More than 70 works of Mahmud Zamakhshari, which had a great influence on the spiritual heritage of Maverannahr, are devoted to linguistics, literature, religious studies, didactics, geography. Linguistics and word science occupy a special place in the scientific heritage of the scientist. Mahmud Zamakhshari covers all areas of science related to linguistics and lexicography. The famous work of the scientist “Muqaddamatu-l-adab” is one of the sources of this style. This work, recognized as the first multilingual dictionary, contains аrabic-рersian-turkic trilingual, arabic-persian-turkic-mongolian four-language manuscripts. The work consists of five parts, the first title of which belongs to the category of words, and the second is dedicated to the verb and its derivatives. The third part consists of grammatical rules concerning auxiliary words, the fourth part-declension of nouns, and the fifth part-declension of verbs. There are copies in world collections that contain five parts of the work, as well as manuscripts in which the grammatical parts are translated separately. The volume of the dictionary parts of the work is of great and important scientific significance. In particular, the turkic vocabulary in the manuscripts included in the turkish vocabulary of the work is among the topics that are not studied and are relevant in world linguistics. 10 rare manuscripts of the dictionary “Muqaddamatu-l-adab” are stored in the funds of Tashkent, 62 copies-in the funds of countries around the world. The main part of them was moved in the XIII-XIVcenturies, and this period serves as an important source for studying the richness and semantic features of the turkic language dictionary. So far, 6 manuscripts have been found in the funds of the world, which were rewritten in Khorezm. The oldest manuscript of the work is the arabic-persian dictionary, rewrittenin Khorezm in 1257 and now stored in the Suleiman Foundation of Turkey. Khorezm manuscripts of the work are stored in the funds of Turkey, Dagestan, and France.
This article has incorporated the content analysis material and the problems of translating the socio-political terminology of the modern Chinese language. The question of the theory of translation, the main imperatives of this field, as well as the question of the formation of the main directions of development of the theory of translation in ancient China is touched upon. The lexica-stylistic and semantic features of terms have an important role in the study of the socio-political layer of the vocabulary of modern Chinese. Analysis of these features can give a new solution in the search for the adequacy and equivalence of new concepts. The characteristic features of the socio-political terminology of the Chinese language in terms of the political and cultural perspective, the importance of the historical context of speech and the original understanding of the terms in the socio-political layer of speech also constituted the main core of the subject of analysis.
In this article, in the classes of mother tongue and reading literacy, the formation of correct, fast, and conscious reading skills in the student, by working on the vocabulary, they are raised from an ordinary book reader to the level of a creative reader who thinks deeply. By reading, it is meant to expand the knowledge about the surrounding world, to enrich their worldview, to read and understand the text of any style, and to acquire the skills of critical and creative thinking.
This article is devoted to the abbreviation method, which is one of the most effective ways to form terms. The article analyzes polysyllabic terminological combinations in the Chinese military vocabulary by dividing them into word-formation models. The examples also cover abbreviations of full, incomplete, and mixed types. Appropriate conclusions are drawn about relatively productive models for constructing abbreviated military terms.
Teaching is aimed to allow the language learners to practice developing skills. In our case it is vocabulary development. In incidental learning, the situations are chosen by language learners. This means that the language learners initiate the interaction by requesting the participation of a teacher. Most often, incidental learning is used in the study of foreign languages, and is considered here in this context. The learner’s request can be verbal or non-verbal: for example, he can reach for an object that is out of reach, damage his clothes, cry, call an a teacher by name, ask for a toy, food or information. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of the incidental learning approach.
The article examines the level of proficiency in the culture of speech in the lessons of the Russian language. The main purpose of the article is to improve the skills of the skillful and effective use of the wealth of the language; vocabulary, derivational grammatical, phonetic; develop the ability to find an adequate language form in the language system; instill aesthetic norms of communication.
China has been pursuing a policy of reform and opening for 40 years. This, in turn, affects all areas of modern human life. Today, China is not only a leader in all spheres of production, but also there is a rapid development in the military industry of this country. Thus, the development of the military industry itself creates the basis for the introduction of new terms into the Chinese language. This article is devoted to the construction and analysis of Chinese military terms under the influence of external factors. Using the method of definitional analysis, the author explores the penetration of borrowings from a foreign language into the system of Chinese military terms, the ways of their formation and vocabulary enrichment, some restrictions in the formation of sound borrowings. The methods of phonetic and semantic calque have also been comparatively studied, and the activity of semantic calque in the military vocabulary of the modern Chinese language has been proved by examples. The article provides a descriptive analysis of borrowings formed under the influence of the English and Russian languages, and conclusions about the Chinese military terms that emerged on their basis.
T his article explores the Arabic borrowings in the poem "Hairat ul-Abror" ("confusion of the virtuous") by the founder of the uzbek language and world-famous poet Alisher Navoi. For this purpose, the use of 2838 lexemes and phrases of Arabic origin on the basis of the concordance of the “frequency dictionary”, was revealed. In addition to this, there are 52 quotes from Kor’an and the hadiths of the prophet that are not adapted into the Uzbek language system. Approximately 90% of Arab borrowings went through the adaptation process in the literary Uzbek language before Navoi and is still in use. The remaining 10% were not included in the vocabulary of the Uzbek language and, if necessary, the use of the Arabic system of versification "Aruz" and rhyme. The poet compiled a special vocabulary of Arabic borrowings "Sab’ati abhur" (Seven Oceans), in order to use in verses as necessary.Another sign of the complete adaptation of Arabic is compound and affix words composed according to the “Arabic-Persian”, “Arabic-Turkish” models by their morphological and syntactic rule of the Uzbek language.
Language corpus is an important tool for language education - the creation of lingua-didactic and dictionaries, as well as for various researches, diachronous and synchronous study of language, the development of speech competence, vocabulary, speech patterns. In particular, the creation of frequency dictionaries based on it allows creating a list of real active words for language learning and translation dictionaries. It also assists to save time and avoid large-scale manual work.
This article discusses the creation of frequency dictionaries on the basis of language corpus and the possibilities of the Uzbek language corpus.
In Iranian studies, the scientific description of the Dari language mainly notes its differences from the modern Persian language. In the word-formation of the Dari language, special attention is paid to the affixational word-formation of parts of speech. In recent years, the comprehensive development of the Dari language has become noticeable, during which time there have been tangible changes in all its fields. In this regard, the study of the questions of the ways of forming, developing and improving the Dari language, substantiating the reasons, regularities and possibilities of this process, as well as determining the principles of word-formation, is becoming increasingly essential. This, in turn, points to the need for a separate study of the Dari language directly based on its materials. The article studies affixal and semi-affixal word-formation and the problems of compounding in the Dari language within the framework of genetically related languages. The derivational affix in the Dari language, also in Persian, produces a word that belongs to a certain lexical-grammatical category: in derived words, derivational features are simultaneously categorical. The leading role in replenishing the vocabulary of the modern Dari language belongs to word-formation through semi-affixes. In the Dari language, words in which the second part is expressed by a verb (the stem of simple verbs of the present tense, their variants with the suffix -i or the particle of negation, the form of the imperative mood) make up the majority of word-formation. The stems of prefix and compound verbs of the present tense are much less common here. Due to a large number of verbal word morphemes, semi-affixation, as well as affixation and compounding, is the most productive way in the system of word-formation. Semi-suffixes are used mainly in the formation of new socio-political and scientific-technical terms. In word-formation, an indicator of the method of lexicalization, i.e. the transformation of combinations with conjunction into complex words is high enough. The process of lexicalization of word-combinations in the Dari language is still at the stage of formation, which gives reason to assert the complexity of the distinction between a complex word and a word-combination. Among the phonetic, grammatical and semantic features that make it possible to distinguish a complex word from a word-combination, the main one is the grammatical feature.
This article provides information that medical students in the process of learning mastered several foreign languages, especially one of the greatest languages - Russian. Students of medical universities should pay special attention not only to oral speech, but also to the development of written speech. Their professional activities are reflected in writing, so they must write competently, perform various types of written work that activate mental activity and increase the literacy of medical students.
The article deals with the development of military terms that were borrowed from French and Italian to English in the XIV-XVII centuries. In particular, extralinguistic factors influenced the development of English military terminology and in the context of the materials under consideration, the history of development of English military terminology is analyzed.