There is no clear distinction between metonymy and metaphor. Specifying metaphor-metonymy interaction is a difficult task, particularly differentiating the two cognitive mechanisms from each other. There are a wide variety of opinion. In this paper we look mainly at two important issue, (i) what causes this interaction between metaphor and metonymy and (ii) how these two distinctly different processes blend. In Cognitive Linguistics metaphor and metonymy have both been explicitly recognized as central to a theory of knowledge organization. Metaphor and metonymy have both been described by Lakoff and his co-workers as mappings between conceptual domains. By means of metaphor we understand and reason about one conceptual domain in terms of another. Metonymy is a multilevel cognitive mechanism that can operate at the grammatical, lexical, syntactic, phonological, and discursive levels. According to cognitive linguists, metonymy is not merely a figure of speech; it is also a way of thinking and conceptualizing. Cognitive linguists, distinguish between metaphor and metonymy in terms of the number of domains involved. If the source and target belong to the same superordinate domain, we have a metonymy. If the source and target belong to two different superordinate domains, then we have a metaphor.
During the last century a great deal of work has been done in the study of the poem Yusuf Has Hajib's "Kutadgu Bilig", which was the first Turkic manuscript. In Uzbekistan, Professor Kayum Karimov did some research on translating this work in Uzbek and presented it in a language that is understandable to readers. On the other hand, this poem has been translated into several languages of the world, and much more has been done. However, there are some disadvantages in conveying its essence. These shortcomings can be seen in the fact that translations in different languages are lost in translation, with some artifacts being lost. This article compares the artistic content of the box knowledge with comparative analysis in foreign languages. Working on a scientific article, three versions were analyzed and studied. Their bytes were compared. As a result, every translation has some differences. But we can see the similarity between the translations, especially in translations by May and Ivanov. Because, separately, Walter May has translated this work from a Russian translation by Ivanov. Given that both of the above translations are translated in partnerships, we can see that they have some artwork in place. This is evident in the translation by Robert Denkoff. The main reason was that Denkoff translated this work in prose. Illustrated by specific bytes of the work, it provides a comprehensive comparison of the artistic tools used, including illustrations and epithets, in translations from four books to three different languages. Finally, it became clear that the shortcomings of some translators had a profound effect on the translation of the work without affecting the translation.
In order to identify the parallels and contrasts between the two texts, this article compares the pragmatic use of English metaphor in literature. Moreover, it aims to incorporate the three most popular perspectives on metaphor, namely the pragmatic, semantic, and cognitive perspectives.
XVIII аср олмон мумтоз эстетикасининг асосчиларидан ҳисобланган Иммануил Кант (Kant / 1724-1804) ўз ижодий изланишларининг маҳсули сифатида ‘Тўзаллик ва улугворлик туйгулари устидан кузатишлар” (1764), “Соф ақлнинг танқиди” (1781), “Амалий ақлнинг танқиди” (1788), “Мулоҳаза қобилиятининг танқиди” (1796) каби йирик асарларни ёзиб қолдирган.
In arabic, the term “at-tawlid ad-dilaali” is used in the process of generating new meanings of words, which means a meaningful transformation of words. In the Arabic language, new meanings of words are formed in two ways – by means of “ishtikok”, as well as by introducing foreign words into the Arabic language. The internal types include “ishtikok kabiyr”, “ishtikok sogiyr”, “ishtikok kubbar”, “naht”, “itbaun”, the groups of which are “al-ishtikok ad-dilaaliy” (“sensual ishtikok”), “al-ishtikok as-sovtiy” (“sound ishtikok”), “al-ishtikok al-lafziy” (“ uniform ishtikok”), and also “al-ishtikok ash-shabiy” (“popular ishtikok”). In the internal types of ishtikak, the form of the word changes. The letters that make up the word change places, the voices change, some vowels drop out, or are added. In such cases, some words change their meaning partially, and some acquire a completely different meaning. The above-mentioned terms – “ishtikok kabiyr”, “ishtikok sogiyr”, “ishtikok kubbar” are part of “al-ishtikok al-lafziy”. That is, as a result on the broken form of the word, it leads to a change in meaning and it is admitted in al-ishtikok al-lafziy. The formation of new words that are associated with sound, as well as with intonation, as admitted in “al-ishtikok as-sovtiy”. In “al-ishtikok ash-shabiy” the mentioned words that are considered foreign words are borrowed and change their meaning, acquiring new meanings. In “al-ishtikok ad-dilaaliy” words change in meaning, not in form. This may mean that the meaning of the word can be expanded, narrowed, or in a more general sense. This process is known to Arabic linguists as “at-tawliyd ad-dilaaliy” and includes homonymy, metonymy, ad-dod, al-iktirad. Although in Arabic the words homonyms are similar in form, they have different meanings. However, such words show a connection between moving two names into one based on the similarities between the two objects. When it comes to ad-dod, Arabic linguists call it the foundation of “tazad” art. It is characterized by the fact that the word reflects two opposite meanings in essence. Interestingly, Arabic linguists are divided into two poles in the traditional approach. One denies the existence of such words, the other emphasizes its existence and emphasizes that such words are found in Arabic poetry, the Quran and Hadith. In Arabic, the term “al-iktirad” (which means “to borrow”) has a special meaning in the formation of words. Thus, the new meaning in is added to the existing meaning of the word. In some cases, the meaning of the word “al-iktirad” is sometimes expressed sequentially, but in some cases it is not observed at all.
Subject of research: English and Uzbek compound words characterising appearance and character of the person in the belles-lettres texts.
Purpose of work: studying and revealing linguoculturological and gender features of compound words characterising appearance and character of the person in the literary text of the English and Uzbek languages.
Methods of research: a method of the componcntial analysis, contextual method, statistical method and method of linguocultural analysis.
The results obtained and their novelty: 1) the complex analysis of compound words expressing appearance and character of the person; has been attempted to analyse; 2) linguoculturological and gender essence of compound words characterising appearance and character of the person have been revealed; 3) a national-cultural specificity of compound words characterising appearance and character of the person has been considered; 4) compound words has been considered linguoculturcma; 5) the role of stylistic devices and metaphoric nominations of considered compound words in the research have been studied.
Practical value: results can be used in lecture courses on Lexicology, Stylistics, Comparative Typology, Linguoculturological Studies, in writing research works, text books and manuals.
Degree of embed: results of the research have been applied in the course of teaching of the following disciplines: Comparative Stylistics, Text Interpretation, Lexicology, Comparative Typology in the Uzbek State University of World Languages.
Field of application: General Linguistics, Stylistics, Comparative Linguistics, Cognitive Linguistics, Linguoculturology, Text Interpretation, Gcndcrlogy.