The aim of the study was to study the etiological and morphological features of large macular ruptures. The present study included 200 eyes (188 patients) who were diagnosed with a large macular rupture at initial examination. 96 eyes (48%) were diagnosed with stage 3, the remaining 104 eyes (52%) were diagnosed with stage 4 macular rupture. Large macular tears in 55.5% of cases are due to vitreomacular traction syndrome, in 24.5% of cases - myopia and in 20% of cases - eye trauma. Macular tears of various etiologies do not differ in visual acuity, intraocular pressure, diameter and stage of the rupture, duration of the disease. Macular rupture is associated with cataract in 51.5% of cases.
Сердечно - сосудистые заболевания (ССЗ) в настоящее время называют проблемой века, считая их одной из основных причин инвалидности и смертности людей работоспособного возраста. По оценкам экспертов ВОЗ в 2008 г. от ССЗ умерло 17,3 миллиона человек, что составило 30% всех случаев смерти в мире. Из этого числа 7,3 миллиона человек умерло от ишемической болезни сердца и 6,2 миллиона человек в результате инсульта. Не менее угрожающую статистику находим и у такого заболевания, как сахарный диабет (СД). СД занимает третье место по распространенности после сердечно - сосудистой и онкопатологии. По данным экспертов ВОЗ в мире насчитывается около 285 миллионов больных СД и прогнозируется, что к 2030 году число заболевших СД составит 435 миллионов человек. В развитых европейских странах распространенность сахарного диабета составляет 3–10% в общей популяции, а среди лиц с факторами риска и у пожилых достигает 30% от общей численности населения.
В статье раскрывается проблематика гендерного дисбаланса среди школьников и студентов ВУЗов, поступающих на STEM направления. Анализируется гендерная статистика поступивших студентов в сфере образования на уровне Нукусской Президентской школы и Каракалпакского Государственного университета им. Бердаха в Каракалпакстане. Статистические данные демонстрируют гендерный разрыв на всех ступенях образования- как на уровне среднего, так и в сфере высшего образования. Результаты исследования доказывают, что количество девушек, выбирающих STEM направления существенно отстают от показателей представителей мужского пола.
Сердечно - сосудистые заболевания (ССЗ) в настоящее время называют проблемой века, считая их одной из основных причин инвалидности и смертности людей работоспособного возраста. По оценкам экспертов ВОЗ в 2008 г. от ССЗ умерло 17,3 миллиона человек, что составило 30% всех случаев смерти в мире. Из этого числа 7,3 миллиона человек умерло от ишемической болезни сердца и 6,2 миллиона человек в результате инсульта. Не менее угрожающую статистику находим и у такого заболевания, как сахарный диабет (СД). СД занимает третье место по распространенности после сердечно - сосудистой и онкопатологии.
Research purpose: to study the effectiveness of a complex treatment of patients with age-i macular degeneration (AMD). Material and methods: a complex therapy of 104 patients (206 eyes) with AMD has been cone Mean age of patients made up 68.8±6.2 years old. Along with a traditional medicinal treatment Citicoline and Ginkgo Biloba w ere included. Results and discussion: application of the proposed method leads to a persistent increase of functions, improvement of hemodynamic indicators, as well as multiplies the bio-potentials’ amj of retina reflecting the functional activity in the macular area, and improvement of the retina sta
Диабетическая макулопатия - частая причина значительного снижения остроты зрения на ранних стадиях развития непролиферативной диабетической ретинопатии (ДР). Есть сообщения о введении триамцинолона ацетонида в субтеноновое пространство при отеке макулы с целью улучшения состояния сетчатки в макулярной области.
Kompyuter va axborot texnologiyalarining jadal rivojlanishi zamonaviy moddiy dunyo, kundalik hayot va munosabatlarning qiyofasini o'zgartirmoqda. Vaqt yangi, zamonaviy innovatsiyalarga borgan sari sezgir bo'lib bormoqda. O'zgaruvchan texnologiyalar poygasida hamqadam bo'lish uchun texnologik tartib jamiyatning iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy rivojlanishi tendensiyalari va yangi texnologiyalarga doimiy o'tishda xavflarni kamaytiradigan barqaror rivojlanish tamoyillarini ishlab chiqish haqida aniq tushunchaga ega bo'lish kerak
Relevance of the problem.Despite the great successes of angiosurgery, the problem of surgical treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms does not lose its relevance. World health statistics records a steady increase in the incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysm (ABA). According to L.J. Melton et al. (1984) and L.K. Bickerstaff et al. (1984) in the USA the number of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm has increased 7 times in 30 years since 1951. In England and Wales, according to F.G. Fowkers et al. (1989) for the same period revealed a 20-fold increase in abdominal aortic aneurysms in men and 11-fold in women. According to the results of multicentre screening studies ABA was detected in 8% of the examined (E.S. Vourvouri, 2001), and in the age group of 64-69 years ABA was detected in 5.7% of the examined, and in the age group of 75-81 years - in 8.9% (R.A.P. Skott et al., 2001). A similar trend is observed in other countries. Accordingly, mortality from ABA is also increasing - aneurysm rupture in a number of countries is one of the ten most frequent causes of death among elderly and senile people (F.A. Lederle et al., 1990)
Currently, planned aneurysm resection has become a recognised standard of radical treatment of ABA patients and the number of these operations is steadily increasing. For example, about 40,000 ABA resections are performed annually in the USA (J.J. Grange et al., 1997). In Sweden during the period from 1987-89 to 1993-95 the number of ABA operations increased 5 times and currently 10 operations per 100,000 population are performed (A.Hallin et al., 2001), although this is 1.5 - 2 times less than the required number. However, postoperative lethality is still quite high and makes 5-7% (A.V.Pokrovskiy et al., 1992; Y.V.Belov et al., 1992; V.V.Vakhidov et al., 1992; A.W. Bradbury et al. Bradbury et al., 1997; A.Hallin et al., 2001).
E.W. Steyeberg et al. (1995) summarised the data of literature on 17238 ABA resection operations and gave an average mortality of 6.8%.
Multicentre studies in five major hospitals in the Netherlands found that only 74% of patients underwent ABA resection without complications; 26% had some complications, 9% of which were severe and 4.1% of which were fatal (G.J. Akkersdijk et al., 1998). Similar results were obtained in the Canadian Cooperative Study (K.W. Johnston et al., 1990). It was established that the peculiarity of complications in the majority of patients was their systemic character (L.L. Lau et al, 2001) The course of the postoperative period is most often complicated by cardiac, respiratory, renal, cerebrovascular, as well as complications associated with thrombosis and bleeding (W.E. Lloyd et al., 1996; R.D. Sayers et al., 1997; J.D. Blankenstein et al., 1998; R. Ayari et al., 1998). Ayari et al., 2001)
The undisputed leadership, without doubt, belongs to cardiac complications, the incidence of which varies from 10% to 20%. Moreover, cardiac complications account for 50-70% of total mortality. Cerebrovascular complications, although not uncommon, account for no more than 1-1.5%, but their mortality reaches 40%. Complications associated with thromboses and haemorrhages in the perioperative period reach 2-5% (M.M.Reigel et al., 1987; K.W.Johnson et al., 1990; N.Franklin et al., 1993; A.A.Milne et al., 1994).
Certainly, a large number of complications after resection of abdominal aortic aneurysms is caused by the initial severity of patients' condition, however, many unresolved tactical and technical issues of patients' preparation for the operation, stage of performance in case of combined lesions of several vascular basins play a practically significant role. Adequate management of the operation itself and the immediate postoperative period is no less important, taking into account the possibility of such dreadful complications as thrombosis and embolism, cerebral and cardiac death. Until now there is no unified complex analysis of the results of treatment of uncomplicated abdominal aortic aneurysms and, accordingly, recommendations for the prevention of possible complications.
All this determined our aim and objectives of the study.
The aim of the study is to improve the results of surgical treatment of ABA by developing an effective system for determining the main risk factors of surgical treatment and optimal surgical tactics to prevent possible complications.
Scientific novelty.For the first time a complex analysis of indications and contraindications to surgical treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms was carried out
The most significant concomitant pathology capable to lead to formidable complications and lethality during the intervention and in the nearest postoperative period was revealed. Adequate measures of their prevention and treatment were proposed.
The algorithm of surgical treatment tactics for patients with combined pathology of coronary arteries and aortic arch branch lesions was developed
The state of haemostasis system at all stages of reconstructive surgery on abdominal aorta, starting from skin incision to wound closure, was studied for the first time.
Conclusions:
1. The proposed original classification of ABA, based on mutual dependence on the etiology of the disease, localisation, concomitant diseases, clinic and its course, allows to determine the strategy of early diagnosis, to estimate the most significant risk factors, the stage of intervention in combined lesions of adjacent and distant vascular basins and, ultimately, to determine the ways to reduce complications and mortality in patients with ABA.
2. The most informative methods of ABA diagnostics are duplex scanning and computed tomography. Non-invasive diagnostics capabilities are enough to determine the aneurysm size, its relation to the renal arteries, as well as to find out the state of visceral branches and aortic bifurcation. Abdominal aortography is indicated in patients with concomitant arterial hypertension to identify the state of the renal arteries.
3. Significant risk factors in these patients are ischaemic heart disease (44.1%), arterial hypertension (49%), haemostasis disorders (almost 100%).
4. The leading concomitant disease in the development of postoperative complications is ischaemic heart disease. Its share in abdominal aortic aneurysms is 40%. Postoperative cardiac complications reach 14.9%. Diagnostics of ischaemic heart disease should be based on the stage-by-stage detection of coronary lesions and its functional-compensatory abilities.
5. The main complications of the postoperative period after ABA resections are acute heart failure (14,9%), cerebral circulatory disorders (1,5%), acute renal failure (3,33%).
6. When significant coronary vascular channel lesions are detected in patients with ABA, it is fundamental to solve the issue of intervention staging. At 3-4 functional classes of circulatory insufficiency, appearance of new zones of hypo- or akinesia, decrease of ejection fraction below 40%, the first stage should be myocardial revascularisation surgery
7. In patients with combined lesions of brachiocephalic vessels in patients with ABA it is reasonable to assess the cerebral blood flow. In the presence of 70% or more stenosis of VCA, presence of embologenic plaque, bilateral haemodynamically significant stenosis it is necessary to perform carotid artery intervention as the first stage.
8. One of the most difficult problems of reconstructive operations in ABA is the contiguous lesion of renal and visceral branches of the abdominal aorta. The principle is their one-stage reconstruction. The types of reconstruction of these branches should be variable depending on the volume and extent of the pathological process.
9. Patients with aneurysmal lesion of abdominal aorta initially always have significant disorders of haemostasis system. In 30% of patients with occlusive diseases of aorta and its branches in the preoperative period the activity of thrombocytic-vascular link of hemostasis is increased, antithrombotic ability of vascular wall endothelium is decreased and blood rheological properties are disturbed. Activation of fibrinolysis was noted in patients with aneurysmal lesion of abdominal aorta.
10. During the operation for abdominal aortic aneurysmal lesion, after starting the blood flow the level of plasminogen increases additionally by 30%, which is a risk factor for haemorrhagic complications in the perioperative period. On the 1-3 day after the operation there is a significant decrease of blood anticoagulant potential - antithrombin-Sh by 25-27%, protein C by 23-25%. This period is the most dangerous in terms of thrombohemorrhagic complications development.
11. When using standard heparin during the operation there is a consumption of antithrombin-Sh by 30-45% and increase of platelet aggregation by 10%, which is a threatening condition for the occurrence of thrombosis of deep veins of the lower extremities with subsequent TELA. When using fraxiparin during reconstructive vascular surgeries the consumption of antithrombin-Sh and increase in platelet aggregation do not occur, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time are lengthened insignificantly that testifies to expediency of its use for prevention of thrombohemorrhagic complications.
12. Application of the diagnostic methods proposed by us to detect the main risk factors during the operation and in the nearest postoperative period, use of the algorithm of stage and volume of intervention allowed to reduce significantly the number of threatening complications, thus the lethality decreased 4 times, and the number of non-fatal complications - 4 times non-fatal complications - 1.5 times.
The article analyzes the current state and future development of railway transport, presents an econometric model of the development of investment activity in the context of strategic changes in the transport system. The article is devoted to the substantiation of approaches to the development of an algorithm for assessing the impact of railway transport on the country's economic security. The proposals on the use of econometric modeling to develop a simulation model of the railway system are justified. The stages of the implementation of the economic feasibility of management decisions in the railway system are considered. Therefore, the priority tasks of the structural reform of the industry is to create conditions for the development of competition in the field of transportation of goods and passengers, repair of rolling stock, as well as increasing investment attractiveness. As a result of the implementation of the planned infrastructure projects, there is an acute problem of a lack of investment funds, and even escalates due to the growing physical depreciation of fixed assets. Currently, there is a big gap between the level of investment existing in the industry and the level necessary to ensure sustainable development.
Наша главная задача обеспечить формирования высокой общей и профессиональной культуры учителя, его готовности к педагогическому творчеству. Об этом свидетельствует практика преподавания в высшей школе, освещенная в научно методической литературе не хватает разноуровневое, мобильности, гибкости, непрерывности, преемственности, вариативности.До сих нор остается неразрешенной проблема установления оптимального соотношения учебных форм работы, по-прежнему просматривается диспропорция между лекционными, семинарскими, лабораторнопрактическими занятиями и практикой в школе. Вербализм является доминирующим принципом всей подготовки. По-прежнему не преодолен разрыв между теоретической и практической подготовкой студентов. Многие курсы, которые ведутся по специальным дисциплинам, читаются в отрыве от школьной практики. Вопросы по математике: аксиоматический метод; математические доказательства; элементы, множества, отношения, отображения, числа; комбинаторика; конечные и бесконечные множества; основные идеи математического анализа; математика случайного; элементы теории вероятностей; роль математики в гуманитарных науках.