics layered approach testing can significantly improve the detection rate of asthma in adolescence and optimize treatment and preventive measures in high-risk groups;
first defined the peculiar characteristics of the quantitative parameters of the immune status of patients with asthma in the cohort of adolescence and the corresponding proposed regulations and guidance documents for the healthy part of the adolescent population;
for the first time presents a comprehensive assessment of the cytokine profile of blood serum in bronchial asthma in adolescents. Specific features of products immunorcgulatory cytokines IL-6 and INF-y and their pathogenetic and regulatory information content in asthma among adolescents;
first analyzed the distribution of alleles and genotypes of polymorphic gene variants and gene FceRip GSTirl among patients with different phenotypic variants of AD and healthy individuals of Uzbek nationality, which resulted in the identified markers of increased risk or, conversely, resistance to the development of asthma in adolescents Uzbek ethnicity;
algorithms for phase diagnosis, treatment and prevention of asthma in adolescence in terms of disclosure of important moments of the pathogenesis of the disease, allowing to build a rational sequence of diagnostic search, aimed at verifying the diagnosis and expedient construction of preventive measures.
Conclusion
1. Set the frequency of occurrence of the disease and the structure of "asthma" in the arid zone among teens. Said pathology is recorded in 9,6% of the population surveyed adolescents, while the disease is more common among females. In the structure of the disease prevails periodical exposure and mild persistent form.
2. Identified by clinical features of asthma among adolescents living in the arid zone, indicate a high frequency of lesions of the bronchial tree association with allergic processes in other organs and tissues: in 73,9% of the AR, 53,7% with AK. 16,6% with BA and 14% with urticaria/angiocdcma.
3. Found that in the study population of patients with asthma adolescence occur expressed disturbances of the immune status, manifested deficit indicators as cell (CD3‘, CD4+, CD8 , CD16+), and humoral immunity (CD19 , IgA, IgG, IgM) and activation markers (CD23+, CD95). The immune status of patients with asthma in young people, adolescence has distinctive features, the depth of detected violations immunoreactivity was most pronounced in the younger age group.
4. In patients with bronchial asthma in adolescence revealed distinct changes in cell-cell interactions in the immune system: a significant increase in the content of Th2-cclls secreted IL-6 is a regulator of maturation of antibodies and immunoglobulin production itself, and vice versa reducing regulator activity of Th 1-cell cytokine INF-y.
5. It was found that the contents of cytokines IL-6, INF-y and in the peripheral blood is in communication with one pathogenic disease. It is shown that the lowest level of INF-y production in the scrum is characteristic of allergic clinical pathogenic variant asthma in adolescence. Adolescents suffering from predominantly infectious form of asthma, there is a sharp trend towards increased production of IL-6 in peripheral blood.
6. Revealed that markers of increased risk of allergic forms of asthma in adolescents Uzbek ethnicity arc genotype FceRip-109T/T allele FceRip-109T, low-risk markers - FcsRip-109C/C and allele Fc£Rip-109C. A high degree of cohesion genotype FcsRip-109T/T allele and FcsRip-109T with hereditary burden of asthma in the Uzbek population.
7. Among females ethnic Uzbek Association revealed lie-105 allele and genotype Ilc-105/Ilc-105 polymorphic gene locus GSTkI at high risk for asthma. Revealed that the genotype associated with the development Ilc-105/Ilc-105 allergic form of asthma in adolescents Uzbek population.
8. Complex therapy with adolescents’ patients with asthma ciklofcron and polyoxidonium, providing immunocorrective effect, enhances the clinical efficacy of basic therapy. In the study of prophylactic efficacy of immunomodulators positive indicators prevailed in the group of patients receiving polioksidony, necessitating its inclusion in the priority scheme of integrated treatment and prevention of asthma in adolescents.
The purpose of the study is to determine the significance of genetic factors in the development of chronic nephritic syndrome in children and to clarify the features of the clinical course
The оbject of research were 129 children aged 4-15 years who were treated for chronic nephritis in the nephrology department of the Samarkand Regional Multidisciplinary Paediatric Medical Centre.
The scientific novelty of the study is as follows:it has been established that the severity of chronic nephritic syndrome in children is associated with clinical manifestations (gradual development, dyspepsia, abdominal pain) and an increase in the amount of Cystatin C in the blood;for the first time, it was revealed that the development of sclerotic lesions due to increased proliferation in patients with the presence of the MMP-9 (A-8202G) rs 11697325 genotypes in chronic nephritic syndrome leads to a worsening of the clinical course of the disease; established early diagnostic marker MMP-9 (A-8202G) rs 11697325 and its tissue inhibitor TIMP-2 (C536T) rs 11551797 in chronic nephritic syndrome in children in the diagnosis of the disease; for the first time, the prognostic value of the alleles of the MMP-9 (A-8202G) rs 11697325 genes and the homozygous G/G genotype in determining the risk of developing the disease in children with chronic nephritic syndrome has been proven.
Implementation of the research results. Based on scientific results of evaluation of the role of polymorphic genes of matrix metalloproteinase and its tissue inhibitors in chronic nephritic syndrome in children: methodological recommendation “The role of polymorphic genes of matrix metalloproteinase and its genetic inhibitors in the development of chronic nephritic syndrome in children” was developed and approved (reference of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 8n-r / 554 of 30.02.2022).
This methodological recommendation made it possible to predict the development of chronic nephritic syndrome in children and improve preventive measures; approved and developed on the basis of scientific results of research on early diagnosis and prognosis of chronic nephritic syndrome “Dynamics of clinical and laboratory parameters in nephritic syndrome in children”, (reference of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 8n-r / 555 of 30.02.2022).
This methodological recommendation made it possible to optimize the diagnosis and treatment tactics for various forms of nephritic syndrome in children;
The results obtained were implemented in the practice of health care, in particular, in the Republican Children's National Medical Center, in the 1st clinic of the Samarkand State Medical University, in the Samarkand Regional Children's Multidisciplinary Medical Center (conclusion No. 8 n-r/324 of 21.06.2022 of the Ministry of Health of Uzbekistan).
The application of the obtained results to practice has made it possible to reduce the frequency of recurrence of the disease in children, prevent complications of the disease, improve the quality of life of patients, diagnose and prevent the disease.
The structure and scope of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, 4 chapters, conclusions, practical recommendations. The volume of the dissertation is 120 pages.
Subjects of the inquiry: patients with acute intestinal obstruction.
The aim of the inquiry: improvement of treatment results of the patients with acute bowel obstruction by means of the perfection of the methods of intestinal decompression and enteral correction of metabolic disturbance of the organism with nutritive blend “Perative”.
Methods of inquiry: general clinical laboratory investigations, roentgenological studies, statistical technologies, clcctrocntcrography.
Novelty of inquiry: In complex treatment of the patients with acute bowel obstruction the improved intestinal tube has been used for intraoperative decompression of the gastrointestinal tract and it has been demonstrated of its effectiveness. The active intra- and postoperative decompression of the gastrointestinal tract, gut lavage, enteral [tube] feeding effectiveness in complex treatment of the patients with acute bowel obstruction has been proved. The necessity of addition of the complex treatment of the patients with acute bowel obstruction the enteral correction of metabolic disturbance of the organism has been proved and the balanced nutritive blend “Perative” efficacy has been defined.
Practical value: The application of the improved intestinal tube allowed accomplishing of the adequate evacuation of the toxic contents of the gastrointestinal tract and reducing of the enteric pressure. It has contributed to earlier recovery of the all gastrointestinal tract function and it has created the favourable conditions for enteral [tube] feeding. Carrying out of the enteral [tube] feeding with semi - substrate nutritive blend “Perative” has promoted to earlier replacement of the loss of power and plastic material needs. Clinical application of the developed patients management with acute bowel obstruction has promoted to the reduction of the complications rate (from 33,9% to 6,0%) and mortality (10,7% to 0%).
Degree of embed and economical effectivity: The main regulations of the dissertation have been applied in practical work of the urgent surgical department of the second clinic of the Second Tashkent State Medical Institute and it is used in process of 4-6 years students teaching in the Second Tashkent State Medical Institute.
Sphere of usage: urgent surgical help.
Topicality and demand of the theme of dissertation. In world practice of informatization, systems of electronic document interchange (EDIS) arc considered and introduced last years not only as systems for automation of manage processes but also as high-grade platforms for creation of uniform information field, so borders of their use, certainly, expands and scientists of the world raises interest to them. In researches of leading scientists of infocommunication technologies the demand of problems of authentic gathering, transfer, analysis, coding of information during formation of office-work documents is allocated for getting of effective technologies raising mobility and productivity of EDIS.
Complex measures undertaken by the Government of Republic of Uzbekistan on development of systems of region-territorial automated management and to creation of uniform information field arc directed on wide introduction of information systems, EDIS, databases (DB) on the basis of modern information-communication technologies. In this connection, working out of new methods to intelligent processing of information resources used for improvement of data transfer quality, allowing effectively to find out and correct errors in structure of electronic document interchange with least material and time expenses, differs a special urgency and, at the same time, remains the unresolved theoretical and applied problem having important economic value.
Requirements to information resources and streams of data transmission as the important factor of efficiency and quality of EDIS functioning arc expressed in providing of stability, integrity, safety and authenticity of the information. One of important among factors is the criterion of authenticity of the information, caused by distortion of transferred messages in infocommunication networks because of failures and refusals of means, any handicaps in communication channels, errors of operators, scanning and recognition systems.
Hence, construction of effective systems to control of information authenticity during transfer and processing represents special scientific interest as priority technology of data processing, characteristic for conditions of automated management and electronic document interchange at the enterprises and organizations.
For existing methods, despite of providing the high level of information transfer authenticity, some unsolved questions is typical, and as basic of them it is possible to allocate the following: at development technologies of electronic documents interchange in structure of modern data transfer packages the significant volume of resource is spent for headings, at the same time the most part of information in headings remains constant from package to package during stream of transfer of the whole frame (redundancy of the information arising at it and mechanisms to provide reliability of deliveries consisting, basically, in sending the appropriate message and repeated transfer of packages, - result to additional time and material expenses while errors detection and elimination); code and hardware methods of information transfer control arc focused, mainly, on elimination the transposition mistakes in managing fields of packages; however, at data transfer there arc also distortions in information fields, which frequently reveal as multiple text mistakes.
In this relation, the decision of tasks for providing of information transfer authenticity is reasonable to consider in two aspects.
Solutions of the first type tasks should taken into account errors of the man-operator, scanning and other devices intended for input of the information. These kinds of mistakes make greatest volume of distortions in text and arise at Applied and Representation levels of OSI model (Open System Interconnection reference model).
Solutions of second type tasks, devoted to control of the information reliability, take into consideration the probability of distortions which occur at stages of Transport, Network, Physical and Line of model OSI.
Demand of the dissertation is characterized by the fact that introduction of a wide range of IP-enabled technologies in electronic document interchange is connected to requiring close attention tasks of detection and correction of errors during preparation and processing of documents.
This research work is focused on providing realization of laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan «On informatization», «On electronic digital signature», «On electronic document», «On electronic commerce», «On electronic payments», Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan № 126 on 05.04.2011 «About measures on installation and use of a single secured e-mail and system of electronic document interchange in the executive office of cabinet of ministers, bodies of government and economic governance, local government».
Following that, the solution of listed tasks requires carrying out the special researches and development connected to creation of methods and algorithms, capable to control the information authenticity in structure of data transfer packages at the expense of use the enclosed redundancy, and able to function in transport environment, eliminating existing lacks. This fact causes necessity of allocation of a special class algorithms for providing of information authenticity on the basis of new type of PR-rcdundancy (property redundancy), defined by depending on properties of processed object.
Purpose of research is development ol constructive methods, models, algorithms and systems of information authenticity control during transfer and processing of the data on the basis of mechanisms used PR-rcdundancy of various nature, and software and algorithmic realization of results for developing technologies of electronic document interchange.
Scientific novelty of disscrtational research consists in the following:
concept, methodology and software and algorithmic bases to construction methods, models and algorithms for the information authenticity control in systems of electronic document interchange arc developed, classes of objects characterized by PR-rcdundancy, applied to provide accuracy, integrity, efficiency, compression, availability of information resources in EDIS arc allocated;
methods and algorithms arc offered for control of information reliability at the expense of use the artificial redundancy on the basis of linear, modular, plane summing mechanisms and definition of belonging to the coded subsets;
methods and software complexes arc developed for control of information reliability at the expense of use the natural redundancy on the basis of algorithms in which procedures of statistical, arithmetic, parsing coding, n-gram structured description, statistical pattern recognition and hashing of text elements arc realized;
for control and correction of spelling mistakes in texts on Uzbek language methods and algorithms arc offered on the basis of models of multilevel morphological analysis and n-grams Grammatik description;
on the basis of enclosed logic criteria, database and knowledgebase in structure of the built-in expert systems methods and algorithms arc developed for the control of information authenticity at the expense of use the structural-technological PR-rcdundancy;
methods arc offered to synthesis algorithms of text information reliability control in interactive system of errors detection and correction for developing technologies of electronic document interchange.
Conclusion
1. Developed in the dissertation constructive methods, models, software and algorithms complexes to control of information authenticity by principles of using of PR-rcdundancy on the basis of concepts of system analysis, control and information processing allow to increase efficiency and productivity of EDIS.
2. The estimation of current state of the theory and practice of code, hardware and program methods of control of authenticity information transfer had shown insufficiency of existing types of redundancy for providing qualitative functioning of EDIS. Principles of use of PR-rcdundancy at electronic documents for working out applied methods, software and algorithmic complexes to providing of information transfer authenticity have allowed to design toolkit of development of existing technologies.
3. Methods of: linear, plane and modular summation; codings by rules of Haffman, Lempcl-Ziv-Velch, Barrousc-Willcr, arithmetic coding, statistical recognition, logic control form methodical bases of use of PR-rcdundancy for expansion possibilities of algorithms and software complexes to providing of the information authenticity during drawing up, transfer and processing of electronic documents texts.
4. Efficiency of developed algorithms is shown and solutions arc got for tasks of control the information authenticity on the basis of criterion of mistakes undctccting probabilities. It is established, that they find up to 92 % of all kinds of mistakes, capable to correct single, double and adjacent transpositional mistakes, in comparison with existing methods reduce labour content and cost of control in 2-3 times if probability of mistakes is accepted as P«4-10-3, and also raise the information authenticity up to three orders.
5. To solving tasks of control and correction of spelling mistakes in Uzbek texts methods, algorithms and systems arc developed included morphological and n-gram structured models. The developed technique of getting frequency characteristics of n-gram on the basis of distortions probability parameters statistics arc applied during systematization hash-codes for parsing coding.
6. Interpolation and extrapolation methods of construction the logic and arithmetic function of statistical recognition arc used for working out algorithms to control of text elements images authenticity. Methods arc developed to control authenticity of alarm characteristics of text elements images in ncuronctworking system to information processing which includes parts of automatic recognition and control of images signals. Methods and algorithms arc realized in the structure system to control of information authenticity for eases when information in EDIS is represented as metatext on the basis of belonging attributes and classification of metatext on fuzzy semantic hypcrnct.
7. Methods and algorithms of the control of the information authenticity, based on methods of dictionary, statistical and hash-codings provide effective applying of the hardware-software environment of parallel computations NVIDIA with use of standard libraries of numerical analysis, optimized data exchange between CPU and GPU for optimization.
8. It is determined that at realization of the system to control of spelling on the basis of developed ways of description and identification of the software shell, treelike representation of n-gramm grammar and architecture of framework Sfinks-4 focused on various language models used PR-rcdundancy, the number of undetected errors and cost of realization considerably decreases, and labour content in comparison with the spelling control system on the basis of morphological analysis decreases twice.
9. Developed simulating algorithms, complexes of software and systems to control of information authenticity on the basis of using PR-rcdundancy have found practical application in systems of: automated organization of educational environment in high schools; adapted data transfer, processing and analysis in infocommunication networks; EDIS of enterprises.
10. The developed software complexes to control the information authenticity in structure of EDIS and computer system of adapted transfer, handling and data analysis arc implemented in real working conditions in the Samarkand branch «UzTelecom» of the State committee or communication, for informatization and telecommunication technologies of the Republic of Uzbekistan and in Joint Venture «Tasty-Fuit». Appropriate certificates confirm cost of economical efficiency of dissertation results.