This study employs a systemic functional linguistics (SFL) approach to investigate the generic structure of French editorials. Editorials, as a genre of written discourse, serve a crucial function in conveying opinions, shaping public discourse, and influencing readers' perspectives. Through the lens of SFL, which emphasizes the interplay between language structure, social context, and communicative purpose, this research examines the linguistic features and organizational patterns that characterize French editorials. Drawing on a corpus of French editorials, the study identifies recurring textual structures, rhetorical strategies, and linguistic choices employed by writers to engage with readers, advance arguments, and assert authority. By uncovering the systemic patterns underlying editorial discourse, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the genre conventions and communicative strategies that underpin French editorial writing.
The paper investigates the role of Islam in the social and political life of Iran after Islamic revolution and over the monarchy. The Islam influenced in the political and ideological spheres, when Shia clergy came to power. Where was at the head Imam Khumeyni worked contrary to former regime in the home and foreign policy. This is forced the some countries to revise the foreign policy about of IRI.
This article explores Uzbekistan's recognition of the significance of the fourth industrial revolution and the crucial role of internet connectivity in integrating transformative technologies such as AI, big data, cloud computing, and IoT. The country has made substantial investments in technology and infrastructure to support this revolution. However, this article goes beyond the emphasis on quantity and delves into the importance of fostering quality internet users and improving internet coverage in Uzbekistan. By focusing on both the quantity and quality of internet access, Uzbekistan aims to create an environment conducive to innovation, entrepreneurship, and digital skills development. The analysis presented in this article sheds light on the country's efforts to maximize the benefits of the digital economy by ensuring widespread and reliable internet access, empowering individuals with digital literacy, and fostering a competitive position in the global digital landscape.
Modernism can be regarded as a movement of thought that has emerged in Europe since the midseventeenth century and influenced the entire world. Modernism, which is based on the idea of enlightenment, has become the opposite of the traditional in every field with the Industrial revolution. Modernism, which affects all areas of society, also causes changes in the field of art and literature. Ottoman society, art and literature were not unfamiliar to this trend, which developed especially under the leadership of European thought and art. After the French Revolution, thoughts affecting the whole world raise Europe as a center. All the world's attention and face turns there. The interest of Ottoman society develops in the same direction. But in the first place, the attention of the Ottoman is for military area. Lost wars and lands, the future of the army, which has lost its former glory and power, is in the West. So the first transformation moves begin on the army. After that, change will begin in other social areas. However, it has been discussed for a long time how these developments and changes will be; in which direction they will affect society and art. The modernization of the Ottoman Empire has taken the road with the dream of capturing the west, reaching that level and living like the west. With the publication of the Tanzimat Fermanı (1839), modernization appears to have exceeded an important threshold. The expression of equality of all citizens in the edict has in some sense been the most modernist breakthrough. Therefore, despite the existence of various changes before it, the proclamation of the Tanzimat edict is considered the beginning of modernism.
This article is devoted to the study of the specific peculiarities of the French translation of conceptual metaphors in the Uzbek language on the basis of French translations of the works of E. A’zam. In order to reveal the peculiarities of the French translation of conceptual metaphors in the Uzbek language, three samples of E.A’zam's works and their translations by Sh.Minovarov were investigated. The analyzed metaphors were selected according to their originality, expression in translation, and level of influence on the content of the text. The classifications included to the content of orientational, structural, and ontological metaphors were expanded based on sources related to the semantic types of metaphors.
Cambodia, country on the Indochinese mainland of Southeast Asia. Cambodia is largely a land of plains and great rivers and lies amid important overland and river trade routes linking China to India and Southeast Asia. The influences of many Asian cultures, alongside those of France and the United States. The research vis focus on the Brief History of combodia On Their Social , Cultures and Lifelihood Activities. Cambodia became a small Buddhist kingdom dependent on the goodwill of its neighbors, Thailand and Vietnam, In the mid-19th century, conflict between these kingdoms spilled onto Cambodian soil, and Cambodia almost disappeared.
In 1863 the Cambodian king, fearful of Thai intentions, asked France to provide protection for his kingdom. France kept Cambodia from being swallowed up, but the protectorate developed into a full-scale colonial relationship that the king had not foreseen.
French rule lasted until the 1950s, and was less harsh than in neighboring Vietnam. The Khmer elite was treated well and French policies had a relatively light impact on the population, while improvements in infrastructure strengthened the economy and brought Cambodia to the edges of the developed world. France's greatest contribution to Cambodia was probably its restoration of the temples at Yasodharapura. French scholars deciphered Angkorean inscriptions and rebuilt many of the temples, providing Cambodians with a glorious, precisely dated past that had been largely forgotten.
After Cambodia gained its independence from France, it entered a short period of peace and prosperity which many older Khmer now look back on as a golden age. By the late 1960s, however, Cambodia was drawn inexorably into the Vietnam War. In 1975, Communist forces, known to the outside world as Khmer Rouge or Red Khmers, overthrew the pro-American regime that had seized power five years before. In the Khmer Rouge era that followed , at least 1.2 million Cambodians died of malnutrition, overwork, executions, and mistreated diseases as the Maoist-inspired regime sought to achieve total communism overnight. Responding to Cambodian attacks, Vietnam invaded Cambodia in 1979 and established a protectorate there that lasted for 10 years.
Under peace agreements signed in Paris in 1991, Cambodia came under United Nations protection for a time in preparation for general elections that were held in 1993. Since then, Cambodia has been a constitutional monarchy ruled by a coalition government that has accepted large infusions of foreign aid. In 1999 Cambodia became a member of ASEAN, and became for the first time, after centuries of isolation, a full-fledged member of the Southeast Asian community.
This article examines the lexical features of the business French language. The specificity of business correspondence in general is highlighted.
This article explores the deep philosophical content of the "Persian Letters" by Charles Louis Montesquieu, one of the first representatives of the French Enlightenment, in which the Persian view allows a two-sided approach, which means that the reflection of the realities of the French is uniquely repeated in the Persians.Montesquieu's Persian view of the political system in which a person lives, and vice versa, remote observation of society's attitude towards a person is analyzed through the genre of a parable, decentralized
observation, characteristic view, humorous critical views. The article deals with the problem of cultural barriers as a communicative activity of
representatives of two different cultural associations, emphasizing the importance of cultural factors in the translation process and the translation of cultures, not languages, according to the cultural and ethnographic concept of translation. In the text of the translation, the
specificity of the interaction of language and culture is reflected in the diversity of the “worldview”. One of the main criteria for literary translation is the preservation of the individual style of the author of the work. From the point of view of translation standards, it is natural that the translator has difficulty in understanding a fragment of a literary text. From this point of view, it is difficult to achieve an adequate translation without a reflective understanding of the content of the original in the translation of a philosophical work that differs in style and period of writing. The importance of observing the functional and
methodological norms of the content of the text in order to achieve the adequacy of the stylistic figures used in the work to the target language is investigated.
The Jewish community of Iran is today the largest in the Middle East. Many other Jewish communities in this region finished their life being, for centuries, a symbol of the co-existence between Muslims and Jews. However, the Jewish presence in the Islamic Republic of Iran did not complete and now numbers, according to various estimates, 16-18 thousand persons. Even before the Islamization of the Middle East, Iran became one of the most important centers of Jewish life. During the Islam era, the situation of non-Muslim minorities began to be determined by general Muslim legal norms. A significant aggravation in the situation of Iranian Jews was opened with the declaration of Shiism as the state religion of Iran in the period of the Safavids (1502-1736). In the era of the Kajar rule (1796–1925), religious and social restrictions remained a daily reality. The 20th century turned out to be truly revolutionary for Iranian Jews. Constitutionalist Revolution of 1905-1911 proclaimed the equality of all faiths, including Jews, who received the right to representation in Iranian parliament. The policy of Iranian nationalism in 1930-1970. was welcomed by most of the Jews, who felt themselves as a part of the cultural heritage of the country and its ancient history. But despite the apparent conformity of the bulk of Iranian Jews, it soon became clear that it would be difficult for Iranian Jews to fit into the new conditions that were governed by the country's ongoing policy of total Islamization of Iranian society, and a radical restructuring of all spheres of life. The policy of the Islamic regime in the country towards the Jewish religious minority proceeds from the following postulate: a clear differentiation is made between Jews, on the one hand, and Israel and Zionism, on the other. However, the declarations of the Islamic leaders of IRI show that they identify Iranian Jews with Israel and Zionism, sometimes wrapping it in sophisticated verbal forms from which primitive anti-Semitism is appearing.
After the Islamic Revolution of 1979, which ended the king's reign of two centuries, changes took place in the socio-political and spiritual-cultural life of the country. These changes also had an impact on Iranian literature. While on the one hand, in the first years after the revolution, these changes manifested themselves in the strengthening of the principles of Islamisation of cultural and spiritual life, in the last decades the writers' work has been moving away from these foundations, the desire for new themes, formal and stylistic explorations, and the desire to describe reality in a new way have become stronger.