Мақолада ўзбек миллий мақолларининг қўлланилиши, уларнинг илдизлари ва миллий қадриятларимиз билан узвий боғлиқлиги, ҳар бир сўзнинг маъно хилма-хиллиги, ибораларнинг турғунлиги, шаклий барқарорлигининг устунлик қилиши, қулланиш ўрнига қараб уларнинг маъно доираси доимий равишда кенгайиб бориши ва оиладаги,ёшлар тарбиясидаги ўрни қанчалик муҳим эканлиги бир неча мисоллар билан кўрсатилган
Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. In the world lat days chanchcd structures of trauma, increase the number of heavy combined traumas, which resulting in more heavy nature of simultaneous injuries of three , four or more anatomical regions, which creates difficulties in determining of the order of care and surgical tactics in patients with combined traumas of the facial skeleton bones (CTFSB). The syndrome of mutual burdening injuries of various anatomical regions, variety, hcavity and speed of the development of pathological process did difficulty of diagnosis of the CTFSB. Complexity of the clinical picture, features of the progress of post-traumatic shock, the development of traumatic disease cause difficulties which arise in the course of examination of patients and put tasks to the experts to find new ways of developing diagnostic algorithms and early surgical treatment of the CTFSB.
Frequency of CTFSB ranges from 34,8 to 63,3%. Fractures of orbit has been observed with an extremely high frequency (98%) in CTFSB, injury of the orbit is accompanied by damage of the eyeball and its subsidiary bodies has been observed in 66 % of eases. Consequences of eye injuries arc becoming the leading cause of disability and in 50% of eases could cause permanent loss of vision. By reason of death combined trauma take the third part after coronary heart diseases. Frequency of disfiguring defects and deformities of face occurs in 12 and 57%, disability in CTFSB reaches up to 23%. CTFSB, combined with TBI, causes up to 60% of deaths.
The causes of unsufficient results is non-availability of a diagnostic algorithm, which includes the most informative research methods, determining the order of interaction and priority of work of doctors of various specialties in CTFSB.
In some eases, requires specified an indications, character, scope, sequence and timing of surgical interventions, depending of the objective assessment of heaviness of injuries to various anatomical regions, prognosis criteria, the nature and heaviness of life-threatening consequences of combined trauma. The research work earned out within the framework of the achievement of the set by the Decree of the President of Republic of Uzbekistan “About measures on the further deepening reform the health care system” November 28, 2011, № PD-1652, maintenance of high-quality medical aid to the population under modem requirements and standards.In this regard the need for the development of algorithms of diagnosis and early methods of surgical treatment of patients with CTFSB constitute one of the important criteria demand the theme of dissertation.
Purpose of research is improvement of the diagnostic tactics and therapeutic interventions in patients with acute combined injuries of the facial bones according to the severity and location of the injury.
Scientific novelty of disscrtational research consists in the following: revealed the structure and features provide consistent care to patients with combined injuries in Republic of Uzbekistan;
The sequence of diagnostic and therapeutic measures, depending on the patient's general condition with CTFSB first determined by using created CT program "ADIL
developed innovative methods for early reduction and fixation of bone fragments in CTFSB;
identified endogenous factors, affecting on the wound process, disclosed the mechanisms of post-traumatic complications in CTFSB;
proved, that at 2 - 3rd days after the injury occurs the depression of cell and humoral immunity in the blood. Increases the level of proinflammatory cytokines, reduced the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine (in 2,8 at patients with heavy commonl condition. Increased levels of pro - and reducing anti - inflammatory cytokines is a poor prognostic factor in the development of inflammatory complications (bone wound suppuration, osteomyelitis of the jaw bones, soft tissue abscess);
patients with CTFSB at 2 - 3rd days after the injury occurs the depression of the content of protein and micronutrients (calcium, potassium and phosphorus) in the blood, which is a prognostic factor of the development of complications;
a scheme was developed for integrated medical correction of endogenous factors affecting on the development of posttraumatic complications;
1. CTFSB in 100% of cases combined with TBI, in 27.7 % with injuries of skeleton and internal injuries. In the diagnosis and treatment of patients with CTFSB should participate resuscitator, maxillofacial surgeon, neurosurgeon, ophthalmologist, and otolaryngologist. Primary debridement of wounds, reduction and fixation of bone fragments in patients in compensated state should be done within 3 hours after injury, while at subcompensated state - during the first day, and at the decompensated state - within 3 days.
2. With the CT program "ADIL" can determine the overall condition of patients in a short time. The most informative diagnostic criteria arc the general condition of patients, level of consciousness, hemodynamic stability, shock index and temperature gradient. The severity of the general condition of patients is directly dependent on the localization of the fracture of the facial bones. Multiple fractures of the upper and middle areas of the face arc the most serious injury in patients.
3. Patients with CTFSB in compensated and subcompensated state emergency surgical aid and diagnostic procedures should be performed in full volume (maxillofacial surgery, traumatology, neurosurgery, surgery, ophthalmology and otorhinolaryngologist), including the reduction and fixation of bone fragments in the first day. To patients with CTFSB in state decompensated should be performed at least diagnostic procedures, limiting the amount of emergency surgery. Reduction and fixation of bone fragments should be done after the restoration of function of vital organs and systems.
4. The method of choice for the treatment of depressed large bone fragments of facial bones is a titanium distractor, the use of which gives a good clinical and functional outcome.
5. When depressed fracture of the zygomatic arch application of the developed device will allow us to produce reduction and fixation of bone fragments in the early stages (within one day) with a good cosmetic result.
6. At patients with CTFSB in posttraumatic period (7- 14th day.) there arc a deep depression of CD3, CD4 cell composition, humoral factors and secretory immune system, increased necrosis factor CD95, increasing the levels of proin-flammatory (IL-6 ) and a decrease - anti- inflammatory (IL -10) cytokines. On 9-10th day reduced total protein, calcium, potassium and phosphorus in the blood .
7. Reduction of cellular and humoral immunity, increased proinflammatory cytokine and tumor necrosis factor, reducing the anti-inflammatory cytokine , the protein concentration in the blood, calcium, potassium and phosphorus arc predictors of complications.
8. Application of complex drug therapy within the 1-3 days after the injury with the inclusion of immune ( immunomoduline, ribomunil ), enzyme ( Voben-zym ) drugs osteoplastic materials allows to correct the violation of homeostasis, also used to prevent complications.
Subjects of the inquiry: “Asos-ul-baloga” by Makhmud Zamakhshari
Aim of the inquiry: to investigate “Asos-ul-baloga” by the side of soursc studies. To show the role of the work in Arabic lexicography, its influence on next Arabic dictionaries.
Methods of the inquiry: Dcscriptional, statistical and historical-comparative methods have been used in the work.
The results achieved and their novelty: It’s the first time that “Asos-ul-baloga” was studied from the point of view of source study. It was determined the manuscript and cditional copies that were kept in the world fonds. “Asos-ul-baloga” was carried on constitutive analyses. The sources which were based on “Asos-ul-baloga” were found and they analysed.
Practical value: This work will help to new scientific search studying the scientific legacy of Makhmud Zamakhshari and to analyse his lexicography. The dissertation will be the main source of educational programms for Literary Sourse Studies and Manuscript Studies, the history of Arabic lexicography in Higher Educational Institutions, preparing lectures on it special courses for students.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: 13 articles were published on the results.
Sphere of usage: sourse studies, Arabic sourse studies, manuscript studies, linguisty, the history of Arabic linguisty, Arabic lexicography.
Мазкур мақола 18-19 асрларда рус лисоний жамиятида француз сўзлар ва нутқий формулалар мавжуд бўлган рус бадиий асарлардаги матнлар келтирган. Бундай француз ўзлашмалар рус бадиий матнлардаги структур-семантик хусусиятлари таҳлил қилинди
This paper is devoted to study the translation problems of idioms from Hindi into Uzbek through equivalents and alternative version. It hass been leaded comparative analysis of peculiarities of Hindi and Uzbek phraseology and determined semantic and stylistic conformity.
Phraseological expressions are a vivid example of folklore, reflecting the сеnturies-old life of the people, their worldview, precepts and moral teachings, which are improved from century to century and transmitted from one generation to another. In phraseological expressions, the influence of speech is amplified, accepted by the people, deeply rooted in the minds of people, reflects the customs and habits of the people, their traditions, culture and history. The phraseological expressions are often used, in daily life of people, especially by writers, literary critics, poets to attract the attention of readers to their works. Phraseological expressions, embodying wise thoughts, deep content, are the most effective expressive (that is stimulating emotions) means of our speech, which involuntarily make a person think and reflect. The set phrases in Chinese language as 熟语 shuyu consists of 成语 chengyu–the set expressions; 谚语 yanyu–proverbs; 俗语 suyu ( 俗话 suhua)– sayings; 格言 geyan–words of wisdom; 歇后 语 xiehouyu–hints, vagueness, in other words riddle ( 盲人 骑 瞎马 mang ren qi xia ma–as if blind man on eyeless horse; dangerous; 惯 用语 guanyongyu–often used phrases consisting of three hieroglyphs that are used in spoken language ( 走后 门 zou hou men –leave the back door; take a bribe, 吹牛皮 chui niu pi overstate; proud boast). 成语 chengyu is a folk wisdom in the spirit of moralizing, which is passed from mouth to mouth, has a concise form and effective expression. In the Chinese language, phraseological phrases in writing are 96% composed of four characters, the remaining 4% consist of 3-14 characters. Phraseologisms of the Chinese language are distinguished by origin, structure, semantic and functional diversification. Therefore, phraseological expressions are classified with difficulties. The article explores how the phraseological expressions of the Chinese language are classified.
Phrases are the most important and unique units of any language and are expressive means used to understand world culture and human characteristics. The purpose of this study is to classify phrases with an el (hand) component and to identify their semantic features.
The article is devoted to the hardships and solution of the problems in sphere of translation studies. The problem takes up on basis of theoretical materials, scientific literature and collections, which devoted to translation studies. The decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan about additional measures of rising the quality of education at the universities and backing of their active participation in realization in the country of full-scale reforms, improving the training of the personnel with university-level education. In this scientific article we analyzed of using of phraseologies instead of translation of the words, the rule of translation of expressions, theoretical materials, skillful approach in choosing of the word, information from scientific literature and collections, which devoted to translation studies. Also it was analyzed know-how of well-known specialists in sphere of translation studies in particular: G.Salomov, A.Ibrohimov, A.Fayzulayev, J.Sharipov, N.Komilov, Q.Musaev, Z.Isomiddinov, E.Ochilov. It should be used its equivalent or antonym in translation of the term. Translator should skillfully chose the synonyms in native language, to understand the meaning of the word, the influence of the stylistic, ability to chose necessary word on the basis of context of the sentences. Only in this case translation of the word fully reflects the folk spirit.
The peculiarities of each language are manifested in phraseologisms – stagnant phrases, in which it is considered an important layer. Expressions express different relations between individuals in a short and concise manner, at the same time understandable and meaningful. The article draws on a comparative analysis of combinations of somatic words related to the field of phraseology. They were given on the basis of theoretical materials on phraseology, scientific literature and translation collections. In this article, a comparative translation of phraseologisms from the speech of heroes in artistic works was also analyzed. When translating phraseological units from Hindi into Uzbek, first of all, one must be able to choose their equivalent or alternative and apply the equivalent or alternative variants of the phrase in the Indian language. The main purpose of writing this article is to provide a comparative analysis of phraseologisms in the Indian language made of somatic nouns. The article examined the meanings of 3 semantic groups in comparative analysis. That is: a) full compatibility; B) partial compatibility; C) completely dissimilar; Phraseological units mainly V.M. Beskrovny’s II roof was concentrated on the surface of the first roof of the dictionary "Hindi-Russian Dictionary", from which the most active and non-somatic words were involved in the composition. In the article, mainly from Uzbek scientists the book “Explanatory phraseological Dictionary of the Uzbek language” by Sh. Rakhmatullaev was used to give alternative variants of Uzbek language. Phraseological units are translated in three different ways: each words translation; literal translation; meaning; In place of the conclusion, the fact that phraseological units in the Indian language were given with Uzbek variants when subjected to comparative analysis was given as a final.
This article is devoted to the study of euphemisms related to the concept of "woman" in Chinese and Uzbek linguoculture. Sometimes people encounter situations when communicating with others where they cannot say what they want directly or use phrases in their own sense, putting their interlocutors at a disadvantage. Euphemisms applied to find out solution of such complicated situations. Euphemisms are words and expressions, which are replaces forbidden, improper to say, rude lexicon that contradict moral norms in its own polite way. Euphemisms reflects the psychology, worldview, customs, traditions, myths and beliefs of a people. The article examines the euphemisms associated with the concept of "woman" in Chinese and Uzbek linguoculture in such thematic groups as "woman's age", "pregnancy", "morals" and "appearance". The general and specific aspects of euphemisms expressing the concept of "woman" in Chinese and Uzbek linguoculture are compared and their place in language and culture is shown. Changes of way of thinking and worldview of Chinese and Uzbek peoples at certain times, growth of the role of women in the socio-political life, role as mother, housewife moreover as a active member of society with equal rights with men explained through euphemisms. In both nationalities have been found cognitive traits of women such as oriental abashment, pudency, humbleness and chastity, which is reflected in euphemisms. The study of euphemisms associated with the concept of “woman” in Chinese and Uzbek linguoculture is important in solving the current issue of gender equality. The examine of euphemisms makes it possible to deeply study and understand the mentality of a people, to form a complete picture of its national culture, values, customs, traditions, moral criteria, the national character of a native speaker and the relationship between the language and culture. Along with this, knowledge of euphemisms avoids misunderstandings and difficulties arising in the process of intercultural communication, eliminates pragmatic obstacles, and ensures successful and effective communication.
This article is devoted to the study of Turkish phraseological units, special attention is paid to the study and analysis of phraseological units with the “baş” component. The main goal of the authors was to study somatic phraseological units, which include the “baş” component, study their semantics, and analyze their use in oral and written speech. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were identified: the study of the scientific literature on phraseological units; the study of scientific works devoted to somatic phraseological units of the Turkish language; finding sources related to the topic of the study, and collecting material; semantic analysis of somatic phraseological units with the “Baş” component; formulation of conclusions based on the results of the analysis. The article uses lexical-semantic and conceptual-analytical research methods. In the part of the article that illuminates the degree of knowledge of the topic, a comment is given to a number of noteworthy scientific papers. The article notes that language is a means of communication between members of society, serves a person as a means of helping to express their thoughts and inner experiences verbally and in writing, that each person, when presenting his thoughts, uses a number of ways to make his speech more beautiful and more informatively, that among these methods the use of phraseological units is the most effective. The authors emphasize that phraseological units enrich written and oral speech, and provide a more complete and clear presentation of thoughts. The article carried out a study of 217 phraseological units in which the “baş” component functions, shows the difference in their content, structure and composition, analyzes the most frequent phraseological units with the “baş” component used in oral and written Turkish speech. As a result of the analysis, a conclusion was made about the use of phraseological units with the “baş” component in various situations. Most of these phraseological units are used in a problem situation, the number of such phraseological units is 65. Along with this, the author notes the cases of using phraseological units with the “baş” component in the following situations: physical condition (29), mutual respect (17), in the process of excitement (14), and leadership and leadership (14).
This article is devoted to the study of semantic features of proverbs, sayings and phraseological units based on animal names in Uzbek and Turkish. Proverbs and phraseological units based on eshek (donkey) lexeme are analized in it. Moreover, the rhythm and rhyme of phroseological units in Uzbek and Turkish are been talked in the article.
This article is devoted to the modern level of development of linguistics and the multidimensional study of phraseology in a comparative sense, which reflect the intercultural exchange of the mother tongue and the studied foreign language when translating various kinds of literature. There are a number of definitions of phraseological units in science, however, taken separately they cannot give an exhaustive description of this phenomenon. The article gives examples from the works of several scientists who at one time tried all the outside to study the phraseology of several languages.
In the manuscript fund of the Institute of Oriental Studies named after Abu Rayhan Beruni of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan the manuscript №2225 is stored. It presents a full comment for the composition of Jalaladdin Rumi “Masnaviyi Ma’naviy” and consists of six notebooks. This comment is named as “Sharhi Masnaviyi Mavlaviy”, author – Ayyub. Interpretations of some words from composition are given in “Comments” which also contains stories about Rumi’s life and his edifications. Some of the stories are presented by commentator himself. There are the notes of what sources they are extracted before each story and information, which are submitted by Ayyub. When commenting “Masnaviy” expositor used following compositions: “Nayname”, “Yusuf and Zuleykha”, Abdurakhman Jami’s “Nafakhotu-l-uns”, Akhmad Afloki’s “Manokibu-l-orifin”, Shaykh Abdurakhim Bikhori’s “Kashfu-l-lugot va-l islokhot”. In a number of bytes of “Masnaviy” are given the words and expressions from text or ayat in Koran. Firstly, commentator gives full text or a fragment from particular ayah then provides comments. In composition “Masnaviy” Rumi adduces sayings from Hadith and from various stories which have taken place in life of prophets. Ayyub, in turn, completely overlooks given Hadith and stories and then only adds his comments. Expositor also uses the other texts of comments, which were written for “Masnaviy”, and for some related views he expounds his own persuasions, where he doesn’t indicate the exact names of the sources from which such information was brought, but only limits to the phrase “some commentators write”. There are cases of examples as well from other parts of “Masnaviy” in “Comments”. Before writing “Comments” Ayyub explored many books about Rumi’s life and work, worked with dictionaries, improved his knowledge in the sphere of religion and tasawwuf, collected data from earlier written comments. The sources which were used while writing “Comments of Masnaviyi Mavlavi” composition are the most valuable among many others about life and work of Rumi.
This article is about one of the works of the Old Turkic literature – “Irq bitig”. In this article it is analyzed its textual features, phonetic and alternative versions of reading and interpretation of some phrases and sentences.