MAHMUD QOSHG‘ARIY ASARLARIDA TURKIY XALQLARNING “AZA” MAROSIMINING O‘RGANILISHI

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ResearchBib IF - 11.01, ISSN: 3030-3753, Volume 2 Issue 6

MAHMUD QOSHG‘ARIY ASARLARIDA TURKIY XALQLARNING “AZA”

MAROSIMINING O‘RGANILISHI

Yuldosheva Feruza Yashin qizi

Osiyo Xalqaro Universiteti o

’

qituvchisi.

yuldoshevaftarix@gmail.com

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15664219

Kirish.

Qadimgi turkiy xalqlarda o‘lim va unga bog‘liq marosimlar jamiyat hayotining

muhim va muqaddas qismlaridan biri bo‘lgan. Ular inson hayotining yakuniy bosqichi –

o‘limga

katta e’tibor berishgan, bu holatni faqat yo‘qotish emas, balki marhumning ruhi bilan bog‘lanish,
uni ulug‘lash, arvohlar dunyosiga jo‘natish marosimi sifatida tushunishgan. Aza (yas, yo‘qotuv)
marosimlari qadimgi turkiylarning diniy e’tiqodlari, ijtimoiy tuzilmalari va madaniy an’analari
bilan chambarchas bog‘liq bo‘lgan.Qadimgi turkiylarning e’tiqodicha, inson ikki unsurdan
tashkil topgan: tana (jasad) va jon (ruhi). O‘limda jon tanani tark etadi va “Ajlar yurti” yoki
“Ukoq olami” deb atalgan narigi dunyoga yo‘l oladi. Bu olam turli manbalarda “Tengri” yoki
“Yer

-

sub” kuchlari tomonidan boshqariladigan ruhlar dunyosi sifatida tasvirlanadi. Shu sababli,

marhumni to‘g‘ri dafn qilish, unga zaruriy narsalarni yo‘l

-

yo‘rig‘i sifatida berish –

uning ruhi

tinch topishi uchun muhim hisoblangan.

Aza marosimlari bir necha bosqichdan iborat bo‘lgan:

•

Ko‘z yoshu motam

: Marhum vafot etgach, yaqinlari va urug‘doshlari yig‘lab

tuyg‘ularini ifoda etishgan. Yig‘lash faqat shaxsiy qayg‘u emas, balki marhumga bo‘lgan hurmat
ifodasi sifatida ko‘rilgan.

•

Otashda kuylash va motam kuylari

: “Sago” deb ataluvchi motam she’rlari aytilgan. Bu

she’rlar marhumning jasorati, fazilatlari va oila uchun qilgan xizmatlarini eslashga qaratilgan
bo‘lgan.

•

Kechki ovqatlar va qurbonliklar

: Marhum ruhini xotirlab qurbonliklar keltirilgan, ot

yoki boshqa hayvon so‘yilgan. Ayrim manbalarda ko‘rsatilishicha, ba’zan marhumga “jo‘ralik
qiluvchi” xizmatkorlar yoki hatto hayvonlar ham birga dafn etilgan.

•

Kurgan qurish (qabriston)

: Marhum obro‘li kishi bo‘lsa, uning qabri ustiga kurgan –

sun’iy tepalik qurilgan. Qabrtoshlariga esa tasvirlar, belgilar yoki yozuvlar (turkiy runik
yozuvlar) bitilgan. Bu belgilar ko‘pincha marhumning ijtimoiy maqomi va yutuqlarini

ifodalagan.

•

Yetti kunlik va qirq kunlik motamlar

: Aza marosimining muhim bosqichlaridan biri

bu yetti va qirq kunlik motam edi. Bu davrda qarindoshlar motam tutgan, yurish-turishda sobitlik

saqlagan. Ayrim urug‘larda yillik motam marosimlari ham o‘tkazilgan.

Aza marosimlarida ishtirok etuvchilar maxsus kiyimlarda bo‘lgan. Odatda, qora yoki

sarg‘ish ranglar tanlangan. Ba’zida erkaklar o‘z kiyimlarini yirtgan, ayollar esa sochlarini
taramagan yoki sanchib qo‘ygan. Bu belgilar motam holatini ifodalagan.

Ko‘plab turkiy qabilalarda marhumlar sharafiga haykal (balbal) qo‘yilgan. Bu haykallar

ko‘pincha qurol ushlagan erkaklar shaklida bo‘lib, ularning hayotiy jasoratini aks ettirgan. Har

bir balbal marhum tomonidan hayotida yengilgan dushmanlar yoki muhim shaxslar ramzi
sifatida talqin qilingan.

Qadimgi turkiy xalqlarning marosimlari, ayniqsa o‘lim va aza (motam) marosimlari,

ularning diniy e’tiqodlari, ijtimoiy hayoti va madaniyatining ajralmas qismi bo‘lgan. Ushbu
marosimlar haqida eng qadimiy va ishonchli ma’lumotlardan biri Mahmud Qoshg‘ariyning

mashhur asari

“Devoni lug‘ati

-

Turk”

(1072

–

1074 yillar) da uchraydi.

558

ResearchBib IF - 11.01, ISSN: 3030-3753, Volume 2 Issue 6

Mazkur asar faqat tilshunoslik emas, balki o‘sha davr turkiy xalqlarining urf

-odatlari,

turmush tarzi, dunyoqarashi haqida boy ma’lumotlar manbaidir. Ayniqsa, aza marosimlari

haqidagi yozuvlar turkiy xalqlarning ruhiy-

ma’naviy merosini o‘rganishda muhim o‘rin

egallaydi.

Mahmud Qoshg‘ariy o‘z asarida ko‘plab so‘zlar va iboralarni izohlar bilan keltirar ekan,

ularning ijtimoiy va madaniy mazmunini ham ochib beradi. Masalan:

•

“Sago”

–

bu motam kuylari bo‘lib, marhumni xotirlab kuylangan. Qoshg‘ariy bu so‘zni

“motamda aytiladigan ohangli kuylov” deb izohlaydi. “Sago aytmoq” degani –

o‘limdan so‘ng

marhumning shon-sharafini madh etishdir.

•

“Yas”

–

motam yoki aza holatini bildiruvchi so‘z. Unga ko‘ra, “yas tutmoq” –

motam

tutmoq, marhum uchun qayg‘uga cho‘kmoq ma’nosini bildiradi.

•

“Yiglamoq”, “yash yertmek”

–

yig‘lab, motam qilish jarayonini ifodalovchi so‘zlardir.

•

Qoshg‘ariy motam marosimi paytida ayollar va erkaklarning yig‘lab, yuzlarini tirnashlari,

kiyimlarini yirtishlari haqida yozadi.

Qoshg‘ariy asarida keltirilgan lug‘aviy birliklar orqali o‘sha davr turkiy xalqlarining

o‘limga bo‘lgan munosabati va motam marosimining mazmuni ochiladi. Aza marosimi
jamiyatdagi birlik, marhumga hurmat, uning ruhi oldidagi burch sifatida ko‘rsatiladi. Qoshg‘ariy
bu marosimni faqat shaxsiy qayg‘u emas, balki ijtimoiy voqelik sifatida tushuntiradi.

Shuningdek, marhumga hurmat sifatida qurbonlik qilish, motam davomida sovuq

kiyimlar kiyish, maxsus ovqatlar tayyorlash kabi urf-

odatlar haqida bilvosita ma’lumotlar

beriladi. Bu holatlar o‘sha davrdagi turkiy xalqlarning animistik va tengrichilik e’tiqodlari bilan
bog‘liqdir.

Qoshg‘ariy o‘z asarida xalq og‘zaki ijodi namunalariga, jumladan maqollar va hikmatli

so‘zlarga ham keng o‘rin beradi. Bu maqollar va iboralar orasida motamga doir fikrlar mavjud.

Masalan:

“Ölür kişi, qalar sözi” –

ya’ni “Inson o‘ladi, so‘zi qoladi.”

Bu ibora turkiy xalqlarning o‘limdan so‘ng marhumni eslash, uning qadr

-qimmatini

yodga olish orqali abadiylikka intilishi belgilarini ifodalaydi.

Xulosa

Mahmud Qoshg‘ariy “Dīwān lug‘āt at

-

Turk” asarida o‘lim va motam marosimlariga oid

so‘z va tushunchalarni keltirib, ularni izohlash orqali qadimgi turkiy xalqlarning madaniy
hayotiga oid muhim ma’lumotlarni saqlab qolgan. Bu so‘zlar va iboralar faqat til boyligi emas,
balki o‘sha davr turkiy xalql

arining ruhiy, diniy va ijtimoiy hayotini aks ettiradi. Mahmud

Qoshg‘ariy asari, shu sababli, turkiy xalqlarning tarixiy

-

madaniy merosini o‘rganishda beqiyos

manba hisoblanadi.

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https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/science-research/article/view/75785