No. 4 (2020) Oriental studies

This  research  is  about  the  development  of  an  important  part  of  Chinese  literature  -women’s literature in XX century. In the beginning of XX century the number of women writers who wrote fiction works increased rapidly. The uneasy situations of the country such as revolutionary movements in the beginning of XX century,  China-Japan  war,  monopole  government  of  Mao  Zedong,  persecuting  the  democratic  movements, deporting intelligent people to the “re-educating” camps and other conditions were not able to obstacle the women to enter the literature world. On the contrary, interfering of women in social-politic life of the country got stronger in the second part of the XX century. The various movements of women, journals and newspapers and societies of women were organized. The role of women in social life became more noticeable and women literature developed more. Women writers such as Bin Sin, Lin Shukhua, Lu In, Din Lin, Syao Khun, Shi Pinmey, Dzao Min, Lyui Bichen, Chjan Aylin got an important place in social-politic and moral-cultural life of the country with their works. Many of these women participated actively in literary processes and public events. In this article some of the mentioned women writers’ life and work will be discussed in detail. The women writers mentioned in this article are confessed not only in China, but also in the world’s literature. The problems risen in women’s works, the real events described by them play a significant role in gaining more knowledge about the history of China in the first half of XX century and enriching our imaginations regarding to literature processes.

Статья З.Э.Джиоевой «Этимология и структурные особености антропонимов монголов Чингисхана»,  опубликованная  в  «Вопросах  истории»,  претендующая  на  сенсацию  в коренных вопросах этногенеза и культурo- генеза в первую очередь аланов (осетин), а затем –  монголов,  все  же  питается  из  тенденции  «поиска  предков»,  сложившегося  в  последние десятилетия в историографии постсоветского пространства. В принципе, это естественный процесс после распада СССР, идеология которого была направлена на создание «единого советского народа» во главе с «великим братом». Она, эта идеология, не давала возможности во весь голос говорить о глубоких корнях тех или иных народов, тем более, о культурно-исторических  превосходствах  каких-либо  «младших  братьев»  перед  титульной  нацией большого союза. Однако под эйфорией свободы, как грибы после дождя, появилась масса литературы,  часто  научно  необоснованной,  бездоказательной,  базирующаяся  на  легендах, возвеличивающих прошлое народа, о котором пишет тот или иной автор. Эти «труды» как всегда  нигилистически  настраивают  своего  читателя  по  отношению  к  истории  соседнего народа, ничем не уступающей истории восхваляемого народа.

In the modern world, along with the processes of globalization, the increasing permeability of the integration and communication processes of the post-industrial society, the problem of studying such a universal as national identity is growing. Global changes are accompanied by the separation of cultures and peoples, an increase in the negative impact on national identity, which causes the desire for cultural self-affirmation, the desire to preserve national values and state interests. Due to the threat of disappearance of the identity of the people, it becomes necessary to search for an updated approach to the preservation and representation of national identity. In this regard, there is a growing need for philosophical and methodological research aimed at identifying the features  of  national  identity.  The  scientific  article  examines  the  formation  of  the  methodological  base  and philosophical categories within the cultural tradition of the Japanese and Uzbek peoples. The significance of the research  topic  is  determined  by  the  dynamics  of  the  development  of  the  modern  global  world,  integration processes, the growth of interaction and cooperation between different countries and regions, in such conditions, a rapid transformation of national identity is taking place.

This article focuses on the interests of international system actors in Central Asia in modern global processes, such as the United States and China. In particular, Frederick Starr's concept of "Greater Central Asia", the US Strategy for Central Asia for 2019-2025 and China's "One Place - One Way" project were analyzed.

Developing the idea of the Arab world or region, Egyptian researchers R. Al-Bustani and F. Fargus, analyzing regional processes, starting with the formation of modern states, do not use the term Middle East, but they  write  about  the  Arab  world,  Arab states,  North Africa,  East  Africa  ,  "The  Fertile Crescent" as a part of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, the Arabian Peninsula. Another Egyptian scholar, M. Muallim, notes that the Middle East is a region from Iran in the east to Libya in the west, and from Turkey in the north to the southern borders of the Arabian Peninsula and in Africa to the southern borders of Sudan. Such a Middle East is a political concept, and, in his opinion, it is better to use the term “Asian-African region”, which includes all the specifics of territories, starting with the geographical location at  the  junction  of  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  and  ending  with  energy  resources.  Some  scientists  compare  the excesses of the “Arab spring” and its consequences with such powerful historical disasters as the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the emergence of national Arab entities after the First World War. In the current situation, the diplomacy of Uzbekistan should assist in resolving conflicts and positive political and economic transformation of the Middle East and have a solid analytical foundation. The article pursues a study of the situation  in  the  Middle  East  in  the  light  of  the  changes  in  regimes  and  changes  in  the  geopolitical configuration of the region. The article also analyzes the features of the formation and implementation of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) in the Middle East (Iraq, Turkey, the Syrian-Lebanese-Palestinian zone, Egypt, the Persian Gulf countries, Yemen) in the context of the transformation of forms and methods of implementing Washington’s strategy on “systemic containment” Iran. Particular attention is paid to identifying the potential of Iran as one of the leaders in the Middle East region. Therefore, the article widely discusses the main directions of the foreign policy of the countries of the Middle East and gives us assessments of the Middle East situation.

This article analyzes the methods of forming a model of management competencies. It also describes the methods and models for determining the management competencies of managers. The competency model is a list of competencies that have specific characteristics as they manifest in professional activities. The competency model as a means of personnel management clearly defines the professional and behavioral requirements of young managers depending on the level of management, profession, position and responsibilities.

The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev in his Address to the Oliy Majlis on December 29, 2020, noted that in the face of today's complex geopolitical processes, the coronavirus pandemic and the global economic crisis, Uzbekistan is actively pursuing an open and pragmatic foreign policy. He noted that as a result of our efforts, the prestige of the country is growing, and priorities for the implementation of foreign policy for 2021 have been outlined.  Among the tasks that need to be given special attention in the implementation of the country's foreign policy in 2021, listed by the leader of Uzbekistan, are proposals  and  initiatives  for  the  development  of  public  diplomacy  and  cultural  diplomacy,  which  are important areas of foreign policy and diplomacy of Uzbekistan.  The idea of creating a Compatriots Fund was  formulated  by  the  United  Nations  General  Assembly  Resolution  on  the  celebration  of  July  30  as International  Day  of  Friendship  in  order  to  inspire  efforts  to  strengthen  friendship  and  peace  between nations, cultures and peoples, and to build bridges between societies respecting cultural diversity July 30 - International  Day  of  Friendship  and  the  holding  of  the  international  conference  "Central  Asia  at  the crossroads of world civilizations" in cooperation with UNESCO in Khiva in 2021 formed a goal: to increase the prestige and image of Uzbekistan in the world (this historical initiative of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan  Mirziyoyev Sh.M. nominated at the 75th session of the UN General Assembly).

It was tradition to write "Arbain" - "Chihil Hadis" worksin Eastern classical literature which means collecting forty hadiths in one place, explaining their meaning to simple people, writing comments on them. The observations show that every time has its "Arbain", which put forward a clear theme and purpose. According to Hadith Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), "Whoever memorize forty hadiths, follows and teaches them, he will be under my intercession on the Day of Resurrection". According to this hadith people tried to memorize forty hadiths and deliver them to the people. The lexical meaning of "Arbain" is forty. In addition, to be in chilla for forty days means the prayers’ purifying and praying in the nook for forty days, forty days from birth and after the death. These forty days are called asa period of "cleansing".  Medieval thinkers chose forty hadiths which were about Islamic rules and place together. They attempted to explain the meaning and significance of these forty hadiths to people in easier way. For this they used the prose and poetry effectively.  In this article we aimed to give some information about handwritten copies of “Arbain” works which are being saved in the central fund of Oriental manuscripts center named after Abu Rayhan Beruni under the Tashkent State Institute of Oriental studies of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

This article devoted to etymological analysis of the word grəˉhmā in the holy book Avesta of the religion Mazda Yasna (Zoroastrianism). Attempted to search for different etymological meanings and transformation of the grəˉhmā and its plural form grəˉhmō, which had took from the indoevropian stem and refleced on the uzbekian g‘aram (gharam), and persian giromi.

It is known that nationalism and original words are one of the important tasks in the translation of a historical work. Specific words are an integral part of the language of the work, with the help of which the author creates the image of the hero, describing the nationality of the people. They express the national flavor of a work of art, perform various stylistic functions, and help to accurately and accurately describe the  nature  of  events  and  objects.  That  is  why  realities  are  aspects  of  literary-historical  translation  that torment the translator, complicate translation and often confuse him. There is also the assignment of personal names and nicknames when translating historical works into national words. In this article, we can see how The Journey of the famous Arab traveler Ibn Battuta provides detailed information on historical figures in the  original Arabic  language,  as  well  as  translations  into  Turkish  and  Uzbek languages,  as  well  as  the translation abilities of translators.

Most of Adyla Yakubov's works have been translated into several languages of the world, including Turkish, as selected works of Uzbek literature. To date, the translations of some of the author's works have been studied from a scientific point of view, and the scientific study of the works is of current importance. As for the translations between the Uzbek and Turkish languages, which belong to the same language family, customs and national traditions are close to each other, the situation is changing significantly. It is no secret that apart from the advantages of translating between these two languages, there are some inconveniences and difficulties. The scientific problem posed in this article, devoted to the study of the issue of recreating portrait characteristics in literary translation between two closely related languages, will be considered on the example of the translation into Turkish of the novel "Address of Justice" by the outstanding Uzbek writer, master of literary word Adyl Yakubov. When choosing a research topic, it was taken into account that there are almost no scientific studies on topical issues of literary translation from Uzbek into Turkish in recent years, which, according to the requirements of the time, a colossal work has to be done in this direction. Determination of how portrait characteristics are recreated in translation will allow drawing informed conclusions about the quality, artistic value and aspects of the translator's skill. We hope that the conclusions drawn in this article will provide methodological support for future practical translation work.

The article deals with the varieties of anthologies of the Middle Ages, their important role in folklore and, in particular, in the Arab literature of the Middle Ages. It also examines a variety of medieval Arabic anthologies with their thematic content and brief, comprehensive analyzes.

The  continuous  development  of  medicine,  which  is  an  integral  part  of  human  life,  allows  to constantly replenish the terminological layer of the lexicon by introducing new names and developing stable ones. The fact that terminology in various disciplines exceeds the number of words in common use makes it necessary to study special vocabulary. In particular, severe acute respiratory syndrome, caused by 2 (SARC-CoV-2) detected in China on November 17, 2019, a new infectious disease COVID - 19 coronavirus infection, has now led to a pandemic situation worldwide. This reaffirms that an in-depth study of medical terminology is one of the most pressing issues. In this article, the features of the construction of Chinese medical terms; we have identified suffixes, semi-suffixes, prefixes, and semi-prefixes that are most actively involved in word formation, affixation methods,  and  term  formation.  It  was  considered  that  terms  borrowed  from  other  languages  also  played  an important role in the Chinese medical lexicon. Terms learned from other languages also play an important role in the medical lexicon of Chinese; a pure phonetic assimilation is often found in the names of these substances 夫 南西林 [fūnánxīlīn ] “furatsilin" , many of which have a semantically assimilated alternative  因素林 [yīnsùlín]  "insulin", some of them   阿摩西林 [āmóxīlín] and  阿莫西林 [āmòxīlín ] “amoxicillin” have been considered.  Abbreviated complex words make it difficult to understand medical texts because they are formed in different ways, so abbreviations in Chinese 脱氧核糖核酸  [Tuōyǎng hétáng hésuān] "deoxyribonucleic acid" = 脱氧核 酸 [Tuōyǎng  hésuān]  «DNA»),    that  is,  the  abbreviations  were  studied  separately.  During  the  study  of  the construction of medical terms, we found that most terms and terminological phrases are formed by the method of addition and affixation. Systematization of these allows to determine the methodological basis for the translation of new terms in Chinese. In the article it has been investigated and drawn relevant conclusions on the subject of the works of Russian and Uzbek linguists such as  Karimov A.A, Gorelov V.I. ,. Popova D.E., Xorechko U.V., Frolova O.P.,Ochirov O.R, Superanskaya, AV, Superanskaya, A.V, Karimov A.A, Nosirova S.A, Hashimova S.A, Mustafaeva S.

The second half of the twentieth century is remarkable for the development of memoir literature and  the  significant  interest  in  it  of  both  readers  and  literary  critics,  because  of  increasing  in  the  selfconsciousness of a human being who realizes his close connection with history. The study of the development of memoir literature from the point of view of the history of individual art forms, the analysis of the genre and  poetic  specificity  of  works  opens  up  wide  opportunities  for  understanding  the  general  trends  and evolution of memoiristics as a whole. This article makes an attempt to trace the historical stages of the origin and development of Hindi memoir literature and determine in it the place of the outstanding Hindi writer Vishnu Prabhakar who through the prism of artistic perception in his memoir works depicts the era of his time by subjectively understanding the changes taking place not only in the structure of Indian society but also in its mind.

This article reflects the influence of Indian culture, including Sanskrit theater and drama, on the emergence of the drama genre in Chinese literature. Although the development of drama in Chinese literature was observed in the 13th-14th centuries, its appearance dates back to ancient times. The author examines the  features  of  the  genres  “nansiwen”,  “сzaсzyuy”,  “chuanzi”, formed  in  dramaturgy  by  this period, as well as highlights the influence of Sanskrit drama on the emergence of Chinese drama on the basis of research conducted by such writers as Sui Dishan and Jando Jen. The article presents Sanskrit drama and its similarity to Chinese drama in terms of genre features.

The article describes the poetry of the poet Muhammad Zuhayri, known for his unique creative heritage in the Iranian poetry of the new era. In addition to being in the direction of "poem" and "new poem", the poems of Zohariya are unique and colorful, they are close to the work of such creators as Nodirpur, Kasroyi and Umida. Muhammad Zuhari is one of the followers of the founder of the" new poetry", Nimo Yushizh. The poet brought new images to Iranian poetry, enriched his poems with aesthetic pleasure, musical accompaniment of words, refined images of a transparent crystal with a description that does not touch anything. In this regard, the analysis of the poems of Muhammad Zuhari, who was creative in the direction of "new poetry", the study of poetry, indicates the relevance of the article. A lonely bird, a tree and similar images that are waiting for spring in the creative baggage of M. Zuhari can be found in the works of other poets. The analysis of the subject system of images in the poetry of Muhammad Zuhari defines the goals and objectives of the article. The object of the article is the poetry of Muhammad Zuhari, and the subject of the work is the system of images in the poet's poetry. In the poetry of M. Zuhari, great practical importance is attached to the understanding of the poet's skill by studying the diversity of images, the versatility of the poet's poetic skill in the interpretation of images.

This article is devoted to the initial stage of the formation of the modern genre of short stories in Saudi prose. The initial stage of Enlightenment in the Arabian Peninsula occurred at the beginning of the twentieth century in 1910-1926 during the period of Turkish rule, long before the era of the “oil boom”, and it is associated  with  the  appearance  of  the  first  printed  publications  in  the  territory  of  the  largest  and  most developed province of the Ottoman Empire, Hejaz.  The extensive spread of educational ideas began in 1926 with the coming to power of Abd al-Aziz Ibn Abd al-Rahman Ibn Saud, the founder of Saudi Arabia , and it continued until the sixties of the twentieth century. The years of  Ibn  Saud's rule  were  the  main  catalyst for  the  sluggish  current  processes  of  Enlightenment  in  the  Arabian Peninsula, and they gave a powerful impetus to the development of Saudi society. Immigrants  from  Arab  countries,  who  were  earlier  in  the  sphere  of  European  impact,  had  a  great influence  on the  development  of  the  educational  movement  and  the  processes  of  literary  renewal  in  the Arabian  Peninsula.  As  carriers  of  advanced  ideas  of  Eurocentrism,  they  pointed  to  the  need  for  social transformations and social reforms in Saudi society. Periodicals  became  the  main  tool  of  the  Arabian  Enlightenment  ideologists,  they  gave  them  the opportunity to reach the average reader, which allowed them to express their thoughts and opinions on various issues. The national press was not only a vehicle for educational ideas in the Arabian Peninsula, but also it played a more important role than in other Arab countries in the process of establishing a new type of fiction in Saudi literature. The gradual development of the short story genre took place in the course of educational and reformatory appeals, newspaper and magazine articles, and other journalistic genres, which were transformed into works of art, united under the name of educational literature.   The first signs of the emergence of the short story genre in Saudi literature date back to the 30’s of the twentieth century. Early examples of narrative art in Saudi literature did not meet the requirements of the short story genre. They lacked a storyline that unites all parts of the work into a single whole, and didactic notes prevailed.  The initial stage of the formation of Saudi short story is a period of fascination with a new form of artistic literature, which has a short volume, allows you to quickly respond to changes in reality, as well as it serves as an effective lever for the implementation of educational idea.

Modern Tamil literature is distinguished by the versatility of its creators. Just as the literature of the peoples of India was influenced by foreign literature, such prose genres as short story, essay, and novel were  introduced  into  Tamil  literature.  Samples  of  the  work  of  European  and  Russian  writers  had  been translated into Tamil and new works in the spirit of realism began to be created. Inspired by the works of Russian artists, the Tamil writer Chinnappa Bharati takes his place among Tamil realists. The article deals with the life and works of Chinnappa Bharati, the ideological content of his novels, as well as the writer’s contribution to Tamil novelistic. In the introductory part of the article, a brief overview of the stages of development of the Tamil language and literature is given, and in the main part, the life and creative path of Chinnappa Bharati, his novels, and the  level  of  knowledge  of  Chinnappa  Bharati’s  work  are  described  in  detail.  Studies  have  shown  that Chinnappa Bharati is not only a creative figure, but also a person who is actively involved in the socio-political processes of society. Although Chinnappa Bharati started his career with poetry, he is a multi-faceted writer who can successfully perform in such prose genres as short story, essay, article, novel. The article also compared the works of Yashpal and Chinnappa Bharati. As a result, aspects of the commonality and differences of their creativity were also studied. As a result of the comparative analysis, i is established that the work of both writers combines the similarity of thoughts, the presence of ideas that call for striving for creativity, and it is also revealed that they are writers who love their people and fight for justice. It is also noted that Chinnappa Bharati stands out among his contemporaries as a writer who has his own style in artistic creation, and the main reason for this is that the plot of his works is based on reality.

The present article discusses the formation of models and the practical significance of Arabic verse using 'ariid meters. This article analyzes the peculiar iray Mahmud al-ZamakhsharVs work (1075-1144) Al-Qistas al-MustaUm fi "Ilm al- ‘Ariid analyzes meter for the first time. Phrased as feet, the eight original feet are classified and divided into two groups in the work Al-Qistas. Zamakhshari made branches offeet from each of these origins without dividing the changes of the feet on zihaf and ‘ilia. This occurs as a result of losing one consonant, orjuzv, from the foot structure or the dropping and the adding of a consonant or juzv in the composition of the foot, as well as elision of the unvowelled consonants or dropping the sdkin from the composition of the foot. Each of these changes are classified, and the formation of the feet, the process of branching out of the S original feet formed into a total of 71 feet is clearly described in the period treatise.
In addition, this paper provides a comparative analysis of the commonality and differences in the composition of the formation of the feet in the works of scientists living in Ma wara’ al-nahr: Abu Abdullah al-Khwarizmi(d. 997), AbuNasr ibn Hammad Jawhari (940-1007), Abu Hafs Nasafi(1068-1142) and Yusuf al-Sakkaki (1160-1229). As a result, Abu Abdullah al-Khwarizmi and Abu Hafs Nasafi analyze 8 feet, Yiisuf al-Sakkakl 10 feet, and Abu Nasr Jawhari 7 feet. However, the changes in the feet are divided into ziha:f and ‘ilia in all of these works.
The conclusion states that the study in the established order of the origin feet by the classification given by Mahmud al-Zamakhshari and each of their branches offeet will make it possible to accurately and easily determine the meter of bytes in the 'ariid system.

This article shows that as a result of the addition of dozens of young and talented writers to the ranks  of  writers  who  began  their  careers  in  the  1940s  and  1950s,  the  content  of  Afghan  literature  has significantly expanded and developed at the expense of social and even political issues.

This article examines the linguistic and cultural semantics of two numbers in Chinese. The development of numbers in Chinese is based on the influence of Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, national culture and worldview, as well as linguistic and cultural features of numbers. The study of the role and meaning of numbers in the linguistic landscape of the Chinese world through the study of the equivalence of numerological numbers and symbols in Ancient China is an urgent problem today.