This article describes the period of formation and consolidation of the Kazakh Khanate as a political state from the 70s of XVth century – till the 30s of XVIIIth century and the characteristics of this period, Khanate’s territory, the state structure, the form of government, the relations with neighboring countries, socio-economic life of the population are analyzed in this research. The role of Kazakh Zhuzs in the country’s life is also studied. The Kazakh Khans such as Qosim Khan, Haqnazar Khan, Tauke Khan who ruled during this period, their policy to expand and strengthen the country’s territory are analyzed systematically. Successful conquering works of Kazakh Khans for the expansion of the territory of the Western Zhetysu, eastern Dashty Kipchak, Central Kazakhstan, the Northern Aral Sea, the lower reaches of Syr Darya River, the tribal settlements of Qoratov and its adjacent territories are discussed. The Kazakh Khans’ relationships with Sultan Saidkhan (Mon-golia), Abdullahkhan (Bukhara), Nogay and Siberian khanates were also investigated. The brutal military aggression of Junggar Khanate against Kazakh Khanate and the struggles of Kazakh population against them were described. The necessity to organize the Kazakh society with the establishment of the Kazakh Khanate and the change of its political system led to the strengthening of the country’s legislative bases, the conditions created for the state and society and the process continued in the XVIIth century and Tauke Khan established “Zheti-zharga” and it started to consider as a form of law. This article gives information on “Zheti-zharga” which was the Code of Conduct of Kazakh Khanate, including administrative, civil, criminal, tax systems, it analyzes the objectiv and subjective causes of the “Zheti-zharga”, the historical conditions of the period, the types of penalties used for crime and the role of the document in the community. The fact that the criminal procedure in the Kazakh Khanate is defined by “Zheti-zharga’s” norm, the conduct of criminal proceedings in the khanate according to this document, the criminal law in the Kazakh society, the criminal liability against the person, criminal offenses against property, “Zheti-zharga”, which is a legal document that incorporates issues of legal relations.
Alphabets used by Turkic-speaking peoples have always been the subject of investigation by researchers. Historically, many Turks have taken advantage of alphabets and the adoption of the alphabet has been linked to many factors. Turkish peoples in the past, so as historical integrity of its territory, language, alphabet and a lot of exposure to changes in the financial and moral values was no coincidence. The event, which is full of contradictions deep roots in the wars, massacres, has caused losses. Despite all this, the Turkic-speaking peoples, who are always at the heart of their attributes to preserve national and moral values, has been able to transmit from generation to generation. Most of the examples of Kazakh folk literature published by orientalists such as N.I. Ilminski, P.M. Melioransky, N.N. Pantusov, A.E. Alektorov, A.V. Vasilyev are published in the Cyrillic alphabet; Textbooks of the famous Kazakh educator Ibrai Altinsari in the Cyrillic alphabet were published in the 1870s. The first works of the Kazakh written language were published in Kazan, Orenburg, Ufa, Troitsk, and St. Petersburg. Until the first half of the twentieth century, these works were published in the Arabic alphabet, the common writing system of the Turkic world. At the time of the publication of the Kazakh-Turkish texts in the Arabic alphabet, books in the Cyrillic alphabet were also published for the Kazakhs in the 1860s in order to study the Cyrillic alphabet by the Kazakhs and to spread this alphabet. Today, the transition of Kazakhstan, one of the Turkic-speaking republics that gained independence after the collapse of the USSR, to a common Turkish alphabet is one of the most controversial. Kazakhstan, Central Asia, and has deep historical roots in the struggle of the alphabet. Research for this paper was carried out in Kazakhstan will try to give a broad struggle of the alphabet.
Интерес к созданию безопасных материалов для потребления человеком, а также для окружающей среды, способствует изучению Пикеринг систем, в которых высокодисперсные твердые частицы могут действовать как стабилизаторы дисперсных систем. Например, для получения стабильных эмульсий Пикеринга были успешно использованы различные коллоидные частицы, включая природные глины, крахмал, частицы кремнезема, магнитные частицы, графен, наночастицы металлов, наночастицы углерода и многие другие частицы [1-3]. Использование стабилизированных твердыми веществами эмульсий и пен, представляет собой альтернативу обычным эмульсиям и пенам, поскольку необходимость органических поверхностно активных веществ в качестве стабилизаторов будет устранена или снижена [4-5].
«The poor author was able to explain with security , using pen , intelligence and reflection...»
This strong revelation , expressed with humility by the Sultan and Scholar Ulugh Beg, sums with conviction the scientific effort of reflection based, above all, on the human intelligence of an exceptional man , whose work, taken up and translated into Latin in the West in 16th century by John Greaves (1602-1652), was transmitted to the so-called « Enlightenment» period by the French scholar and philosopher Helvetius (1715-1171).
The review article considers the issues of dementia and the need for research on cognitive decline in Central Asian countries. The paper presents the results of experimental and clinical studies of liposomes, which are a product of nanotechnology, which make it possible to assess the prospects for the therapeutic potential in many neurological disorders, including dementia
Мировую известность Ч. Валиханову принесли его труды по культуре малоизвестных для европейской ориенталистики тюркских народов (уйгуры, кыргызы, сибирские тюрки и т.д.). Его фундаментальная культуроведческая работа «О состоянии Алты шара или шести восточных городов китайской провинции Нан-Лу (Малой Бухарин)» завоевала заслуженный авторитет среди востоковедов, и ее отдельные места были переведены на английский, немецкий, французский языки.Как известно, для европейцев Восточный Туркестан был менее известен, чем малочисленные индейские и африканские племена.
Всё растущие требования современной экономики к качеству и количеству высококвалифицированных специалистов, а также информатизация образования приводят к необходимости разработки и внедрения инновационных образовательных методик и технологий, способствующих формированию новых форм обучения, неограниченных пространственно-временными рамками. Этим требованиям отвечает идея онлайн обучения, которое позволяет получать качественное образование через интернет независимо от территориального местоположения учащегося и с учетом индивидуальной образовательной траектории.
Khaldun Taner is one of the most famous figures in Turkish literature of the 20th century. He made a great contribution to the development of modern Turkish drama and introduced it to the world. The author's works have been translated into Uzbek, Russian, English, German, Czech, Yugoslav, Kazakh, Azerbaijani and Georgian. The
article provides a general analysis of the translations of the playwright's works. Russian
and Uzbek translations of the stories "The Stork from Iznik" and "Four on a boat" are considered and compared with the original text, their spiritual closeness and stylistic commonality are emphasized in literary translation. Also, Russian and Uzbek translations of phraseological units in Taner's works are analyzed using examples.
The creative merit of Khaldun Taner lies not in depicting supernatural situations, events and people, but in depicting the lives of ordinary, small people. He changes the course of the story in such a way that the reader forgets the personality of the writer and plunges into the events. The writer places his wishes, opinions, decisions and criticism on the main characters of the story. Thus, the main characters of the story act as the narrator. Sometimes animals, sometimes symbols, sometimes objects give ideas to the work and reflect the personality of the writer. The translators who translated his works also took into account these features of the writer's style. As it turned out, the translators skillfully tried to preserve the spirit and nationality of the original work. The work "The Stork from Iznik" was translated into Uzbek by P. Kenzhaeva and into Russian by N. Pirverdyan with great skill and brought to the Uzbek and Russian readers. N. Golubeva skillfully translated the story "Four on a
Boat" into Russian.
The article examines the features of the court (palace) poetry in the literary heritage of the Turkic peoples and the work of Bukhar zhyrau. For the purpose of a comprehensive consideration of this problem, the methods of historical-comparative and comparative-typological analysis were used in parallel. On the basis of a systematic research method, the features of the work of court poets in the poetic literature of the Turkic peoples were identified. The creativity of the classic of Turkic literature Navoi and a prominent representative of Kazakh poetry Bukhar Zhyrau became the object of systematic research. Court poetry at different stages of development was distinguished by a thematic orientation. Based on specific examples, it is determined that court poetry develops not only in a laudatory, glorifying, but also in a social form. On the example of the creativity of Bukhar zhyrau, the main features of the poetry of zhyrau are revealed. Although Bukhara served at the palace, he is not ranked among the court poets. Arguments are given in favor of the fact that Bukhar zhyrau, despite the position of vizier and adviser to Abylai Khan, if necessary, sharply criticized some of the khan's actions, which testifies to the close connection of zhyrau poetry with historical and social conditions and events.