All Humans were born in their family, they grow as a member of family. Family is considered as a place which has a bond to live together of relationship with man and wife, parents, children as well as siblings. Blood relation and relative by marriage are main part in attitude of society, In addition it can consist of their duties and aims. That kind of attitude among society is said kinship. And the words which are related to this are called kinship terms. These terms possess form of naming and address. This terms posses two types: address and naming which are differentiated in relationship. This article provides comparison between similarities and differences in the terms of kinship in Japanese and Uzbek languages. Direct and соllateral family ties from the ascending line (grandfather) to the descending line (grandson) are analyzed. The objective of this work is to identify answers to questions such as whether the meanings of kinship terms are uniquely suited in Japanese and Uzbek languages and whether relationship structures are similar or different. In this scientific article, the names of kinship relations in Japanese and Uzbek are systematized, their meanings and relations are determined. In Japanese and Uzbek languages, the name blood relationship is consistent but there are differences in relation. From the point of view of соllateral family kinship, it was found that there are differences in the name of the kinship, in both their meaning and attitude.
The continuous development of medicine, which is an integral part of human life, allows to constantly replenish the terminological layer of the lexicon by introducing new names and developing stable ones. The fact that terminology in various disciplines exceeds the number of words in common use makes it necessary to study special vocabulary. In particular, severe acute respiratory syndrome, caused by 2 (SARC-CoV-2) detected in China on November 17, 2019, a new infectious disease COVID - 19 coronavirus infection, has now led to a pandemic situation worldwide. This reaffirms that an in-depth study of medical terminology is one of the most pressing issues. In this article, the features of the construction of Chinese medical terms; we have identified suffixes, semi-suffixes, prefixes, and semi-prefixes that are most actively involved in word formation, affixation methods, and term formation. It was considered that terms borrowed from other languages also played an important role in the Chinese medical lexicon. Terms learned from other languages also play an important role in the medical lexicon of Chinese; a pure phonetic assimilation is often found in the names of these substances 夫 南西林 [fūnánxīlīn ] “furatsilin" , many of which have a semantically assimilated alternative 因素林 [yīnsùlín] "insulin", some of them 阿摩西林 [āmóxīlín] and 阿莫西林 [āmòxīlín ] “amoxicillin” have been considered. Abbreviated complex words make it difficult to understand medical texts because they are formed in different ways, so abbreviations in Chinese 脱氧核糖核酸 [Tuōyǎng hétáng hésuān] "deoxyribonucleic acid" = 脱氧核 酸 [Tuōyǎng hésuān] «DNA»), that is, the abbreviations were studied separately. During the study of the construction of medical terms, we found that most terms and terminological phrases are formed by the method of addition and affixation. Systematization of these allows to determine the methodological basis for the translation of new terms in Chinese. In the article it has been investigated and drawn relevant conclusions on the subject of the works of Russian and Uzbek linguists such as Karimov A.A, Gorelov V.I. ,. Popova D.E., Xorechko U.V., Frolova O.P.,Ochirov O.R, Superanskaya, AV, Superanskaya, A.V, Karimov A.A, Nosirova S.A, Hashimova S.A, Mustafaeva S.
The article is devoted to the lexical-semantic and cognitive analysis of the features of using certain socio-political terms in promoting the Chinese economic and strategic initiative “One Belt, One Way”. The topic also analyzes the factors affecting changes in the layer of the lexical component, analyzes the differences of a socio-political language (hereinafter OPJ) from an ordinary language, reveals the main functions of socio-political terminology (hereinafter OPT). The study of the semantic-comparative phenomena of the ORT of a QW using descriptive methods of description, features of the socio-political discourse in Chinese, used by us as a subject of a translation object containing a rich layer of vocabulary with background information. After the appearance of the Chinese initiative “One Belt, One Way” and the official distribution of the “Concept and Action Plan for the Joint Construction of Two Belts”, i.e. “The Economic Belt of the Silk Road” and “The Sea Silk Road of the 21st Century”, various assessments and opinions began to appear in the world press on the essence, purpose, guidelines and objectives of this initiative. A number of countries took this initiative passively and even negatively, seeing in it a new threat of “Chinese expansion”. Needless to say, the semantics of the terms within the framework of this initiative has also undergone some changes in terms of their perception by recipient languages. This article analyzes the opinions of a number of Chinese sinologists, political scientists, such as Chinese scientists Shan Hupin, Gong Ting, who in their scientific works analyze the main reasons for the negative perception of the “One Belt, One Way” initiative and come to a common opinion that The reason for doubt was the misinterpretation of some documents and an inaccurate, inadequate understanding of its content, and the incorrect use of social and political terms. In this regard, Chinese scientists propose a number of recommendations on the use of socio-political terminology. Namely, in order to promote the ideas and plans for the concept of the “One Belt, One Way” initiative, the use of mainly “soft” terms and voca-bulary is suggested. It is recommended in publications to avoid the idea that China, ostensibly, intends to chase the role of the project leader and achieve the role of managing the sphere of influence in regional issues. In this regard, Chinese experts consider it necessary to firmly adhere to the principles of joint discussion, joint construction and sharing of the benefits of the Chinese initiative. The research materials show the richness of the lexical layer of the Chinese language, the broad possibilities of transmitting thought using various social and political terms, transforming not only the tone, but also the cognitive paradigm of the text. These lexical and semantic features of Chinese socio-political terminology should be taken into account when translating articles, materials of negotiations, speeches, reports and speeches.
The article studies the classification of law terms, the requirements for terms and terminology as a whole. General approaches Io terms formation and the main characteristics of the terms denoting legal notions are reviewed.
Международные правила толкования торговых
терминов, более известные как ИНКОТЕРМС, представляют собой свод международных правил по толкованию наиболее широко используемых торговых терминов в области международной торговли товарами, определяющих базисные условия поставки товаров. Использование этих правил позволяет избежать и сократить неопределенность различной интерпретации торговых терминов в различных странах, что способствует созданию более благоприятных условий для международной торговли. Еще одно из преимуществ использования терминов ИНКОТЕРМС является трактовка их содержания судами во всех странах.
Each national language system has its peculiar legal terms and documents that undoubtedly provide the basis for the effective learning of English by future lawyers, judges, law enforcement bodies and clerks. Taking into consideration the training of highly qualified lawyers in independent Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as international and foreign legislative practice in our country, in order to develop a national legal system, it is necessary to create an educational and terminological dictionary for translating words of different branches from foreign language into native language and from native language into foreign language. The expressions of legal meaning reflect the aspects relating to legal relations among people.
The Uzbek-Russian-English dictionary of legal words and phrases consists of terms and words necessary for reading, understanding and translating legal literature of legal subjects by students, cadets, and academic staff of higher educational establishments.
In the current period of advanced technology, the topic of legal terminology is very broad, and it penetrates into the most advanced industries from everyday life to science and technology. So, it is natural that the lexical layer related to jurisprudence is huge and the semantic structure of its words is complex. From this point of view, attempts have been made to include words and expressions in this dictionary reflecting the main activities of the legal branches. The sources used to compile the dictionary include Russian-Uzbek dictionary of law terms, prepared by G.Ahmedov and Kh.Bektemirov, and the explanatory dictionary of the English language, general and special English-Russian and English-Uzbek dictionaries. Many of the terms given in this dictionary arc translated into Russian and English.
The dictionary contains terms and phraseological units in English, arranged in alphabetical order. The dictionary reflects translations of Uzbek legal terms into Russian and English as well.
The dictionary of legal expressions is compiled on the bases of the Criminal Code and the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan and consists of more than 3300 words and phrases. The dictionary is intended for researchers, translators, academic staff, students of academic lyceums, university students, doctoral students and applicants who are interested in English and learn language independently, as well as the wide range of readers.
This article touches upon the most pressing issues in the field of modern Arabic terminology, namely, the ways in which the Arabic language is conveyed the latest terms used to denote modern technological advances in the field of communication. Arab countries, like many other developing states, are only consumers of the latest advances in science and technology that are emerging in more developed regions of the world. It is these “fruits” of technological progress that contribute to the formation of new, previously non-existent objects, phenomena and “transformations”. The latter not only enrich the "world of electronics", but also contribute to the expansion of the linguistic vocabulary of the "carrier" language, and then the languages of "consumers". Thus, the article analyzes and describes the most commonly used methods of transmitting the Arabic "speech" of the above-described newest names of gadgets that did not previously exist among the Arabs. It is well known that any language strives to preserve its identity and avoid direct foreign borrowings. The Arabic language in this context is no exception. In this regard, the author highlights the numerous attempts of the Arabic language to avoid direct borrowings by adapting their own lexical units. Sometimes, due to the lack of suitable semantic lexemes, the Arabic language is forced to use more "gentle ways" of transferring new foreign names, ie. by using methods such as "tracing paper" and "half-calf". On the other hand, despite attempts to avoid direct foreign borrowings, under the influence of the "fashion" for the English language, the facts of the "entry" of Western terms into the language of the Arab people are comprehensively observed, undergoing only transliteration necessary for this language.
In Japanese society, 家-iе –“house” is a very important and comprehensive concept. A house is a complete system made up of the homeowner and the family. 家-iе –the word “house” is considered to have different meanings, such as place of residence, family, family group, belonging to a tribe, inheritor, social status. In this study, terms such as 主人(syujin)–husband, 家内(kanai)-wife, 奥さん(okusan)-your wife, 嫁(yome)-bride are related to家-iе –“house”. Comparative studies of kinship terms have been studied by many researchers. In addition, anthropological, dialectical, historical, typological, applied and focus studies have recently been observed. European and American scholars (Embree, Norbeck, Cornell, Beardley, Befu, Fisher) after that Japanese scholars (Suzuki, Fuji, Komori) have researched in-depth scientific works on the pecularity of Japanese kinship references. In the article analyzes the researches about kinship terms related to家-iе –“house” have been observed. Thera are four main scientific points of view about the use of kinship references: 1)the social position taken as a criterion of the house is taken as status names(positional terminology, social status); 2)kinship terminology 3)modified teknonymy; 4) oikonimi ー oykonim iе –“house”. Which viewpoint is more effective? It is one of the controversial topic in the japanese kinship references. The meanings of kinship terms have not been widely analyzed in nowadays’ researches. It has been found that specific concepts in personality thought have not sufficiently been studied in the application of kinship terms.
The article discusses the structural features of military terms used in the English and Uzbek languages. Military terms were divided into groups according to military types, general staff, general tactical, military topographic, military ranks and military organizational activities. As a result of the analysis of the collected research materials, it was determined that the methods of affixation, transformation and composition arc the most effective in the formation of English and Uzbek military terms. In addition, in order to find out to which groups of words the total number of military terms in the English and Uzbek languages belongs, the terms were classified according to the criteria of the linguistic-statistical method. At the same time, structural models associated with derivational elements of existing abbreviations in modem English and Uzbek military terminology were considered.
It is known that the lexicology of Arabic language has not been deeply studied by orientalists of Uzbekistan as compared to other fields of the Arabic linguistics. Therefore, the article examines legal terms and particularly the terms of criminal law in the Arabic language that are considered to be important lexical layer of this sphere today. In the research work, the concept of terminology, legal terms, criminal law terms, and the history of the legal language of the Arab countries that have passed certain historical stages, as well as examples from the Qur'an and hadiths, which are considered as the main pillars of the fiqh methodology, have been discussed on the basis of the analysis of scientific literature. In verses (ayats) of the Qur'an Karim Sura, there are a number of laws related to different areas of law, including criminal law, which are enriched with the concepts of religious law. In the Qur'an, several types of grave crimes are mentioned. In particular, theft, robbery, premeditated murder, infliction of bodily harm, bribery, adultery, slander, espionage, rebellion, alcohol consumption, deliberate murder of a child by its own parents, danism, etc. In this regard, the Qur'an and Hadiths have been considered as factors affecting the formation of the Arabic legal language. The Sunnah, which is considered to be the second source of Islam, also contains a number of terms related to criminal law. Authentic hadiths reflecting the criminal law and punishment issues in Imam al-Bukhari's collection of Al - Jame'as-sahih hadiths, have been studied as the object of research. In the Hadith collections named" Golden sets: Sahihul Bukhari", parts 3 , 4 and 8 also contain hadiths that describe the types of crimes and the issues which are subject to punishment. The article from "The Book (chapter) of Hadds" contains Hadiths by the Prophet Mohammed about punishment for consumption of wine and commission of thievery. In turn, "The Book on Witnessing" includes Hadiths about testimonies of the hidden witness, honest witnesses and false testimonies. Furthermore, "The Book of Diyakh", besides the descriptions of details of concrete crimes that existed in the period of the Prophet Mohammed, also contains Hadiths about punishments for premeditated murder, infliction of bodily harm and other criminal actions. Issues of law and fiqh as well as the terms provided in ayats of the Koran, Hadiths and Sunnah have been substantiated by a number of examples which served as the basis for creation and formation of criminal law terms in the Arabic language.
Международные правила толкования торговых
терминов, более известные как ИНКОТЕРМС, представляют собой свод международных правил по толкованию наиболее широко используемых торговых терминов в области международной торговли товарами, определяющих базисные условия поставки товаров. Использование этих правил позволяет избежать и сократить неопределенность различной интерпрета-
ции торговых терминов в различных странах, что способствует созданию более благоприятных условий для международной торговли. Еще одно из преимуществ
использования терминов ИНКОТЕРМС является трактовка их содержания судами во всех странах.
The article deals with the classification of legal terms in English and Uzbek languages offered by linguists. The author discusses corresponding criteria of law terms in the conception of lawyers and linguists.
The article discusses the structural features of military terms used in the English and Uzbek languages. Military terms were divided into groups according to military types, general staff, general tactical, military topographic, military ranks and military organizational activities. As a result of the analysis of the collected research materials, it was determined that the methods of affixation, transformation and composition are the most effective in the formation of English and Uzbek military terms. In addition, in order to find out to which groups of words the total number of military terms in the English and Uzbek languages belongs, the terms were classified according to the criteria of the linguistic-statistical method. At the same time, structural models associated with derivational elements of existing abbreviations in modern English and Uzbek military terminology were considered.
In this article, special attention is paid to the explanatory dictionary of scientific, popular scientific terms intended for use by various categories of readers, regardless of whether it relates to a certain sector of the economy or not.
The article gives a comparative analysis of the Charter of terminological organizations in the Persian and Uzbek languages, as well as its principles. It is well known that in accordance with theoretical and scientific views, as well as the recommendations of the world terminology of Vienna, Prague and Russian terminology schools, an international standard has been established, which is an instruction for all languages in general linguistics. Prior to this, a number of standardization associations were created, including in 1926 the ISA (International Association for Standardization) - the "International Association for Standardization", in 1931 in Europe the British Standard Institution - the British Institute of Standardization, and in 1946 the ISO ( International Organization for Standardization). And in Iran at different periods were established three language academy to preserve the purity of the language. The third academy, that is, the last of them, is the “Academy of Persian Language and Literature”, which was founded in 1991 and has its own Instruction. At the same time, "Atamakom" started its activities in the Uzbek language, and completed it in the short term. The article presents an analysis of the International Terminological Organization Standard - ISO 704, which was created at the school of world terminology, as well as the influence of its principles on term formation on the rules of term formation in the Persian and Uzbek languages, different and similar sides of each. In addition, some paragraphs of the Charter of the "Academy of the Persian Language" were compared and analyzed by the relevant paragraphs of the terminology of the Uzbek "Atamakom". The main goal of the article is to analyze the provision of terms for borrowing by terminological organizations that were founded for the formation of terms in the Persian and Uzbek languages, as well as compare and study the Statutes for the formation of new terms, to look at the correspondence of the clauses of the Standard of the International Terminological Organization ISO 704. As a result of comparisons of theories a number of proposals for the creation of terms in the Uzbek language are presented.
An automated monitoring system has been developed for the AFM “Protection” of the development and spread of pests of forestry crops. The system is designed in the form of a local computer network, operates on-line and has the following additional features: automatic integration of daily data required for services of regional departments and the Forestry Agency of the republic. Based on these data, weekly, monthly maps and summary tables will be compiled.
SUMMARY
In the main directions of sustainable development of forestry in the Republic of Uzbekistan at the present stage for the period up to 2030, it is envisaged to further increase the productivity of forests on the basis of technical re-equipment, the introduction of advanced techniques to increase the efficiency of forestry production, improve the protection of forests from fires and protect them from pests and diseases. According to the forestry agency of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the area of forest plantations is 3.2 million hectares. This is about 7% of the total area of the republic. Of these, 821.0 thousand hectares are forest plantations. This means that only 2% of the area is covered by forests.
When planning the necessary forest protection measures, it is required to identify complexes of the most important, most dangerous pest species and predict further changes in the number of pest populations. Therefore, when organizing a monitoring system, it is necessary to obtain reliable information about the level of the number of pests and the degree of their threat to crops and plantations. First, when organizing a systematic system of forestry monitoring, the territory should be zoned based on economic and ecological criteria. Secondly, due to the fact that the emergence of foci of mass reproduction of pests is usually confined to regions where critical weather situations are observed, then when designing forestry monitoring such areas should be given priority attention. Thirdly, it is necessary to strongly recommend the organization of stationary objects in all farms, which will annually assess the level of abundance, the qualitative state of the populations of the main species and the state of the growing stand.
In case of significant damage to forest stands, a detailed survey with an assessment of the dynamics of tree mortality, determination of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the dominant pest species and the development of a strategy for forest protection measures should be carried out by specialists-entomologists.
Object of research: formation process of elements of graphic literacy at children of the senior and preparatory groups of children's preschool institutions.
The purpose of work: to develop pedagogical system to the doctrine of elements of graphic literacy of senior and preparatory groups pupils.
Methods of research: the theoretical analysis, individual, group oral and written conversations, questioning, experiment, innovative and interactive methods, the mathematic -statistical analysis.
Novelty of research: the problem formation of elements of graphic literacy at children of the senior preschool age is first developed in a scientific way by proceeding and opening features of Uzbekistan. The theoretical and practical basis, pedagogical system and system of problems tasks included into it is developed; scientifically proved technique of elements formation of graphic literacy at children of the senior preschool age is developed.
Network of introduction and economic efficiency: the point of research and pedagogical system developed on ins basis, methodical recommendations and workbooks’ will help teachers and chiefs of graphic activity courses in formation of graphic literacy elements at children.
The practical importance: an essence research and on the basis of it’s the developed pedagogical system, methodical recommendations and the grant will help teachers and heads of a circle on graphic activity in formation at children of elements of graphic activity. Ideas stated in disscrtational work is possible to use in teaching lessons of graphic activity in pedagogical High schools and colleges. Proceeding from conclusions the developed methodical recommendations will help to organize and increase the efficiency of lessons of graphic activity.
Scope: conclusions and the basic ideas of the dissertation can be used at faculties of preschool education of High schools, professional colleges whey teaching «Pedagogics of preschool age", at the organization of lessons heat arc included into the in that arc included into the group of graphic activity in children's preschool institutions.
In this article, the author, based on an analysis of a number of sources, tried to reveal the features of the education system of the Iranian state, which has its own history of development in the region, its historical stages and features. The author tried to objectively analyze the reforms and modernization work carried out at different periods in the education system of Iran, mainly using foreign sources. The 1979 revolution plays a very important role in the life of the Iranian state. Therefore, the article compares the education system for two periods: pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary periods. An attempt was made to identify and show the results obtained using various tables. The education system was divided into preschool, secondary, vocational and postgraduate degrees. The reforms carried out at each stage were briefly, but substantively covered. Conclusions were made by analyzing the results of the reforms. The features of the education system in Iran were identified and the prospects for their use in the context of Uzbekistan were examined. With an emphasis on gender processes in the education system, the strengths and weaknesses of the two-tier school system were identified. Efforts were made to explain the post-revolutionary changes in the country, the Islamization of the education system and its impact on the quality of education. In conclusion, the results obtained as a result of the analysis were systematized and sorted. Suggestions were made about what aspects of the Iranian education system can be implemented in practice and in the education system of Uzbekistan. When writing an article, the author sought to develop and substantiate his conclusions using methods such as comparative analysis and the use of statistical data.
China has been pursuing a policy of reform and opening for 40 years. This, in turn, affects all areas of modern human life. Today, China is not only a leader in all spheres of production, but also there is a rapid development in the military industry of this country. Thus, the development of the military industry itself creates the basis for the introduction of new terms into the Chinese language. This article is devoted to the construction and analysis of Chinese military terms under the influence of external factors. Using the method of definitional analysis, the author explores the penetration of borrowings from a foreign language into the system of Chinese military terms, the ways of their formation and vocabulary enrichment, some restrictions in the formation of sound borrowings. The methods of phonetic and semantic calque have also been comparatively studied, and the activity of semantic calque in the military vocabulary of the modern Chinese language has been proved by examples. The article provides a descriptive analysis of borrowings formed under the influence of the English and Russian languages, and conclusions about the Chinese military terms that emerged on their basis.