This research is about the development of an important part of Chinese literature -women’s literature in XX century. In the beginning of XX century the number of women writers who wrote fiction works increased rapidly. The uneasy situations of the country such as revolutionary movements in the beginning of XX century, China-Japan war, monopole government of Mao Zedong, persecuting the democratic movements, deporting intelligent people to the “re-educating” camps and other conditions were not able to obstacle the women to enter the literature world. On the contrary, interfering of women in social-politic life of the country got stronger in the second part of the XX century. The various movements of women, journals and newspapers and societies of women were organized. The role of women in social life became more noticeable and women literature developed more. Women writers such as Bin Sin, Lin Shukhua, Lu In, Din Lin, Syao Khun, Shi Pinmey, Dzao Min, Lyui Bichen, Chjan Aylin got an important place in social-politic and moral-cultural life of the country with their works. Many of these women participated actively in literary processes and public events. In this article some of the mentioned women writers’ life and work will be discussed in detail. The women writers mentioned in this article are confessed not only in China, but also in the world’s literature. The problems risen in women’s works, the real events described by them play a significant role in gaining more knowledge about the history of China in the first half of XX century and enriching our imaginations regarding to literature processes.
This article discusses the reforms carried out in China in the last quarter of the twentieth century, population growth, strong economic growth, and other factors that have made China one of the leading countries in the world and has a say in world politics. Naturally, all this has a serious impact on culture, spirituality, art and literature. A
generation of writers of the 1970s entered the world of literature. Also during this period, the
relatively older generation continued their creative activity. With regard to literature in
general, women's literature has undergone great qualitative changes. Now writers have begun to write about false ideals, reforms, class interests, and their impact on the fate of humanity. One of the most famous representatives of women's literature of the 21st century is the talented writer Tiao Ye.
Culture is integral, regarding its meaning in the world of value orientations of the human-being. The Korean literature as any other one is seen as the organic part of culture of the Korean people, the reflection of its people and development. The gist-based prose is different from the European, due to the fact that it emerged on the basis of culture, which did not have the epic tradition. Due to this matter, the main source is the being itself, which substitutes the epos – the historical compilations and collection of livings of the literature «Pkhesol» . The analysis of the history of the middle-aged literature of XVII – XVIII centuries allows to say that its development was supported with the high-quality based ideas and concepts, and also the reality and its production, regarding the perfection of the arts forms, the formation of new genres and the process of sophistication of the gist based lines. The Korean literature of this period is divided into the following items: 1. the high prose and the poetry, based on hanmun, 2. the prose of small forms «pkhesol» on hanmun.3. the literature on the Korean, native language, which was divided into three ranges: upper poetry, middle-average (its own high prose) (diaries and novels) and low prose (the Korean novels). In the XVII century the Korean literature started to get the new concepts, it occurs the transformation of the social role, there are continued the search and creation of new forms, and also the birth of new and transformed old genres. «Pkhesol» of emergence of the prosaic genre «sosol». In the literary Korean thought, which was lack of the genre-based qualification, the term «sosol» united the prosaic works such as the novel, novelette and a tale. The Russian scientists also do not possess with the unique explanation of the term «sosol». Meanwhile, the term «sosol» is seen as the continuation of the genre «pkhesol», which allowed the emergence of new literary opportunities of genre, enriching this very trend, and creating a more unique genre, the high-quality based unique genre of the middle-aged Korean novel, which is seen as the classical novel. The middle-aged novelty is related with the oral people’s creative work, its compositions are related with the rules of the fairy tales, the actions always have 2 (two) polar poles-the suffering of the hero and the lucky end. Such gist-based peculiarity is seen by the imagination of the Korean people about the change of chaos to the harmony. The end of XVII century is characterized as the epoch of birth of the Korean novel (the founder is Kim Mandjun), («The wanderings of Ms. Sa throughout the South» and «The cloudy dream of nine») characterizes an emergence of new genre –«the diary» of the geographic and historical character («The diary of the military adventures» of Li Sunsin, «The diary of adventures to Japan» of Khwan Chin, «The scriptures of adventures to the mount Pektusan» of Pak Chon and others).
This article is devoted to the issues of philological comparison with the original Indian epic Ramayana and the Ramayana created by Kambn in South India. It is known that Indian literature is rich in antiquities, and Indian literature is rich in masterpieces. The literature of the peoples of India, with its versatility and multilingualism, occupies a special place in world civilization. One of the examples of folklore, the epic Ramayana was later seen by the great poet Valmiki as a mature work that has been translated not only into the languages available in India, but also into the languages of the world. By the Middle Ages, translated works began to enter Tamil literature, including the translation of the Ramayana by the Tamil poet Kambn, which was created as an independent work enriched with new plots and episodes. This article focuses on the stages of development of Tamil literature and contains the results of two independent works, Valmiki's Ramayana and Kamb's Ramayana
The scientific article devoted to various forms of Arab folk art an insignificant place has been allocated to “Folk laughter” – it means humor and satire. Examples of “Folk laughter” were studied only by side of ethnography or by the side of theatre history. After the wide spread of Islam in the Muslim world for along time there were nothing, that may named as theatre performance. The early years of Islam with their strict regulations and asceticism, it did not favor. But after the appearance of the Abbasid caliphate at the castles of the caliphs appears – al – kallas – crackers. Crackers are not only amused the rules, their arrows were directed against the palace orders or who tell into the people disfavor. Rules needed jokers to learn about the mood of the people through them. The people through crackers can to show their discontent and express at least in a joking way. With form of “Folk laughter” crossed the extensive folk urban literature of the Arabic middle ages. Actually, the essence at the “Folk laughter” the same at the all time, however, the predominance of certain features of the age. Laughter in the “Folk urban” literature refers in its type tomiddle age laughter. For the middle ages laughter it is characterized by a focus on the most sensitive aspects of human existence. The real article deals with the “culture of laughter “of the Arab nation, knowledge of humor and satire, that in research was considered secondary. In the article was given examples from the produced of the Arabic writer of the middle age Badi az-Zaman al-Hamadani (969-1008).
The аrticle considers the strengthening of the Turkic fаctor in Egypt аfter the Mаmluk Emirs, nаtives from the Khwаrezm, Turkmen аnd Kipchаk tribes, who cаme to power in the second hаlf of the XIII century. The influence of the Turkic fаctor аffected аll аspects of life in Egypt. Under the leаdership of the Turkic Emirs, the Egyptiаns defeаted the crusаders who invаded Egypt in 1248. This defeаt of the 7th crusаde mаrked the beginning of the Generаl collаpse of the Crusаdes. Аnother crushing defeаt of the Mаmluks led by Sultаn Kutuz cаused the Mongols, stopping their victorious Mаrch through the Аrаb world. Аs а result of these brilliаnt victories, Egypt under the first Mаmluk Sultаns turned into а fаirly strong stаte, which developed аgriculture, irrigаtion, аnd foreign trаde. The аrticle аlso exаmines the fаctors contributing to the trаnsformаtion of Egypt in the XIII–XIV centuries in the center of Muslim culture аfter the fаll of the Аbbаsid Cаliphаte. Scientists from аll over the Muslim world cаme to Egypt, educаtionаl institutions-mаdrаssаs were intensively built, аnd Muslim encyclopediаs were creаted thаt аbsorbed the knowledge gаined in vаrious Sciences (geogrаphy, history, philology, аstronomy, mаthemаtics, etc.). Scholаrs from Khwаrezm, the Golden Horde, Аzerbаijаn, аnd other Turkic-speаking regions аlong with Аrаb scholаrs tаught hаdith, logic, orаtory, fiqh, аnd other Muslim Sciences in the fаmous mаdrаssаs of Egypt. In Mаmluk Egypt, there wаs а greаt interest in the Turkic lаnguаges, especiаlly the Oguz-Kipchаk diаlect. Аrаbic аnd Turkic philologists write speciаl works on the vocаbulаry аnd grаmmаr of the Turkic lаnguаges, аnd compile Аrаbic-Turkic dictionаries. In Egypt, а whole lаyer of аrtistic Turkic-lаnguаge literаture wаs creаted thаt hаs survived to the present dаy. The fаmous poet Sаif Sаrаyi, who cаme from the lower reаches of the Syr Dаryа river in Mаwаrаunnаhr wаs considered to be its founder. He wrote in Chigаtаi (old Uzbek) lаnguаge аnd is recognized а poet who stаnds аt the origins of Uzbek literаture. In аddition to his known the nаmes of eight Turkish-speаking poets, most of whom hаve nisbа "аl-Khwаrizmi". Notаble chаnges occurred in Аrаbic literаture itself, especiаlly аfter the decline of Pаlаce Аbbаsid poetry. There is а convergence of literаture with folk аrt, under the influence of which the poetic genres, such аs “zаzhаl”, “mаvvаl”, “muvаshshаh”, etc. emerge in the Egyptiаn poetry. In Mаmluk Egypt, the genre of “аdаbа” is rаpidly developing, аimed аt bringing up аnd enlightening the good-nаtured Muslim in а populаr scientific form. The works of “аdаbа” contаined а lаrge аmount of poetic аnd folklore mаteriаl from rivаyаts аnd hikаyаts, which mаkes it possible to hаve а more complete understаnding of medievаl Аrаbic literаture in generаl. Unfortunаtely, the culture, including the fiction of the Mаmluk period of Egypt, hаs been little studied, аs well аs the influence of the Turkic fаctor on the culturаl аnd sociаl life of the Egyptiаns. The Turkic influence is felt in the militаry аnd household vocаbulаry, the introduction of new rituаls, court etiquette, chаnging the criteriа for evаluаting beаuty, in food, clothing, etc. Nаtives of the Turkic regions, former slаves, historicаl figures such аs the Sultаn Shаjаrаt аd-Durr, Mаmluk sultаns аs Kutuz аnd Beybаrs becаme nаtionаl heroes of the Egyptiаn people. Folk novels-Sirs were written аbout their deeds. Аnd in modern times, their nаmes аre not forgotten. Prominent Egyptiаn writers hаve dedicаted their historicаl novels to them, streets hаve been nаmed аfter them, monuments hаve been erected to them, аnd series аnd TV shows dedicаted to them аre still shown on nаtionаl television. This аrticle for the first time exаmines some аspects of the influence of the Turkic fаctor on the culturаl life of Mаmluk Egypt аnd highlights some unknown pаges of culturаl relаtions between Egypt аnd Mаwаrаunnаhr.
Modern Tamil literature is distinguished by the versatility of its creators. Just as the literature of the peoples of India was influenced by foreign literature, such prose genres as short story, essay, and novel were introduced into Tamil literature. Samples of the work of European and Russian writers had been translated into Tamil and new works in the spirit of realism began to be created. Inspired by the works of Russian artists, the Tamil writer Chinnappa Bharati takes his place among Tamil realists. The article deals with the life and works of Chinnappa Bharati, the ideological content of his novels, as well as the writer’s contribution to Tamil novelistic. In the introductory part of the article, a brief overview of the stages of development of the Tamil language and literature is given, and in the main part, the life and creative path of Chinnappa Bharati, his novels, and the level of knowledge of Chinnappa Bharati’s work are described in detail. Studies have shown that Chinnappa Bharati is not only a creative figure, but also a person who is actively involved in the socio-political processes of society. Although Chinnappa Bharati started his career with poetry, he is a multi-faceted writer who can successfully perform in such prose genres as short story, essay, article, novel. The article also compared the works of Yashpal and Chinnappa Bharati. As a result, aspects of the commonality and differences of their creativity were also studied. As a result of the comparative analysis, i is established that the work of both writers combines the similarity of thoughts, the presence of ideas that call for striving for creativity, and it is also revealed that they are writers who love their people and fight for justice. It is also noted that Chinnappa Bharati stands out among his contemporaries as a writer who has his own style in artistic creation, and the main reason for this is that the plot of his works is based on reality.
The article is dedicated to the literary figure Ihara Saikaku, who was widely recognized as the founder of the “school of modern realistic literature (“ukiyooshi”) in Japanese literature of the 17th century, and to the literary analysis of his collection of short stories “Nihon eitaigura” (“Eternal Storehouse of Japan”). From the point of view of poetics, the collection of short stories"Nihon eitaigura" is considered as one of the best works of the writer in the genre of “choninmono” didactic short stories for townsmen. Exactly, in this collection the peculiar style of Ihara Saikaku clearly reaches its highest zenith as a writer. The analysis of the poetic and literary characteristics of the short stories collection "Nihon eitaigura" and its role in Japanese medieval literature as a literary source is considered to be the aim of the article. Revealing the main theme and the idea put forward by the writer, as well as defining the structure of plot and composition, the system of characters in the “Nihon eitaigura” through the example of the short stories included in it, is the research’s main task. Cultural and historical, comparative historical methods of analysis are used to achieve the goals and accomplish the tasks mentioned above. At the beginning of the article, author gives information about the studies related to the works of a prominent representative of Japanese 17 th century prose, Ihara Saikaku, and about the conditions of creating the collection of short stories “Nihon eitaigura” that belongs to him. The structure and theme of the collection are revealed by examples given from the short stories that included in it. Then, through analysis, a system of characters and its characteristic features existing in the didactic short stories of the writer for the townspeople is characterized. Relying on selected short stories from “Nihon eitaigura, the idea put forward by the writer and the ideals to which he sought, are clarified. Along with, in the article, reflection is given on the style of the writer and the characteristic features existing in it, thanks to which he was able to show the life of the medieval city and customs of his era with amazing skill of the artist, as well as express much about the human dignity of a simple townsmen.
Modernism can be regarded as a movement of thought that has emerged in Europe since the midseventeenth century and influenced the entire world. Modernism, which is based on the idea of enlightenment, has become the opposite of the traditional in every field with the Industrial revolution. Modernism, which affects all areas of society, also causes changes in the field of art and literature. Ottoman society, art and literature were not unfamiliar to this trend, which developed especially under the leadership of European thought and art. After the French Revolution, thoughts affecting the whole world raise Europe as a center. All the world's attention and face turns there. The interest of Ottoman society develops in the same direction. But in the first place, the attention of the Ottoman is for military area. Lost wars and lands, the future of the army, which has lost its former glory and power, is in the West. So the first transformation moves begin on the army. After that, change will begin in other social areas. However, it has been discussed for a long time how these developments and changes will be; in which direction they will affect society and art. The modernization of the Ottoman Empire has taken the road with the dream of capturing the west, reaching that level and living like the west. With the publication of the Tanzimat Fermanı (1839), modernization appears to have exceeded an important threshold. The expression of equality of all citizens in the edict has in some sense been the most modernist breakthrough. Therefore, despite the existence of various changes before it, the proclamation of the Tanzimat edict is considered the beginning of modernism.
In the 10th-12th centuries there had been a rapid flourishing of literary creativity in the Arabic language in the regions of Central Asia such as Mawaraunnahr and Khwarezm. Tens of thousands of Arabic language manuscripts have been stored in manuscript collections all over the world, including the manuscript collection of our Republic. Some of them have been selectively studied by orientalists. At the same time, the number of still unexplored manuscripts is very large, and there are manuscripts containing vivid artistic creations among them. Translating and researching of these works in order to bring the treasures of spiritual and aesthetic heritage to our people is a responsible and honorable task of Uzbek orientalists. This article expounds on the contributions of the Central Asian thinkers in the development of Arabic literature in the 10th-12th centuries, in the establishment of its genres, and the formation of its primary trends. In the article, a brief overview of the main literary works of the period and their influence on the direction of the literary development both in Central Asia and the entire world of Islam is given. The rich Arabic literature of Mawarannаhar and Khwarezm spurred vibrant cultural growth locally during the first stage of the Islamic Renaissance and further development of the social and moral thought of its peoples. Abu Bakr al-Khwarezmi, Abu Ali Sina, Mahmud al-Zamakshari, and many other Central Asian thinkers combined both scientific and literary endeavors throughout their lives. During this very period, the main body of the greatest literary monuments was created. Additionally, the perspectives of a deeper study of this literary heritage as part of the world heritage and the entire human civilization are examined in this article. A comprehensive study of the Arabic literary heritage of the 9th-12th centuries may, on one hand, help to fill out the gap in the studies of the literary activities of the period. On the other hand, even though certain steps in this direction have been made, prospects of research from the position of literary studies demand a deeper exploration of literary activities, thematic categories, poetics, uniqueness of local genres, and other facets, which will help make certain the size of the contribution of Central Asian scholars to the development not only of Eastern literature but of Western as well.
The article describes the commonality of Japanese and Chinese literary relations. It is analyzed that Chinese literature has had a great influence on Japanese literature through genres, literary types, composition, plot and motivations of literary works. The love, beauty and elegance of nature in the works of the famous Chinese poets: Lee Bay, Du Fu, Van Wei, is also reflected in the poems of Japanese poets, the Wakimi Nazi genre in Japanese literature and the emergence of the first country poetry in Japanese literature. It also speaks about the contribution of some Japanese literary artists, including Yasunari Kawabata, SaneasuMusyanokodzi to the development of Japanese literature, the Heian era in Japan and the creators of that era. Although Chinese literature originated much earlier than Japanese literature, it was studied comparisons of Japanese literature by Japanese and Chinese scholars, such as "Kodiiki", which made world classical Japanese literature popular, and "Maniyosu", a popular example of authorship and folk poetry. Japan and China have a special place and role in the Oriental civilization, because of the great and ancient history of these two countries, as well as the great contribution and popularity of the countries' literature to the Oriental literature. Russian academic I. Konrad is recognized as a renowned scholar who studied Japanese and Chinese literature, and has a special place in the study of Japanese and Chinese literature. These two nations have similarities in their customs, traditions, culture, history, language, literature and many other areas. At the end of the article, we will see in the proverbs of both peoples that diligence is another characteristic of Japanese and Chinese people. This article is important in teaching young people to work. The conclusions highlight the commonality of Japanese and Chinese peoples in the field of literature, culture.
В этой статье рассмотрены абсурдистские тенденции в литературе двадцатого века, при этом отмечается, что в художественной прозе были свои протоабсурдистские моменты, которые можно увидеть в произведениях авторов XX века. Затем, исследуется теория авангарда и некоторые родственные концепции, включая футуризм и сюрреализм, и завершается обсуждением движения к «абсурдизму». Начало XX века вошло в историю мировой литературы как период зарождения, так называемой, литературы абсурда, под которой чаще всего подразумевается направление в европейской литературе, представленное такими именами, как А. Камю, Ж.-П. Сартр, Ф. Кафка, С. Беккет и др. Творчество писателей-абсурдистов стало своеобразным художественным документом, со всей полнотой и достоверностью запечатлевшим духовный кризис человечества в определенное историческое время, выраженный в осознании утраты цельности мира и бессмысленности существования в нем. На современном этапе развития науки, литература абсурда продолжает привлекать к себе пристальное внимание исследователей. При этом, в поле зрения литературоведов оказываются не только специфическая поэтика, но и мировоззренческие основы литературного абсурдизма, которые соответственно и обусловливают художественную поэтику названного феномена. В то же время практически вековая история литературного абсурдизма, обогащенная его западно-ев ропейским, американским, русским, японским художественным опытом, вызывает трудности в поисках единого мировоззренческого знаменателя. Все это позволяет нам сделать в этом плане некоторые предварительные замечания.
Albatta, ardoqli o‘zbek xalq shoiri Erkin Vohidov qalamiga mansub ushbu shoh satrlarda o‘zbek xalqining o‘ziligini anglashi, asl nasli kimlar ekangiligi unutmasligi, har bir qilayotgan harakati shu millatga xos bo‘lishi kerakligi uqtirilayotgan bo‘lsa, o‘zbek she’riyatida bugun ham mana shunday ehtirom ruhidagi asarlar yaratilyotgani barchani hayajonga solishi shubhasiz