The writing is one of the great discoveries in human history. Modern and old languages in their history had used different types of writings. In particular, the Turkic language also used the alphabetical writing system. Among them there are Kok Turk (Turk Runic), Uighur, Arabic, Latin, Cyrillic letters. These writings were commonly used by all Turkic people. However, in the scripts used for the Turkic language, there were several types of letters that were used by tribes or religious philosophers. For example, the Syrian script was used by Turkic-Syrian tribes, and the inscription of Brahmi was used by the Turkic Buddhists, and the Manichaean script was spread in the Turkic-Manichean circles. In the Turkic- Manichean letter, many monuments of that era are survived. For example, Berlin copies of the Manichaean prayer book “Khuastuanivt”, Turkic-Manichaean prayer texts and other works. Only Turkic-Manichean letter, among other little-used scripts, was more adapted to the Turkic language. This article covers the adaptation of the Manichean letter to the Turkic language, about sources, reflected in the letter of vowels and consonants, the practical implementation of harmonicity in the texts. At the same time, when covering the aforementioned issues, examples from manuscripts and from fragments written on monuments of the Turkic language are given. At the end of the article, the Turkic-Manichean letters are listed in alphabetical order. This alphabet can help for those, who is interested in learning this letter.
The study of the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people began in the last quarter of the XIX century. In the twentieth century, many scientific researches have been conducted in this field. After the independence of Uzbekistan, the study of this topic has become a topical issue. In addition to ethnographic, archeological, anthropological, linguistic researches, the problems have been studied in the field of source studies. In the first years of independence, various scientific approaches to study ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people emerged. Researchers have abandoned the ideological stereotypes that prevailed in the Soviet era and conducted scientific research. The writing of historical works changed theoretically and methodologically, and began to write the history of the people objectively. The theoretical and methodological approach that emerged during the Soviet era and the use of published literature also continued. Source studies made researchs in the field of the history of the Turkic peoples, their historical formation, geographical location, ethnic
processes, the role of the Turkic peoples in public administration, socio-economic relations of
the Turkic peoples in the Middle Ages. Much attention was paid to highlighting the place of
the Turkic peoples in history. Ancient Arabic-Persian sources explored ethnic and ethno-
political processes in the Central Asian region. During the years of independence, the study
of ancient Chinese sources developed. In the ancient Chinese sources it has collected
information about the peoples of Central Asia. The names and location of the unknown Turkish tribes have been clarified. The literature published by the source scholar Ablat Khodjaev provided with new information on the history of the peoples of Central Asia in ancient Chinese sources. Researcher X.M.Mamadaliev studied the peoples of the region, ethnic processes in Central Asia in the IX-XII centuries, in particular, the formation of the ethnogenesis of the Uzbek people, the processes of statehood on the basis of Arabic sources. In recent years, Shamsiddin Kamoliddin interpreted the terms “Uzbek” and “Uzbekistan” in ancient Arabic-Persian sources. There are also articles about Uzbek tribes. During the years of independence, as a result of source studies, a number of scientific works, a small number of dissertations, many articles on the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people were published. A number of issues on the subject remained open. The article provides a systematic analysis of the study of this problem in source studies. The views and scientific approaches of source scholars on the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people are also covered.
Currently, there is a rapid process of globalization in all spheres of social life, including in the field of national languages and mercilessly endangers the leveling of national cultures and values. In such conditions, each nation should take care of the future of its language and strive to preserve the social function of the language. Otherwise, in the near future, both the language (the culture) and the nation itself will lose their national identity and even existence. Language is the key to all scientific and technological progress. To this end, we must collect the vocabulary of all the works of the classical period, starting with “Divan Lugati-t-Turk” (an essay in Turkic vocabulary) by Mahmud Kashgari to the present, create a text corpus of the Uzbek language, create concordant vocabulary works. At the next stage, comes collecting all borrowings in the language, classifying them according to European languages and, if possible, replacing them with an equivalent in the Uzbek language or with an analogue from the Turkic languages. The words of Arabic and Persian origin are widely used in the Uzbek language from many times, being an integral part of it. It is better to replace them if there are suitable equivalents in the Uzbek language. In Uzbek language, the full-blooded norm of the term of creation does not yet exist. In this area, it is necessary to study the experience of highly developed countries and develop a promising program for the term of the Uzbek language. It is necessary to collect all the dictionaries of the Turkic languages that are currently developed and to use their experience in order to improve the Uzbek language. Alisher Navoi is the founder of the modern Uzbek language and the author of the largest collected works in the Uzbek language. For this reason, it is necessary, first of all, to develop concordances of his works and create a complete author's dictionary of his works.
One of the unique genres of folklore is the proverb. The proverbs are examples of a brief, polished work that is based on the experiences of a nation over many centuries. It would take years for a public opinion to be proverbial, and it would be compact. It is also important that the idea you want to quote is conclusive. Because not every single thought is a proverb. To be proverbial, an event must be judged and summarized. Articles written in large volumes to date have been published in the “Devonu Lughati-t-Turk”, a work of the 11th century linguist and folklore scholar Mahmud Kashgari. In the work proverbs are used to express the meaning and meaning of a Turkic word. The author uses about three hundred proverbs in his work, some of which are repeated and some come in abbreviated form. Ancient Turkic proverbs have their own structure. In their structure, along with fiction, language phenomena and style are different. Especially, the combination of language and art plays an important role in influencing the meaning of the article. The allegory and confusion among such visual aids is found in many of the ancient Turkic proverbs. This article explores the role of these two events in ancient Turkic proverbs and their impact on the meaning of the article.
The book of Mahmud Kashgary “Divanu Lugati-t-Turk”, which is one of the sources of the XI century, is of great importance in the Turkic culture. It is considered a linguistic work reflecting the language and literature of that period. The collection of this work is an important source of literature among Turkic peoples, especially folklore. The contains samples of ancient folklore of Turkic peoples. These include are folk songs, proverbs and sayings. The proverbs cited in the work are especially important for the study of folklore and the language of that era. Although Turkic folklore has been repeatedly analyzed, especially Uzbek folk proverbs, studies have been carried out, and the thematic group has not yet conducted a serious study of ancient Turkic proverbs. In particular, the proverbs “Divanu Lugati-t-Turk” were divided into a thematic group, but were not read and grouped in accordance with the text of the manuscript. This article analyzes these features. Proverbs in “Divanu Lugati-t-Turk” were first grouped in meaning in the first edition of the dictionary in Uzbek publication (Divanu Lugati-t-Turk. Index Dictionary, Tashkent, 1967). Our description is different from the previous one. In our article, we used the publication “Divanu Lugati-T-Turk”, published in 2017 by Professor K. Sadikov. Along with this, this article analyzes the synonymy of ancient Turkic proverbs and thematic issues. To prove the above questions, quotes from the dictionary “Divanu Lugati-t-Turk” are given. The article analyzed the scope and significance of this topic. As a result of the analysis, conclusions were drawn.
The article is devoted to the structural-semantic classification of stylistic means of repetition in different language levels. Language is a mirror of culture, on the basis of which not only the real world around a person, not only the real living conditions of a person, but also the social consciousness of an entire nation, its mentality, national character, way of life, traditions, custom, psyche, value system, worldview, worldview. Language is a tool of culture, a weapon. It forms the worldview, mentality, communication with people, that is, through the culture of the nation, as well as through this language, which is used as a unit of communication, through a direct connection between the speaker and the language. As a form of human activity, language is an integral part of culture and is defined as the overall result of human activity in such aspects of human life as production, social and spiritual. But as a form of the mental world and, most importantly, as a unit of communication, language stands side by side with culture. Through the language itself, knowledge gained from individuals becomes a community experience that allows people of the same people and of the same culture to understand each other despite different experiences and diversity of knowledge. The man has long expressed his attitude to the events taking place in the environment. This attitude was realized, first of all, through various actions, voices, passions. Then emotions were expressed in words, phrases, dances. And then people come up with fictional stories explaining the origin of the world, nature, animals, plants, mountains, water. Guys, girls weave love songs. Myths and legends arise about the brave and courageous young men of the tribe, about their extraordinary heroism. All of this is still gaining popularity among the population who lived in communities before the advent of written culture. Today we are accustomed to calling them “folk oral creations”. The harmony of language, culture and folklore has always attracted the attention of researchers.
The аrticle considers the strengthening of the Turkic fаctor in Egypt аfter the Mаmluk Emirs, nаtives from the Khwаrezm, Turkmen аnd Kipchаk tribes, who cаme to power in the second hаlf of the XIII century. The influence of the Turkic fаctor аffected аll аspects of life in Egypt. Under the leаdership of the Turkic Emirs, the Egyptiаns defeаted the crusаders who invаded Egypt in 1248. This defeаt of the 7th crusаde mаrked the beginning of the Generаl collаpse of the Crusаdes. Аnother crushing defeаt of the Mаmluks led by Sultаn Kutuz cаused the Mongols, stopping their victorious Mаrch through the Аrаb world. Аs а result of these brilliаnt victories, Egypt under the first Mаmluk Sultаns turned into а fаirly strong stаte, which developed аgriculture, irrigаtion, аnd foreign trаde. The аrticle аlso exаmines the fаctors contributing to the trаnsformаtion of Egypt in the XIII–XIV centuries in the center of Muslim culture аfter the fаll of the Аbbаsid Cаliphаte. Scientists from аll over the Muslim world cаme to Egypt, educаtionаl institutions-mаdrаssаs were intensively built, аnd Muslim encyclopediаs were creаted thаt аbsorbed the knowledge gаined in vаrious Sciences (geogrаphy, history, philology, аstronomy, mаthemаtics, etc.). Scholаrs from Khwаrezm, the Golden Horde, Аzerbаijаn, аnd other Turkic-speаking regions аlong with Аrаb scholаrs tаught hаdith, logic, orаtory, fiqh, аnd other Muslim Sciences in the fаmous mаdrаssаs of Egypt. In Mаmluk Egypt, there wаs а greаt interest in the Turkic lаnguаges, especiаlly the Oguz-Kipchаk diаlect. Аrаbic аnd Turkic philologists write speciаl works on the vocаbulаry аnd grаmmаr of the Turkic lаnguаges, аnd compile Аrаbic-Turkic dictionаries. In Egypt, а whole lаyer of аrtistic Turkic-lаnguаge literаture wаs creаted thаt hаs survived to the present dаy. The fаmous poet Sаif Sаrаyi, who cаme from the lower reаches of the Syr Dаryа river in Mаwаrаunnаhr wаs considered to be its founder. He wrote in Chigаtаi (old Uzbek) lаnguаge аnd is recognized а poet who stаnds аt the origins of Uzbek literаture. In аddition to his known the nаmes of eight Turkish-speаking poets, most of whom hаve nisbа "аl-Khwаrizmi". Notаble chаnges occurred in Аrаbic literаture itself, especiаlly аfter the decline of Pаlаce Аbbаsid poetry. There is а convergence of literаture with folk аrt, under the influence of which the poetic genres, such аs “zаzhаl”, “mаvvаl”, “muvаshshаh”, etc. emerge in the Egyptiаn poetry. In Mаmluk Egypt, the genre of “аdаbа” is rаpidly developing, аimed аt bringing up аnd enlightening the good-nаtured Muslim in а populаr scientific form. The works of “аdаbа” contаined а lаrge аmount of poetic аnd folklore mаteriаl from rivаyаts аnd hikаyаts, which mаkes it possible to hаve а more complete understаnding of medievаl Аrаbic literаture in generаl. Unfortunаtely, the culture, including the fiction of the Mаmluk period of Egypt, hаs been little studied, аs well аs the influence of the Turkic fаctor on the culturаl аnd sociаl life of the Egyptiаns. The Turkic influence is felt in the militаry аnd household vocаbulаry, the introduction of new rituаls, court etiquette, chаnging the criteriа for evаluаting beаuty, in food, clothing, etc. Nаtives of the Turkic regions, former slаves, historicаl figures such аs the Sultаn Shаjаrаt аd-Durr, Mаmluk sultаns аs Kutuz аnd Beybаrs becаme nаtionаl heroes of the Egyptiаn people. Folk novels-Sirs were written аbout their deeds. Аnd in modern times, their nаmes аre not forgotten. Prominent Egyptiаn writers hаve dedicаted their historicаl novels to them, streets hаve been nаmed аfter them, monuments hаve been erected to them, аnd series аnd TV shows dedicаted to them аre still shown on nаtionаl television. This аrticle for the first time exаmines some аspects of the influence of the Turkic fаctor on the culturаl life of Mаmluk Egypt аnd highlights some unknown pаges of culturаl relаtions between Egypt аnd Mаwаrаunnаhr.
ABSTRACT
This article analyzes from a scientific point of view the Turkic translation of Mirajnama, one of the works devoted to the history of Miraj. Miraj is one of the most famous events in the history of Islam and one of the most important themes in classical oriental literature. In literature, the word "Isra" is used together with the word "Meroj". "Isra" means that the transfer of Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) by the will of Allah from the Al-Haram Mosque in Mecca to the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem during one part of the night. "Meraj" is the ascension of the last Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) from Jerusalem to heaven to Allah. The works dedicated to this event are called "Mirajnama". Such works were originally created in Arabic literature. Later in Persian and Turkic literature, Mirajnama was formed as an independent work. Turkic translations of this work also began to appear. Our scientific article also examines the textual study of the work "Mirajnama", translated into the Turkic language.
Alphabets used by Turkic-speaking peoples have always been the subject of investigation by researchers. Historically, many Turks have taken advantage of alphabets and the adoption of the alphabet has been linked to many factors. Turkish peoples in the past, so as historical integrity of its territory, language, alphabet and a lot of exposure to changes in the financial and moral values was no coincidence. The event, which is full of contradictions deep roots in the wars, massacres, has caused losses. Despite all this, the Turkic-speaking peoples, who are always at the heart of their attributes to preserve national and moral values, has been able to transmit from generation to generation. Most of the examples of Kazakh folk literature published by orientalists such as N.I. Ilminski, P.M. Melioransky, N.N. Pantusov, A.E. Alektorov, A.V. Vasilyev are published in the Cyrillic alphabet; Textbooks of the famous Kazakh educator Ibrai Altinsari in the Cyrillic alphabet were published in the 1870s. The first works of the Kazakh written language were published in Kazan, Orenburg, Ufa, Troitsk, and St. Petersburg. Until the first half of the twentieth century, these works were published in the Arabic alphabet, the common writing system of the Turkic world. At the time of the publication of the Kazakh-Turkish texts in the Arabic alphabet, books in the Cyrillic alphabet were also published for the Kazakhs in the 1860s in order to study the Cyrillic alphabet by the Kazakhs and to spread this alphabet. Today, the transition of Kazakhstan, one of the Turkic-speaking republics that gained independence after the collapse of the USSR, to a common Turkish alphabet is one of the most controversial. Kazakhstan, Central Asia, and has deep historical roots in the struggle of the alphabet. Research for this paper was carried out in Kazakhstan will try to give a broad struggle of the alphabet.
Аny lаnguаge consists of four skills which аre (listening, speаking, reаding, writing) аnd аs much аs the level of the Аrаbic lаnguаge teаcher for non-Аrаbic speаking speаkers of these skills in the Аrаbic lаnguаge enаbles the level of Аrаbic lаnguаge leаrners to be spoken by other thаn those skills, аnd in this sense wаs This reseаrch is аbout the importаnce of lаnguаge skills for the Аrаbic lаnguаge in teаching аnd leаrning the Аrаbic lаnguаge for non-nаtive speаkers, аnd the importаnce of this reseаrch is in its orientаtion to teаchers of Аrаbic lаnguаge who do not speаk Аrаbic аnd whаt it represents the importаnce of knowing the lаnguаge skills of the Аrаbic lаnguаge аnd knowing its importаnce in teаching the lаnguаge аs well аs the role of the teаcher аnd leаrner аnd Teаching methods аnd how to develop those skills аnd the meаns used to teаch those skills. The need for non-nаtive speаkers of Аrаbic lаnguаge to identify these skills, their importаnce аnd the role of the teаcher in them аnd how they аre performed is no less thаn the need of Аrаbic lаnguаge leаrners from other speаkers, in this reseаrch we leаrn the lаnguаge skills of the lаnguаge Аrаbic аnd its importаnce аnd the role of the teаcher in her teаching, аs well аs the role of the leаrner in her leаrning, аs well аs how to develop this skill for the teаcher аnd the leаrnerَ. The reseаrcher hаs relied on his field studies through his work in the Depаrtment of Аrаbic Lаnguаge, Fаculty of Orientаl Lаnguаges, Tаshkent Stаte University for Orientаl Studies, аnd to identify some of the problems fаcing Аrаbic lаnguаge teаchers who аre not speаkers of it, аs well аs the difficulties fаcing Аrаbic lаnguаge leаrners аt the university аt their vаrious levels of beginner, intermediаte аnd upper Аnd аlso for grаduаte students; therefore we cаn sаy thаt fаmiliаrity with the lаnguаge skills of the Аrаbic lаnguаge аnd how to teаch аnd develop it is аn urgent necessity in building curriculа for teаching Аrаbic to non-speаkers аs well аs in progrаms for prepаring Аrаbic lаnguаge teаchers for non-speаkers. Аnd presenting them in а wаy thаt helps in the educаtionаl process by employing these skills effectively in the clаssroom, аnd not only thаt they аre merely knowledge informаtion provided to students аnd teаchers.
The аrticle describes the feаtures of teаching Аrаbic аs а foreign lаnguаge, modern innovаtive аpproаches to lаnguаge educаtion, аs well аs issues of literаry lаnguаge аnd diаlects. Аrаbic literаry lаnguаge is the most аcceptаble аnd cleаn version of this lаnguаge. Usuаlly this lаnguаge is not the lаnguаge spoken by the mаjority of the populаtion, becаuse people constаntly discover its vаrious mаnifestаtions. Diаlects аre chаrаcteristic of locаl populаtions аnd аre trаnsmitted orаlly without written preservаtion. This fаctor аlso poses pаrticulаr difficulties in teаching Аrаbic to foreign students. The method of communicаtive study of the Аrаbic lаnguаge, аlong with the methods of teаching the Аrаbic lаnguаge, plаys а key role in the effective mаstery of the Аrаbic lаnguаge. Leаrning grаmmаr is importаnt, but а student with deep knowledge of grаmmаr mаy not speаk fluently. Therefore, both of these methods аre of greаt importаnce. Lаnguаge is а culturаl phenomenon, therefore the culturаl аnd historicаl heritаge of eаch country depends on its lаnguаge. This, in turn, contributes to the development of the nаtion, country аnd society аs а whole. А person is, first of аll, а communicаtor, therefore we need to understаnd eаch other in order to develop аnd improve.
This article provides a comprehensive theoretical analysis of aspects of speech culture, modern speech culture, which are always in the focus of the linguists. It is impossible to imagine the unity of the people living in a developed country without three important concepts: homeland, language and culture. World linguistics has shown that the study of language should be studied not as a closed system, but as a system in motion that is, in relation to such areas as society, thought, culture, politics, ideology, religion and etc. The connection of the science of language with various fields opens up a wide range of possibilities in the discovery of its new features, since the doctrine of speech culture is developed in connection with the creation of views on literary and non-literary forms of language, static and dynamic state and its functional types. The modern concept in speech culture - normative, communicative, moral principle and rhetorical canon are the main features of cultural speech, all of which play a very important role development. In order to present speech in a cultural way, it is necessary to develop the skills of choosing and using the necessary language tools, to form a conscious attitude towards them and to follow the established norms.
This article is the first to carry out a scientific analysis of the study of the history of the Turkic official style, and the division into stages and periodization of the development of the history of the Turkic official style from the ancient period to the Middle Ages. The emergence of the Turkic official style and its historical development until the 16th century can be divided into four successively connected, and at the same time, stages with their own characteristics: I. Office-work of the most ancient period (from the III century BC to the VI century). II. Office work during the reign of the Turkish kaganates (VI-IX centuries). This stage, in turn, can be divided into two periods: 1) Office work during the period of the First and Second Turkish Khaganates (VI-VIII centuries); 2) Office work during the Uyghur Khaganate (VIII-IX centuries). III. Office work in the 9th – 13th centuries. This stage of the Turkic office work is also divided into two periods: 1) Office work during the reign of the Karakhanids (from the second half of the X century to the end of the XII century); 2) Office work during the reign of the Kuchu and Hansu states (IX-XIII centuries). IV. Office work in the XIII-XVI centuries. This stage of Turkic records management is divided into the following periods: 1) Office work among the Chigatai ulus (XIII-XIV centuries). 2) Office work in the state of the Golden Horde and subsequent khanates (from the first half of the XIV century to the second half of the XVI century). 3) Office work in the Timurid state (from the second half of the XIV century to the XVI century). 4) Office work of the early period of the Ottoman Sultanate (from the second half of the 15th to the 16th century In the historical development of the Turkic official style, the office work of the period of the Turkic Khaganates, the period of the Karakhanids and the period of the Temurids are of particular importance.
This article is devoted to the stereotypical units of Old Turkic texts. The transformation of the stereotypical units to the next period is particularly illuminated in the article.
The article analyzes the philosophical and didactic work of the scientist Yusuf Khass Hadjib Balasaguni, who lived in the X1-XN centuries, "Kutadgu Bilig" ("Blessed knowledge") and the moral and spiritual views contained therein. The first major monument of Turkic written literature, the work "Kutadgu bilig", which is a kind of manifestation of the didactic philosophy of the Turkic peoples, contains detailed information on the advanced socio-political, spiritual and moral issues of its time, history, culture, science, traditions and foundations of the Turkic peoples, lifestyle, values. The themes of this work are very comprehensive and the issues of man in particular, his social essence, thinking, morality are described through artistic images, poetic proverbs and sayings. The modern meaning of the thinker's views on speech and language etiquette is manifested through symbols, signs and symbols and coverage of such issues as man and faith, man and society, man and duty.
At the beginning of the eleventh century, with the formation of the largest centralized state of Turkic peoples, tribes in Central Asia - the Karakhanid dynasty, the prestige of the ancient Turkic language grew, and a number of scholars and poets developed in the process of raising it to a high literary level. These are the works of Mahmud Kashgari, Yusuf Khos Hajib, Ahmad Yugnaki, Ahmad Yassawi and Suleiman Bogirgani, who created their works in the 11th and 12th centuries. The works of these authors came not only from the 11th and 12th centuries, but through manuscripts rewritten from the 13th century. Consequently, the history of modern Turkish manuscripts in Arabic dates back to the 13th century. Learning Arabic proverbs began in the 8th century. Like many scholars such as Sahar Ibn Dhabi, the Arab poet Ubaid Jurdzhumiy (8th century) and the Persian scholar Abu Fadl Maidani, Mahmoud Zamahshari wrote his book Al-Mustaksa Min-l-Amsali. In addition to verses from different eras, he quotes from the book of Kalil and Dimna. This article presents the works of great Turkic scholars about Arabic proverbs and parables and historians, Orientalists - Hermann Wamberi, A.Yu. Yakubovsky, S.P. Tolstov, E., who studied the culture, enlightenment and national heritage of the peoples of Central Asia. The hard work of E. Bertels, V.V. Bartold, E. Berezikov and others was recognized.
The article presents the analysis, theoretical foundations, and results of empirical testing of the use of information and communication technologies as a means of helping future officers in military educational institutions master communicative competence in foreign languages. A wide range of ICTs used in language teaching was presented, and the rationale for integrating ICTs into the processof language learning by students was presented. Conducted a pedagogical experiment to test the effectiveness of ICT in the military educational environment; his finds are described. The effectiveness of the use of ICT in the process of teaching a language in a military university has been proven, as a result of which language skills, professional training, and general education skills of cadets are improved. The introduction of ICT has played an important role in providing strong motivation influencing students' attitudes towards language learning and in developing their independence, creativity, and cognitive skills. Future officers have found the opportunity to interact and maintain real contact with native speakers, colleagues, or military experts, as well as to participate in international projects through video chats and video calls, which are especially inspiring and enjoyable. Another advantage of integrating ICT is the ability to present the subject in different ways, depending on the individual learning style of the trainees. The use of visual aids such as pictures, videos, multimedia presentations, and infographics aroused students' interest in reading and made texts easier to understand when they were illustrated with pictures, graphics, illustrations, audio, and video. Technology has given students more control over their learning and more freedom to collaborate in the classroom.
Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Researches of human population genomic variety and scenarios of its genetic pool formation arc one of perspective directions of modem genetics. Prompt progress in this field has allowed defining the basic routes of continents settlement. However the information about Central Asian (CA) populations even on «classical» genetic markers has accidental, fragmentary character, and requires additional large-scale investigations. Besides, according to historical, archeological, paleontological and some anthropogenetic studies, given region was playing certain role in ancient moving of modem human ancestors throughout Eurasian continent. Therefore it is extremely important to summarize and perform complex assessment of new and collected data on Central Asian populations as practically there arc no multivariate analyses studies of given region as a complex population system.
In studies of human population genetic structure arc usually used various approaches allowing understanding concept of populations subdivision and character of genetic relationships between them. Among these techniques the prominent place belongs to approaches based on an assessment of genetic distances between populations with their subsequent analysis by multivariate statistics methods. For even more compelling picture of the relationships between the populations on tree diagram we composed «the genetic landscape» of area, where the description of population genetic structure is presented by equally spaced figures consistently consolidating populations according to their genetic distances from each other and thus creating a genetic landscape. This approach is not only a tool for elementary population boundary detection, but also can be effectively used for identification of borders and sizes of population as naturalistic unit.
Multigcnctic landscape is a collection of different genetic systems which arc specific to the region and ethnic groups, which have their geographical areas, their geographical, historical and cultural boundaries. Gene flows arc run through these conventional boundaries, but they arc less intense than in the limits of area. These limits arc ambiguous and fluid, but it is real. You can identify them by studying, for example, the structure of marriage migration. Therefore anthropogenesis of different populations will inevitably differ from each other. Ethnogenetic composition tends to change over time, from generation to generation, and hence there is a need to understand the structure of the genepool, not only at a given time, but also in the study of genetic processes that form and reform the gcncpooL In this regard, the studying of multigcnctic landscapes is in close contact with the demographics, medical and genetic ecology, anthropology, ethnology, archeology and history of the peoples, that is, with a range of areas, not only natural, but also the humanities knowleges.
Study of genomic diversity is important not only to address questions of origin and genetic history of different ethnic groups, but is also the basis for molecular epidemiology of hereditary and multifactor diseases. Each region is characterized by a specific set of common genetically determined diseases. To understand the causes of the prevalence of disease in different regions, and to develop approaches to their early DNA diagnosis and effective prevention, initially it is necessary to conduct population-based studies, which determine the development of the disease.
Purpose of research is to implement a comprehensive description of the structure of indigenous Central Asian populations genetic pool, examine demographic, phylogenetic and evolutionary features of Central Asian populations through the analysis of genetic variety of mtDNA, Y-chromosomal (NRY), autosomal, X-chromosomal microsatcllites and immunogcnetic variants of Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) and hepatitis В virus (HB V).
To achieve this goal the following tasks of research is solved:
specification of immunogcnetic variants of H.pylori and HBV, allocated at the patients in Central Asian region, with the subsequent comparative phylogenetic analysis of H.pylori and HBV regional versions with those in other regions of the world;
examination of genetic variety and degree of genetic differentiation of Central Asian populations according to classical population-genetic objects -polymorphisms of mtDNA, Y-chromosomal, autosomal and X- chromosomal STRs;
assessment of the Western and East-Eurasian lines of population inheritance contribution to Central Asian populations’ genetic pool at regional, ethnic, sub-cthnic levels and in a level of elementary populations;
reviewing of character of regional populations relationships by genetic variety of mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal STRs markers in view of ethnographic, social and linguistic data;
evaluation of sex-specific genetic structure and the social organization according to polymorphisms of mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal markers in the region;
determination of ancient ways of migrations and scripts of formation of Central Asian populations according to mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal STRs markers and immunogcnetic variants of H.pylori and HBV',
evaluation of ethnogenetic position of studied Central Asian populations in the system of genetic pools of Eurasia and the world in general through comparative analysis of all studied population-genetic parameters.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
for the first time was performed a study of genetic pool structure of 26 Central Asian populations from 6 ethnic groups as complete population systems using a wide range of genetic objects;
for the first time was made an assessment of informativeness of each type of genetic subjects. For the first time was received detailed characteristic of genetic pool structure of indigenous Central Asian population on the basis of variability lines of the spectrum of genetical objects;
for the first time was defined the ratio of Westem-and the East-Eurasian lines in a genepool of Central Asian population and were made an assessments of genetic variety level and genetic differentiation degree of regional populations as a whole;
for the first time phylogenetic analysis of major haplogroups of investigated genetic subjects was conducted;
for the first time the position of Central Asian population in population genetic pool system of surrounding regions and Eurasia in the whole was studied;
for the first time the evolutionary-adaptable mechanisms, necessary in the forecast of formations of multigenic pathologies in region were studied at 6 ethnoses of Central Asian.
CONCLUSION
1. H.pylori from Central Asian territory is similar to Western Europe isolates, and shaped by two ancestral populations genotype Ancestral Europe 1 (dominant) and Ancestral Europe2 and for AE1-genotype Central Asian region probably is the source. H.pylori from the territory of Central Asia form a separate cluster group: close relationship of Tadjik, Uzbek strains and Iranian isolates from the north of Iran is established. Kirghiz isolates were found to be closer to populations from territory of Siberia.
2. High diversity of HBV genotypes in Central Asia was found -4 genotypes (A, C, D, and G). Phylogenetic analysis of Central Asian genotype HBV-with options for other regions of the world showed a close relationship between the dominant genotype D (0,78), the D1-subtype with variants of the virus in Europe, the Middle East and Africa.
3. The rates of genetic affinity for STR-NRY in Kazakhs, Turkmens, Karakalpaks Turtkul at the level of the same lineage were high: 0,58 (p<0,001); 0,34 (p<0,01) and 0,77 (p<0,001), respectively. The coefficients of relationship at the level of clan for Kazakhs, Turkmens, Uzbeks and Karakalpaks from Kungrad and Turtkul were lower: 0,30 (r<0,01); 0,21 (p<0,001) and 0,40 (r<0,001); 0,07 (p<0,05) and 0,09 (p<0,05), respectively. At the level of the tribe, the indicators were negative for all Turkic populations: -0,02 (r<0,05);-0,04 (r<0,001);-0,07 (p<0,01); -0,0011 (r<0,1) and -0,10 (r<0,01), respectively.
4. The analysis of mtDNA HVS-1 showed that total rate of differentiation level for all populations was low: FST=0,013; p<0,0001. Level of diversity between groups was 0,6% (p<0,001) of the total variability. Parameter of genetic differences between Turkic and Indo-Iranian populations made 0,55% (p<0,0283) of the total genetic variability. The rate of genetic differentiation on a sub-ethnic level was significantly expressed in Indo-Iranian group (FST=0,0197;r<0,001) than among the Turkic-speaking (0,3%; p=0,10). In all populations, in general, wasn‟t detected the correlation between genetic and geographic distances at the global level on mtDNA HVS-1: r=0,00682; p=0,502.
5. Analysis of STR-NRY showed that the level of the genetic differentiation between ethnic groups was 5,6% (p<0,02); general differentiation between populations made RST=0,186 (p<0,001). Combined analysis, taking into account the language and way of life of Turkic and Indo Iranian populations, showed the general differences between the two groups – 9,1% Value of genetic differentiation when comparing the ethnos-ethnos was slightly lower than the level within ethnos: 5,6% among ethnic groups, 18,6%, and 13,7%-between populations within the ethnic group.
6. Analysis of heterozygosity (H) and the average number of pairwise differences (p) of mtDNA, were high in nomadic populations (av.H=0,99; av.p=5,29) and farmer populations (av.H=0,99; av.p=5,32). Heterozygosity (H) on Y- chromosome was lower in nomadic groups than in the agrarian – 0,86 and 0,99,respectively (p<0,01). Nomadic populations exhibit a higher level of population differentiation (RST) in comparison with farmers - 0,19 and 0,06, respectively (p<0,01). Indicators of population growth (r) were lower in nomadic populations compared with farmers - 1,004 and 1,008, respectively (p=0,056).
7. The level of genetic differentiation in all ethnic groups was higher on the Y chromosome in comparison with mtDNA. The farming populations showed no significant difference in the genetic differentiation FST (Y)=0,069 and FST (mtDNA)=0,034, while among patrilineal nomadic population the level of genetic diversity was higher in the male line of inheritance - FST(Y)=0,177 and FST (mtDNA)=0,010. Genetic diversity of population structure in patrilineal nomads on autosomal and X-linked markers were: FST (A)=0,008 (0,006-0,010) and FST (X)=0,011 (0,001-0,004) (H0: FST(A)=FST(X); H1: FST(A)>FST(X); p=0,02). In bilinear farmer populations the differences of autosomal and X-chromosomal markers were insignificant: FST (A)=0,014 (0,012-0,016) and FST (X)=0,013 (0,008-0,018 at p=0,36).
8. Analysis of mtDNA indicated that the age of expansion on the territory of Eurasia (τw) declined significantly from East to West (r=0,72; p<0,001). The age of expansion had a pronounced tendency to decrease from 30 thousand years in China to 17 thousand years in Western Europe. Age of expansion in Central Asia amounted to 26 thousand years. Results of expansion analysis on NRY also show a decrease in genetic diversity from the East to the West of Eurasia (r=0,49; p<0,001). In Central Asia this age was 16 thousand yrs. According STRs-NRYBatwing analysis of the minimal age of Uzbek population origin was 1232,71 yrs old (Ne=14088 (6765-23942); α=0,0108 (0,0065-0,0155)).
9. The apportionment of multilocus genetic variations among ethnic and linguistic groups of Central Asian populations showed that more than 98% of all variations were within the population (p<0,0001). Evaluation of the ethnic and linguistic affiliations in the observed variations showed reliable conformity - FST=0,007; p<0,0001 and FST=0,011; p<0,0001, respectively. We didn‟t find evidence of geographical isolation within each of the Turkic and Indo Iranian groups of populations (p=0,363 and p=0,772, respectively).
10. Analysis of multilocus allelic diversity (AR) and heterozygosity (He) showed differences among the Central Asian and other populations in allelic variety (χ2 =105,29; d.f.=25; p<0,0001) and heterozygosity (χ2=67,98; d.f.=25; p<0,0001). Population differentiation at multilocus analysis at populations of Central Asia is more pronounced than in the other regions of Eurasia: in European and Middle Eastern groups pairwise estimation of FST ranged from 0,011 to 0,015 and -0,008-0,021, respectively; in East-Asian groups from -0,011 to 0,046; and finally, in Central Asia these rates ranged from -0,004 to 0,056. Heterozygosity was significantly higher in the group of the Indo-Iranian populations than among Turkic-speaking (He=0,818 and He=0,787, respectively; Z=-4, 55; p<0,0001). According to multilocus analysis all 26 Central Asian populations slightly but significantly differed (FST=0,015; CI99%=0,011-0,018; p<0,01).