XX ASR BOSHLARIDA GERMANIYA VA TURKIYA ITTIFOQINING MARKAZIY OSIYOGA TA'SIRI

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XX ASR BOSHLARIDA GERMANIYA VA TURKIYA ITTIFOQINING MARKAZIY

OSIYOGA TA'SIRI

Boltayev Oxun Obid o’g’li

Osiyo Xalqaro Universiteti “Ijtimoiy fanlar va texnika“ fakulteti, Tarix va filologiya kafedrasi

o’qituvchisi

email:

9690798@gmail.com

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14509892

Annotatsiya.

Ushbu maqolada Usmonli Turkiyasining Markaziy Osiyodan manfaatdorligi

tahlil qilinadi. XIX asr oxiri va XX asr boshlarida Turkiyaning diniy, geosiyosiy, madaniy va

iqtisodiy manfaatlari mintaqada Rossiya ta’sirini cheklash, musulmon dunyosida o‘z nufuzini

kuchaytirish va turkiy xalqlar bilan aloqalarni rivojlantirishga qaratilgan edi. Panislomizm va

PanTurkizm g‘oyalari orqali Usmonli imperiyasi musulmonlarni birlashtirishga intilgan bo‘lsa-

da, Rossiyaning mintaqadagi kuchli nazorati va Turkiyaning ichki zaifliklari uning ta’sirini

cheklab qo‘ydi. Maqolada Turkiyaning mintaqadagi strategik manfaatlari va amaliy cheklovlari

batafsil bayon etiladi.

Kalit so‘zlar:

Usmonli Turkiyasi, Markaziy Osiyo, Panislomizm, PanTurkizm, Rossiya

imperiyasi, musulmon dunyosi, geosiyosiy manfaatlar, iqtisodiy manfaatlar, xalifalik, turkiy

xalqlar.

THE IMPACT OF THE GERMAN-TURKISH ALLIANCE ON CENTRAL ASIA IN THE

EARLY 20TH CENTURY

Abstract. This article analyzes the interests of Ottoman Turkey in Central Asia. In the late

19th and early 20th centuries, Turkey's religious, geopolitical, cultural, and economic interests

were aimed at limiting Russian influence in the region, strengthening its influence in the Muslim

world, and developing ties with the Turkic peoples. Although the Ottoman Empire sought to unite

Muslims through the ideas of Pan-Islamism and Pan-Turkism, Russia's strong control in the region

and Turkey's internal weaknesses limited its influence. The article describes in detail Turkey's

strategic interests and practical limitations in the region.

Keywords: Ottoman Turkey, Central Asia, Pan-Islamism, Pan-Turkism, Russian Empire,

Muslim world, geopolitical interests, economic interests, Caliphate, Turkic peoples.

ВЛИЯНИЕ СОЮЗА ГЕРМАНИИ И ТУРЦИИ НА СРЕДНЮЮ АЗИЮ В НАЧАЛЕ

XX ВЕКА

Аннотация.

В статье анализируются интересы Османской Турции в Центральной

Азии. В конце XIX - начале XX века религиозные, геополитические, культурные и

экономические интересы Турции были направлены на ограничение влияния России в

регионе, усиление ее влияния в мусульманском мире, развитие отношений с тюркскими

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государствами. народы. Хотя Османская империя стремилась объединить мусульман

посредством идей панисламизма и пантюркизма, сильный контроль России в регионе и

внутренняя слабость Турции ограничивали ее влияние. В статье подробно описаны

стратегические интересы Турции в регионе и их практические ограничения.

Ключевые слова:

Османская Турция, Центральная Азия, панисламизм, пантюркизм,

Российская империя, мусульманский мир, геополитические интересы, экономические

интересы, халифат, тюркские народы.

Markaziy Osiyo mintaqasi har doim geosiyosiy jihatdan muhim bo‘lib kelgan. Uning

strategik joylashuvi, tabiiy resurslarga boyligi va tarixiy savdo yo‘llaridagi roli ko‘plab

davlatlarning diqqat markazida bo‘lishiga sabab bo‘lgan. 1907-yilda Buyuk Britaniya va Rossiya

o'rtasida Anglo-Rus kelishuvi imzolandi. Bu kelishuvda ikki davlat Fors, Afg‘oniston va Markaziy

Osiyodagi o‘z ta’sir doiralarini ajratib oldi. Germaniya va Usmonli Turkiyasi bu kelishuvni o‘z

manfaatlariga xavf sifatida ko‘rdi. Germaniya mintaqada Rossiya va Britaniya bilan

raqobatlashish uchun Usmonli davlatining musulmonlar ustidan nufuzini qulay vosita sifatida

ko‘rgan.

Germaniyaning Markaziy Osiyodan manfaatdorligi XIX asr oxiri va XX asr boshlarida bir

necha geosiyosiy, iqtisodiy va strategik omillarga asoslangan edi. Quyida bu manfaatlar asosiy

yo‘nalishlarda tahlil qilinadi:

Geosiyosiy manfaatlar Rossiyaga qarshi strategiya: Markaziy Osiyo XIX asrda Buyuk

Britaniya va Rossiya o‘rtasidagi "Buyuk o‘yin" (The Great Game) maydoniga aylangan edi.

Germaniya bu raqobatni kuzatar ekan, Rossiyaning mintaqadagi ta’sirini cheklashni maqsad qildi.

Bu, ayniqsa, Germaniya va Rossiya o‘rtasidagi ziddiyatlar kuchaygan bir davrda muhim bo‘ldi.

Osiyodagi nufuzni kengaytirish: Germaniya o‘zini global geosiyosiy o‘yinchi sifatida ko‘rsatishga

intilgan. Markaziy Osiyodagi faollik orqali u Rossiya va Buyuk Britaniya bilan teng raqobat

qiladigan darajaga chiqishni xohlagan. Tabiiy resurslar: Markaziy Osiyo boy tabiiy resurslarga ega

edi, jumladan, paxta, minerallar va boshqa xomashyo. Germaniya o‘z sanoatini rivojlantirish

uchun bu resurslardan foydalanishni rejalashtirgan. Markaziy Osiyo qadimiy Ipak yo‘li

tarmog‘ining muhim qismi hisoblanardi. Germaniya mintaqadagi transport va savdo yo‘llarini

rivojlantirish orqali Yevropa va Osiyo o‘rtasidagi iqtisodiy aloqalarda strategik rol o‘ynashni

istagan. Bag‘dod temir yo‘li loyihasi: Germaniya Usmonli imperiyasi bilan hamkorlikda Bag‘dod

temir yo‘li loyihasini amalga oshirayotgan edi. Bu temir yo‘l Yaqin Sharqni Germaniya bilan

bog‘lashdan tashqari, Markaziy Osiyoga strategik yo‘l ochishni ham maqsad qilgan edi. Ushbu

loyiha Germaniyaning Fors ko‘rfazi va Markaziy Osiyo orqali Osiyoning ichki hududlariga kirish

imkoniyatini yaratishi mumkin edi. Musulmon dunyosi bilan aloqalar: Markaziy Osiyo asosan

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musulmon aholiga ega bo‘lgani sababli, Germaniya Usmonli xalifasi bilan birgalikda

musulmonlar orasida o‘z nufuzini kuchaytirishni maqsad qilgan. Bu, ayniqsa, Rossiya nazorati

ostidagi musulmonlarda nemis-islamiy hamkorlik orqali Rossiyaga qarshi ruhiy ko‘tarinkilik

yaratishga yordam berishi mumkin edi. Madaniy va siyosiy manfaatlar Panislomizmni qo‘llab-

quvvatlash: Germaniya Usmonli imperiyasining Panislomizm siyosatini o‘z maqsadlari uchun

qo‘llab-quvvatlagan. Usmonli xalifasi orqali musulmonlar orasida Germaniyaga nisbatan ijobiy

munosabatni shakllantirish va Rossiyaga qarshi qarashlarni kuchaytirish strategiyasi Germaniya

uchun foydali bo‘lgan. Rossiyadagi musulmonlar bilan ishlash: Germaniya Rossiya imperiyasi

ichidagi musulmonlarni (ayniqsa, tatarlar va Markaziy Osiyodagi turkiy xalqlarni) Rossiyaga

qarshi isyon ko‘tarishga undashda diniy va etnik aloqalardan foydalanmoqchi edi. Shunga

qaramay, Germaniyaning Markaziy Osiyodagi manfaatlarini amalga oshirishda bir qator

cheklovlar mavjud edi: Rossiya imperiyasining Markaziy Osiyodagi mustahkam nazorati

Germaniya uchun bu hududga kirish imkoniyatini cheklagan. Buyuk Britaniyaning Hindiston va

Afg‘onistondagi kuchli ta’siri Germaniyaning bu mintaqadagi harakatlarini cheklovchi yana bir

omil edi. Mahalliy aholining Rossiyaga qaramligi va nemis siyosati bilan bog‘liq cheklangan

bilimlari ham Germaniyaning samarali ta’sir ko‘rsatishini qiyinlashtirgan. Germaniya Markaziy

Osiyoni o‘zining geosiyosiy va iqtisodiy strategiyalarida muhim bo‘g‘in sifatida ko‘rgan. Ushbu

manfaatlar asosan Rossiya va Buyuk Britaniyaning ta’sirini cheklash, savdo va transport yo‘llarini

nazorat qilish hamda tabiiy resurslardan foydalanish istagi bilan belgilangandi. Ammo

Germaniyaning Markaziy Osiyodagi amaliy ta’siri o‘sha davrda cheklangan bo‘lib, uning bu

hududdagi manfaatlarini to‘liq amalga oshirish imkoniyati kam edi.

Usmonli Turkiyasining Markaziy Osiyodan manfaatdorligi asosan diniy, siyosiy va

geosiyosiy omillar bilan belgilanardi. XIX asr oxiri va XX asr boshlarida Usmonli imperiyasi,

o‘zining ichki va tashqi inqirozlariga qaramay, musulmon dunyosida "xalifa davlat" sifatidagi

nufuzini saqlab qolishga harakat qilgan. Panislomizm siyosati: Usmonli Turkiyasi XIX asr oxirida

Panislomizm g‘oyasini targ‘ib qilib, musulmonlarni o‘z atrofida birlashtirishni maqsad qilgan.

Markaziy Osiyo musulmon aholiga ega bo‘lgan strategik mintaqa sifatida bu harakatning markaziy

qismiga aylangan. Turkiya bu orqali musulmon dunyosida, jumladan Rossiya nazorati ostidagi

hududlarda o‘z diniy nufuzini oshirishni istagan. Xalifalikni mustahkamlash: Usmonli sultonlari

musulmon xalifasi sifatida butun dunyo musulmonlariga diniy rahnamolik qilishga intilishgan.

Markaziy Osiyo musulmonlarini diniy jihatdan qo‘llab-quvvatlash, ayniqsa, Rossiya hukmronligi

ostidagi turkiy xalqlarni Panislomizm va PanTurkizm g‘oyalari orqali birlashtirish strategiyasining

bir qismi edi. Rossiyaga qarshi siyosat: Usmonli Turkiyasi Rossiyaning janubga, xususan

Markaziy Osiyo va Kavkaz orqali musulmon yerlari tomon kengayishini xavf sifatida ko‘rgan.

Turkiya Rossiyaga qarshi mintaqada musulmon aholi orasida qarshilik kayfiyatini kuchaytirishga

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intilgan. Buyuk o‘yinning bir qismi bo‘lish: Markaziy Osiyo XIX asr davomida Buyuk Britaniya

va Rossiya o‘rtasidagi geosiyosiy raqobat hududi edi. Usmonli Turkiyasi, Germaniya bilan ittifoq

qilib, ushbu "Buyuk o‘yin"da o‘z rolini oshirishga harakat qildi. Usmonli Turkiyasining Markaziy

Osiyodan manfaatdorligi asosan diniy, geosiyosiy va etnik sabablarga asoslangan edi. Turkiya bu

mintaqada musulmon dunyosi yetakchisi sifatida o‘z nufuzini oshirish, Rossiyaning ta’sirini

cheklash va turkiy xalqlar bilan madaniy aloqalarni kuchaytirishni maqsad qilgan. Ammo

Rossiyaning mintaqadagi kuchli nazorati va Usmonli imperiyasining ichki zaifliklari uning bu

rejalarini amalga oshirishni sezilarli darajada qiyinlashtirgan.

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