O‘zbek adabiy tili tarixi shakllanishi jamiyatning iqtisodiy va siyosiy rivojlanish omillari bilan yaqin aloqada bo‘lgan ijtimoiy fikrlar tarixi, madaniyati va adabiyot tarixi bilan uzviy ravishda bog‘langan. Ammo tilning barcha xususiyat va tomonlari hamma vaqt ham jamiyat hayotidagi iqtisodiy va siyosiy o‘zgarishlarni bevosita, bir xilda aks ettiravermaydi. O‘z navbatida, tarixiy taraqqiyotning turli davrlarida til qurilishida va uning xizmat qilish sohalarida yuz beradigan o‘zgarishlar ham jamiyatning rivojlanishi bilan bir xil darajada bog‘langan emas.
This article briefly reveals some theoretical aspects of Chinese lexicology in particular shows the commonness and difference between the term and the word. For the first time in the example of financial terms the peculiarities of the formation and their structure of Chinese words are proposed by the author.
Each nation has a scientific and spiritual heritage, including their exhortation, edification, verses and stories reflected in manuscripts. In recent years, there has been growing interest in scientific and spiritual heritage, ancient manuscripts and works that are important for study, research and promotion. Finding, studying and publishing manuscripts is one of the most actual problems today, especially manuscripts dating back to the IXth-XIIth centuries, written on the territory of today's Central Asia. Many of the popular works of various fields saturated with Islamic ideology were created at the same time. One of these works is the manuscripts “Rabi-ul-abrar and nusus-ul-ahbar” (“Spring of good people and expressed messages”) by the ancient Khorezm scholar Mahmoud Zamakhshari. The article provides information and determination of the structural differences between the existing chapters of two copies of this manuscript in Arabic stored in the funds of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Muslim Administration of Uzbekistan. The article also discusses the importance of the work of Rabi-ul-abrar and nusus-ul-ahbara at the present stage of ethics. This work is fundamentally different from other works of the scholar Mahmoud Zamahshari and is a collection of works covering all natural, social, political and spiritual events in society. Another aspect of the work is that the scholar classified this work by summing up the words of the prophets and his associates, caliphs, emirs, monks and contemporaries.
The state analyzes the linguistic module and the algorithm and ego-type from independent components of the linguistic program code. The need for algorithms for phonological, morphological and spelling rules for the formation of the lexical and grammatical code is scientifically substantiated. The importance of such linguistic modules as phonology, morphology and spelling in the formation of the linguistic base of the national corpus of the Uzbek language is emphasized.
In this аrticlе, thе pеriоd whеn thе cоmmа punctuаtiоn mаrk wаs usеd in Wеstеrn Еurоpа, thе numbеr оf punctuаtiоn mаrks tоdаy аnd thе thе situаtiоns in which thе cоmmа is usеd will bе еxplаinеd in dеtаil thrоugh еxаmplеs.
The article notes that the development of modern prose in Qatar fits well with the concept of "accelerated development of literature." Thanks to technological progress during the rapid economic growth of the Gulf countries – Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Oman, the Arabic-speaking countries of Khaleej (Gulf) quickly became acquainted with world culture and the world literary process, primarily with the literary experience of culturally developed Arab countries such as Egypt, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq. The author of the article, using the example of the short story genre, traces the stages of its development from descriptive short stories with weak conflicts and a naive plot with an edifying and didactic tendency to mature short stories that fit into the concept of a modern short story. In the literary arena of the 70s of the XX century such masters of the word as Ibrahim Sucr al-Marikhi, Kulsum Jaber, Fatima al-Turki and others appeared who made a great contribution to improving the short story genre in Qatar and first addressed the important problems of contemporary reality. One of such important problems, according to the author, is the problem of the emancipation of a Qatari woman - her right to have her own voice, get an education, and choose a profession. In its spasmodic development, the Qatari short story was also influenced by the modernist tendency due to acquaintance with Western literature. Short stories appeared that are distinguished by psychologism, the non-uniformity of the characters depicted, and a special attitude. Writers often using modernist techniques — a stream of consciousness, associative thinking, subtext, etc. — convey the emotional crisis of their hero, his painful spiritual quest. By the beginning of the XXI century, new bold young people who had joined the Qatari literature, caused the evolution of socio-ethical short stories to action-packed short stories, which raised social problems that were still hushed up.
It was tradition to write "Arbain" - "Chihil Hadis" worksin Eastern classical literature which means collecting forty hadiths in one place, explaining their meaning to simple people, writing comments on them. The observations show that every time has its "Arbain", which put forward a clear theme and purpose. According to Hadith Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), "Whoever memorize forty hadiths, follows and teaches them, he will be under my intercession on the Day of Resurrection". According to this hadith people tried to memorize forty hadiths and deliver them to the people. The lexical meaning of "Arbain" is forty. In addition, to be in chilla for forty days means the prayers’ purifying and praying in the nook for forty days, forty days from birth and after the death. These forty days are called asa period of "cleansing". Medieval thinkers chose forty hadiths which were about Islamic rules and place together. They attempted to explain the meaning and significance of these forty hadiths to people in easier way. For this they used the prose and poetry effectively. In this article we aimed to give some information about handwritten copies of “Arbain” works which are being saved in the central fund of Oriental manuscripts center named after Abu Rayhan Beruni under the Tashkent State Institute of Oriental studies of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
The scientific concept of the article is that the national literary-aesthetic thinking is of primary criterion in evaluating a writer’s work and the essence of literature is determined by the artistic interpretation of the national spirit. The best examples of folk literature in the world, regardless of the language in which it is written, is on the agenda as a question number one to be analyzed scientifically in terms of the expression of the national spirit. Abdulla Kadiri’s novel “Days Gone By” has been analyzed in twentiethcentury Uzbek literature as a work that can meet this criterion.
According to the author, the national spirit is reflected in the novel “Days Gone By” on the basis of the following three principles: 1) the interpretation of specific customs, traditions, values, dreams and aspirations of the nation, embodying the spirit of the nation; 2) an expression of the nation’s potential to look at itself in a critical spirit; 3) poetic depiction of fixed beliefs inherent in national personalities in the play. In turn, the first of these principles embodies the morals of the nation, the second - the will, and the third - the beliefs, and this trinity forms the national spirit as a whole.
At the end of the article, the research results are theoretically summarized.
The study and research of written sources related to language learning serves as a mainstay for the development of this field. Therefore, the role of the work of Zakhiriddin Muhammad Babur "Mubayin" in the development of our literary language and national literature is invaluable. The aim of the author's work was a poetic and clear explanation of the science of Sharia to his son Humayun. By the 15th - 16th centuries, the lexical layer of the Old Uzbek literary language had become significantly poorer. Purely Turkish words have been replaced by Arabic, Persian and Tajik. This, in turn, alienated the general public from science and education. This led to the crisis of the old Uzbek literary language. Babur, who understood the process correctly, tried to use pure Turkish words in his works. With this work, Zakhiriddin Muhammad Babur contributed to the development of the Uzbek literary language, the history of the Uzbek literary language, terms, words and phrases in the religious and philosophical spirit of the Uzbek literary language, as well as to the science of Sharia. During the writing of the mubayyn, the artist again introduced obsolete Turkic words into the history of the Uzbek literary language. He also strove to write a work that would be convenient, easy and understandable for the reader of that period. As a result, Mubayin became popular among the people of his day.
The peculiarities of each language are manifested in phraseologisms – stagnant phrases, in which it is considered an important layer. Expressions express different relations between individuals in a short and concise manner, at the same time understandable and meaningful. The article draws on a comparative analysis of combinations of somatic words related to the field of phraseology. They were given on the basis of theoretical materials on phraseology, scientific literature and translation collections. In this article, a comparative translation of phraseologisms from the speech of heroes in artistic works was also analyzed. When translating phraseological units from Hindi into Uzbek, first of all, one must be able to choose their equivalent or alternative and apply the equivalent or alternative variants of the phrase in the Indian language. The main purpose of writing this article is to provide a comparative analysis of phraseologisms in the Indian language made of somatic nouns. The article examined the meanings of 3 semantic groups in comparative analysis. That is: a) full compatibility; B) partial compatibility; C) completely dissimilar; Phraseological units mainly V.M. Beskrovny’s II roof was concentrated on the surface of the first roof of the dictionary "Hindi-Russian Dictionary", from which the most active and non-somatic words were involved in the composition. In the article, mainly from Uzbek scientists the book “Explanatory phraseological Dictionary of the Uzbek language” by Sh. Rakhmatullaev was used to give alternative variants of Uzbek language. Phraseological units are translated in three different ways: each words translation; literal translation; meaning; In place of the conclusion, the fact that phraseological units in the Indian language were given with Uzbek variants when subjected to comparative analysis was given as a final.
Currently, a number of scientific studies are underway to translate the masterpieces of Uzbek literature into foreign languages and samples of foreign literature into the Uzbek language, and to the scientific study of translated works. Within the framework of this topic, the study of the problem of the choice of words in literary translation is of current importance. When it comes to translations made between the Uzbek and Turkish languages belonging to the same language family, which are spoken by peoples who have a common culture, common customs and traditions, the situation often changes. It should also be recognized that the translation between these two languages has not only its advantages, but also a kind of complexity. The scientific problem posed in this article will be considered on the example of Turkish translations of the work of the famous Uzbek writer Utkur Khashimov. When choosing the topic of this study, it is taken into account that currently there are not enough scientific works devoted to urgent issues of literary translation from Uzbek into Turkish, and much remains to be done at the behest of the time. Particular attention is paid to the importance of studying the problem of word choice and stable phrases in literary translation, the role and place of bilingual dictionaries in the translation process, and the problems of transmitting “false equivalents”. The article also attempts to elucidate serious questions about the fact that a word in a literary translation from Uzbek into Turkish and the context is a means of literary interpretation of the text, and translators often encounter problems when translating the title of works. Despite the fact that the Uzbek and Turkish languages, which form the basis of this study, belong to the same language family, that most lexical and phraseological units are fundamentally different in their etymology in these languages, it requires a special approach from translators. The conclusions made during the research are confirmed by the theoretical conclusions of famous translation scholars.
Object of research: formation process of elements of graphic literacy at children of the senior and preparatory groups of children's preschool institutions.
The purpose of work: to develop pedagogical system to the doctrine of elements of graphic literacy of senior and preparatory groups pupils.
Methods of research: the theoretical analysis, individual, group oral and written conversations, questioning, experiment, innovative and interactive methods, the mathematic -statistical analysis.
Novelty of research: the problem formation of elements of graphic literacy at children of the senior preschool age is first developed in a scientific way by proceeding and opening features of Uzbekistan. The theoretical and practical basis, pedagogical system and system of problems tasks included into it is developed; scientifically proved technique of elements formation of graphic literacy at children of the senior preschool age is developed.
Network of introduction and economic efficiency: the point of research and pedagogical system developed on ins basis, methodical recommendations and workbooks’ will help teachers and chiefs of graphic activity courses in formation of graphic literacy elements at children.
The practical importance: an essence research and on the basis of it’s the developed pedagogical system, methodical recommendations and the grant will help teachers and heads of a circle on graphic activity in formation at children of elements of graphic activity. Ideas stated in disscrtational work is possible to use in teaching lessons of graphic activity in pedagogical High schools and colleges. Proceeding from conclusions the developed methodical recommendations will help to organize and increase the efficiency of lessons of graphic activity.
Scope: conclusions and the basic ideas of the dissertation can be used at faculties of preschool education of High schools, professional colleges whey teaching «Pedagogics of preschool age", at the organization of lessons heat arc included into the in that arc included into the group of graphic activity in children's preschool institutions.