The article examines the emergence, formation and development of such small prose genres in Hindi and Punjabi literature as a sketch ("rekhachitra"), also their distinctive features, and role in literature. The Rekhachitra (image) genre is a virtually unexplored genre in Russian Indology. There are opinions given of some Russian Indologists, such as E.P. Chelysheva, A.P. Senkevich and N.P. Utekhina also the opinions of some Hindi literature scholars, in particular, Mahendra Kumar Dhingra, Lakshmisagar Varshaya, Nagendra and Tripathi on this genre. An attempt made to shed light on this topic using the example of the works of writers in the genre of "rekhachitr" (image). Speaking about the origin of the documentary-journalistic genre of sketching, it should be noted that it is directly related to the development of the media in the Hindi language. It was in them that the first works of this type, written in different genres, appeared, the best of which later made up his "golden fund". The sketching genre has come a long way before it emerged as an independent genre. Today it is not a story or an essay, but a separate genre based on its own laws, and, of course, a story, essay and other genres that develop in accordance with changing times and social life. Today it is not a story or an essay, but a separate genre based on its own laws, and, of course, a story, essay and other genres that develop in accordance with changing times and social life. This article provides some reflections on this genre.
This article reflects the influence of Indian culture, including Sanskrit theater and drama, on the emergence of the drama genre in Chinese literature. Although the development of drama in Chinese literature was observed in the 13th-14th centuries, its appearance dates back to ancient times. The author examines the features of the genres “nansiwen”, “сzaсzyuy”, “chuanzi”, formed in dramaturgy by this period, as well as highlights the influence of Sanskrit drama on the emergence of Chinese drama on the basis of research conducted by such writers as Sui Dishan and Jando Jen. The article presents Sanskrit drama and its similarity to Chinese drama in terms of genre features.
The article discusses the development of the mythological genre and the process of images. In painting, a mythological genre tends to depict the works of creators, not the events that actually happened, but the legends, characteristic features, and real stories based on the mythological system of a specific nation, with wonderful, mythological details.
In this article Turkish national and oral drama’s peculiarities, genres and its performances are highly discussed. Some of the samples of Turkish oral drama as “Kukla”, “Karaguz”, “Maddakh” are investigated in this research.
This article examines the features of the genre “travelogue” in modern Arabic short stories. “Travelogue” is one of the oldest and most varied genres. During the many thousands of years of human history, and especially after the appearance of written literature, thousands of works on the subject of travel were created in the languages of the peoples of the world. The genesis of the genre is the result of the synthesis of the traditions of folklore and written literature, where works of folklore (e.g., fairy tales) were created and in written literature (e.g., ancient travel notes), in the center of which there is a traveler-narrator. As genre compositional features of travelogue, you can point out that the focus is on the image of the traveler-narrator and the presence of the fact of travel (changing in space and time movement in a certain direction), and it is noteworthy that the traveler-narrator stands in the status of an observer and compares what he saw in a foreign land with the situation in his native country. Although these main features of the genre were preserved, a number of other manifestations of travelogue appeared in the course of the development of literature. If in Uzbek classical literature the works describing the impressions of travel are called “sayokhatnoma”, then in Arabic literature this genre is called “rihla”. Studying modern Arabic fiction, you can trace how writers create works in the genre of travelogue, combining elements of the genre with the genre of the short story. A number of modern and contemporary Arab writers, such as Muhammad al-Muwaylihi, Sunallah Ibrahim, Jamal al-Ghitani, and Abdurahman Majid al-Rubeyi, used features of the travelogue genre in their short stories and novels. Among them can be the Syrian writer Abdus-Kalam Al-Ujayli (1918-2006), whose travel collections, such as Journey to Europe and The Call to Travel, consist of short stories that reflect the peculiarities of the travelogue genre. The collections Journey to Europe, Call to Travel comprise 22 short stories about travelling. Abdus-Salam al-Ujaili depicted with high artistry the greatness of his motherland Syria, where he was born and raised, showed its beautiful nature, the way of life, occupations, religion of the population, as well as he gave a description of some cities, their history, and shared hois impressins of unspeakable Paris after a trip to Europe.
In The article examines the emergence, formation and development of such small prose genres in Hindi and Punjabi literature as a sketch ("rekhachitra"), their distinctive features, features and role in literature. The Rekhachitra (image) genre is a virtually unexplored genre in Russian Indology. There are opinions of some Russian Indologists, such as E.P. Chelysheva, A.P. Senkevich and N.P. Utekhina. The article also cites the opinion of some Hindi literary scholars, in particular, Mahendra Kumar Dhingra, Lakshmisagar Varshaya, Nagendra and V. Tripathi on this genre. An attempt is made to shed light on this topic using the example of the works of writers in the genre of "rekhachitr" (image).
Culture is integral, regarding its meaning in the world of value orientations of the human-being. The Korean literature as any other one is seen as the organic part of culture of the Korean people, the reflection of its people and development. The gist-based prose is different from the European, due to the fact that it emerged on the basis of culture, which did not have the epic tradition. Due to this matter, the main source is the being itself, which substitutes the epos – the historical compilations and collection of livings of the literature «Pkhesol» . The analysis of the history of the middle-aged literature of XVII – XVIII centuries allows to say that its development was supported with the high-quality based ideas and concepts, and also the reality and its production, regarding the perfection of the arts forms, the formation of new genres and the process of sophistication of the gist based lines. The Korean literature of this period is divided into the following items: 1. the high prose and the poetry, based on hanmun, 2. the prose of small forms «pkhesol» on hanmun.3. the literature on the Korean, native language, which was divided into three ranges: upper poetry, middle-average (its own high prose) (diaries and novels) and low prose (the Korean novels). In the XVII century the Korean literature started to get the new concepts, it occurs the transformation of the social role, there are continued the search and creation of new forms, and also the birth of new and transformed old genres. «Pkhesol» of emergence of the prosaic genre «sosol». In the literary Korean thought, which was lack of the genre-based qualification, the term «sosol» united the prosaic works such as the novel, novelette and a tale. The Russian scientists also do not possess with the unique explanation of the term «sosol». Meanwhile, the term «sosol» is seen as the continuation of the genre «pkhesol», which allowed the emergence of new literary opportunities of genre, enriching this very trend, and creating a more unique genre, the high-quality based unique genre of the middle-aged Korean novel, which is seen as the classical novel. The middle-aged novelty is related with the oral people’s creative work, its compositions are related with the rules of the fairy tales, the actions always have 2 (two) polar poles-the suffering of the hero and the lucky end. Such gist-based peculiarity is seen by the imagination of the Korean people about the change of chaos to the harmony. The end of XVII century is characterized as the epoch of birth of the Korean novel (the founder is Kim Mandjun), («The wanderings of Ms. Sa throughout the South» and «The cloudy dream of nine») characterizes an emergence of new genre –«the diary» of the geographic and historical character («The diary of the military adventures» of Li Sunsin, «The diary of adventures to Japan» of Khwan Chin, «The scriptures of adventures to the mount Pektusan» of Pak Chon and others).
The article into historical aspect explores the Korean folklore genre - phansori, as an integral component of the spiritual basis not only of Korean culture, but also of universal human culture. Are considered the origins and origin of phansori – a folk song tale that occupies a special place in Korean folk creativity that embodies traditional features of genesis. Various points of view on the issue of the formation of pansori and the history of the formation of this lyrical-epic genre of songwriting are described. The role of folk musical and dramatic traditions in the spread of phansori is justified. The creation by the performer of a phansori on the basis of material from known stories of a holistic composition is considered. The bilateral nature of interaction of literature and phansori ballads and influence of high literature on phansori are shown on the example of the plot from the legend about Chhunkhyan. The value and artistic identity of phansori are revealed. The techniques of using the improvisational genre phansori, in which the singer-performer acts as a creator-interpreter under the accompaniment of a drum, possessing an extraordinary technique of ownership of voice, gesture, pantomime, ability to reliably reproduce experiences and feelings of heroes, have been justified. Characteristic features of "khan" mental state are considered. The degree of significance of "khan" and its display in the ballads of phansori is argued. External means are considered, visually enriching perception of the plot and understanding of the story of the performer 's narrative. Features of sound formation of singing tone are analyzed. The main means of vocal and speech genre is voice and its special structure, achieved by the performer as a result of long exercises. The role of the breathing type "dungen" due to the work of abdominal muscles is shown. A special method of sound formation is described – shaking, reciting, improvisation with text, recitation, combination of tragic and comic elements. It is justified that phansori is a special genre of Korean folk creativity, a predetermined fairy tale.
It is observed that the development of the genre in the Turkish narrative of the republican period took place on the basis of folk literature and language, as well as the traditions of world literature. The genre of the story has shrunk in form, socialized in content, and diversified according to the system of images. In the narrators’ ways of artistic interpretation of reality, observation, nationalism, sociality, and philosophy were manifested in a common state. It was a testament to true innovation in Turkish storytelling. This article examines the peculiarities of modern Turkish storytelling of the 1940s, as well as the work of the great writer of the period Orkhan Kamal. It is obvious that the Turkish stories created in the 30s and 40s of the 20th century vividly depicted the pure feelings in the hearts of the helpless people who lived in the dark days of the past, and resolutely renewed the traditions of historical literature. Such updates in the literature of the period are of special importance in the work of Orkhan Kamal. Kamal is one of the great representatives of Turkish literature and is known to the world for a number of stories and novels. In his stories, the image of ordinary workers is of special importance. Orkhan Kamal's stories are full of children's heroes and fragments of their lives. The main part of this type of child images is worker children. The article also analyzes the author's stories, such as "Sleep", "Strange Child", "First Bread" with the participation of children's heroes. Also, the stories of O.Kamal from the life of women are unique. The fate of women who involuntarily go astray, teenage girls looking for ways to escape poverty through song and dance, maids in rich families, young girls deceived by the love trade determine the content of the author's stories on this topic. The article also emphasizes the author’s stories on the subject.
The article analyzes the study of the work of the Azerbaijan poet and playwright Huseyn Jovid in Uzbekistan. Analytical views were expressed regarding the attention of the author’s works at the beginning of the twentieth century of the great Uzbek poet and playwright Abdulhamid Chulpan, the translation of his works into Uzbek by Usmon Kuchkor and Tahir Kahhor at the beginning of the 21st century, the dissertation about the work of Huseyn Jovid in the Uzbek literary criticism, as well as the creation of a number of research today. On a scientific basis, is illuminated the role of the literary heritage of Hussein Jovid in the development of Uzbek-Azerbaijan literary relations is highlighted.
This book contains samples of the work of Mukimiy (1850-1903), the son of Muhammad Aminkhodzhi Mirzakhodzhi, a major representative of the Kokan literary environment of the second half of the 19th century - early 20th century, in various lyrical genres. The poet's lyrical poems included in this collection are distinguished by the fact that the deep philosophical content is interpreted in a combination of beautiful artistry and folk melody. The collection also includes humorous works of the poet and the famous Journey. We believe that this poetic bouquet will appeal to lovers of poetry.
The article studies the subject of comparative – typological method of the most productive kind of study of folklore. The questions of types of relations between folklore of different nations are investigated and the specific peculiarities of each of them are highlited.
Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, which was written in 1894, is still useful and important for today’s children in spite of being old. It is also often read by adults with pleasure as well. Relationships, families, the natural world, and daily life are all themes in the stories. Children and people in general must deal with these significant issues throughout their lives. They learn how to act toward others in particular situations, who to trust, and what friendship entails—basic principles of our way of life. Therefore, in my research, I attempted to reveal the issue of “freedom” in American writer Mark Twain’s masterpiece “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”.