Developing the idea of the Arab world or region, Egyptian researchers R. Al-Bustani and F. Fargus, analyzing regional processes, starting with the formation of modern states, do not use the term Middle East, but they write about the Arab world, Arab states, North Africa, East Africa , "The Fertile Crescent" as a part of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, the Arabian Peninsula. Another Egyptian scholar, M. Muallim, notes that the Middle East is a region from Iran in the east to Libya in the west, and from Turkey in the north to the southern borders of the Arabian Peninsula and in Africa to the southern borders of Sudan. Such a Middle East is a political concept, and, in his opinion, it is better to use the term “Asian-African region”, which includes all the specifics of territories, starting with the geographical location at the junction of Europe, Asia, Africa, and ending with energy resources. Some scientists compare the excesses of the “Arab spring” and its consequences with such powerful historical disasters as the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the emergence of national Arab entities after the First World War. In the current situation, the diplomacy of Uzbekistan should assist in resolving conflicts and positive political and economic transformation of the Middle East and have a solid analytical foundation. The article pursues a study of the situation in the Middle East in the light of the changes in regimes and changes in the geopolitical configuration of the region. The article also analyzes the features of the formation and implementation of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) in the Middle East (Iraq, Turkey, the Syrian-Lebanese-Palestinian zone, Egypt, the Persian Gulf countries, Yemen) in the context of the transformation of forms and methods of implementing Washington’s strategy on “systemic containment” Iran. Particular attention is paid to identifying the potential of Iran as one of the leaders in the Middle East region. Therefore, the article widely discusses the main directions of the foreign policy of the countries of the Middle East and gives us assessments of the Middle East situation.
This article discusses the latest trends in energy relations in the Middle East, the impact of international and regional events on it, and current issues of energy security in the region. It also analyzes the strategies of the leading countries of the world in the field of energy supply, geopolitical and geoeconomic changes associated with the formation of new energy relations in the Middle East. Energy diplomacy and the foreign policy of the leading oil-producing countries of the Middle East at the world and regional levels are comparatively studied. The most important area in the Middle East today is undoubtedly the issue of energy. This is inextricably linked with the development needs of the countries of the Middle East, and the fuel and energy potential plays an important role in ensuring the prosperity, security and stability of the countries of the region. The Middle East, with its vast reserves, remains a hotbed of conflict in the 21st century. The geopolitical interests of leading countries such as the United States, China, the European Union and Russia clash in the region. In the context of globalization, the energy security of countries becomes the most important task of the global political process. Due to the reduction of hydrocarbon reserves, the intensification of political and economic crises in oil-producing countries, the sharp increase in consumption of raw materials, the problem of energy security is becoming an increasingly important task for international relations. Today, five of the ten leading oil producing countries in the world are located in the Middle East, including Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait and the UAE. This group of countries accounts for more than a quarter of world oil production. Energy production in the region affects not only participants in the Middle East, but also non-regional actors, the entire international energy security system. The final part of the article presents scientific recommendations for ensuring energy security in the Middle East, the formation of modern mechanisms of energy relations and constructive dialogue between the countries of the region at the international and regional levels.
Developing the idea of the Arab world or region, Egyptian researchers R. Al-Bustani and F. Fargus, analyzing regional processes starting with the formation of modern states, do not use the term the Middle East, but write about the Arab world, Arab states, North Africa, East Africa, the "Fertile Crescent" of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, the Arabian Peninsula. Another Egyptian scholar, M. Muallim, notes that the Middle East is a region from Iran in the east to Libya in the west, and from Turkey in the north to the southern borders of the Arabian Peninsula and in Africa to the southern borders of Sudan. Such a Middle East is a political concept, and, in his opinion, it is better to use the term "Asia-African region", which includes all the specifics of the territories, from the geographical location at the junction of Europe, Asia, Africa, and ending with energy resources. Some scholars compare the excesses of the "Arab Spring" and its consequences with such powerful historical cataclysms as the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the emergence of national Arab formations after the First World War. In the current situation, the diplomacy of Uzbekistan should help in the settlement of conflicts and a positive political and economic transformation of the Middle East and have a solid analytical foundation. The article pursues a study of the situation in the Middle East in the light of the regime changes that have taken place and the change in the geopolitical configuration of the region. The article analyzes the features of the formation and implementation of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) in the Near East (Iraq, Turkey, the Syrian-Lebanese-Palestinian zone, Egypt, the Persian Gulf countries, Yemen) in the context of the transformation of the forms and methods of implementing Washington's strategy of "systemic containment "IRI. Particular attention is paid to identifying the potential of Iran as one of the leaders of the Middle East region. Therefore, the article broadly covers the main directions of the foreign policy of the countries of the Middle East and assesses the Middle East situation.
The article deals with the varieties of anthologies of the Middle Ages, their important role in folklore and, in particular, in the Arab literature of the Middle Ages. It also examines a variety of medieval Arabic anthologies with their thematic content and brief, comprehensive analyzes.
This article is devoted to the study of the problem of the formation of "literary communities" in India (South Asia) in the Middle Ages. When studying the history of literature of the Foreign East, a certain pattern is revealed in the formation of literary unities and communities. The Middle Ages can be hypothetically considered as the time of the immediate formation of literary complexes, which represent a huge amount of material from the prehistories of literary trends. One of the factors that contributed to the creation of a kind of "literary associations" was the language, the primary element of literature. The concept of “special literary communities,” which emerged as a corrective to Western European centrist ideas about the history of literature, is, in our opinion, very valuable for orientalists, especially for Indologists. As we will try to show in this article, this concept, when applied to Indian material, can take on a broader, generalized meaning than what was originally put into it. More specifically, a "special literary community" should not necessarily be a community of "national literatures." In other words, "a special literary community" is a more universal concept than the concept of "national literature". India (South Asia) is a huge diversity of human communities, both historically and in modern terms. Accordingly, a wide variety of literary communities is revealed to the literary critic. In India, at the end of the 1st − beginning of the 2nd millennium, in parallel with Sanskrit literature, represented mainly by imitative works that copied classical samples, a literary tradition arose in living languages. In this article, we examined how promising the concept of "special literary community" is for Indologists and Oriental studies in general. At the same time, it follows from these examples with sufficient evidence that the "special communities" of national literatures are only a special case of a broader phenomenon, i.e. “Special communities” can also exist between literatures of a different type with a different social basis.
The scientific article devoted to various forms of Arab folk art an insignificant place has been allocated to “Folk laughter” – it means humor and satire. Examples of “Folk laughter” were studied only by side of ethnography or by the side of theatre history. After the wide spread of Islam in the Muslim world for along time there were nothing, that may named as theatre performance. The early years of Islam with their strict regulations and asceticism, it did not favor. But after the appearance of the Abbasid caliphate at the castles of the caliphs appears – al – kallas – crackers. Crackers are not only amused the rules, their arrows were directed against the palace orders or who tell into the people disfavor. Rules needed jokers to learn about the mood of the people through them. The people through crackers can to show their discontent and express at least in a joking way. With form of “Folk laughter” crossed the extensive folk urban literature of the Arabic middle ages. Actually, the essence at the “Folk laughter” the same at the all time, however, the predominance of certain features of the age. Laughter in the “Folk urban” literature refers in its type tomiddle age laughter. For the middle ages laughter it is characterized by a focus on the most sensitive aspects of human existence. The real article deals with the “culture of laughter “of the Arab nation, knowledge of humor and satire, that in research was considered secondary. In the article was given examples from the produced of the Arabic writer of the middle age Badi az-Zaman al-Hamadani (969-1008).
The article examines the historical role of the Khwarezm people in the sociopolitical life of the Middle East countries of the 1330-60th based on Medieval Arabic and Persian manuscripts. It is known, the brave Jalal al-Din Mingburnu, the last Shah of the Khwarezmshah dynasty, had already gathered a ten-thousand-strong army of the Khwarezmians outside of Khwarezm, and he was repeatedly engaged in the battle with the Mongols and won their invasion further to West into the Arab world. But he died in 1231, and his army roamed all over the Middle East, serving either the Seljuq empire sultans, or the Ayyubid princes in Syria (Sham), who entered into an internecine struggle for Central power in Syria and Egypt. The Khwarezmians helped the Ayyubids defeat the crusaders, liberate the Holy Muslim city of al-Quds and several fortress cities from them, and later inflict a crushing overthrow the Mongols who entered the Arab lands. These important events are reflected in detail in the historical Chronicles by al-Maqrizi, Ibn Iyas, al-Khanbali, as-Suyuti, Ibn Taghriberdi, al-Khamadani and many other historians of the Mamluk period of the 13-15th centuries, associated with the arrival of the Mamluk Turks in Egypt and Syria. These works repeatedly emphasize the crucial role of the Khwarezmians in the historical arena of the Middle East in the 1330-60th, when they were considered to be a formidable military force in the fateful battles for the peoples of this region. The authors of the Chronicles also pay great attention to certain historical figures, whom they concede to be of Khwarezm origin, such as the Egyptian Sultana Shajarat ad-Dur and the Mamluk Sultan Sayf ad-din Qutuz. Qutuz, along with his emirs, including the Khwarezmians, won a crushing victory over the Mongols in the town of Aynjalut in 1260, stopping their victorious march through the Arab world. The Chronicles unanimously state that Qutuz’s real name is Mahmud Ibn Mamdud and he comes from the Khwarezmshah dynasty, as he is the son of Jalal al-Din Mingburnu’s sister. In the works of the above-mentioned authors, the memory of the Khwarezmians remains as brave, courageous soldiers, who were abandoned by fate to a foreign land, forced to wander far from their homeland until they settled in different parts of the Middle East region. Their further fate is unknown, but the historical memory of the deeds of the glorious sons of Khwarezm in the vastness of the Middle East in the 13th century is forever preserved in handwritten works.
At the moment, the Middle East remains one of the most explosive regions in the world. Today, Syria has become a kind of center for the global political crisis. This article explores the political prerequisites for the emergence and development of a regional problem, reveals its features, and analyzes the external factors that have had and are affecting the evolution of the Middle East problem. The preconditions for the growth of conflict potential and the intensification of the struggle for influence in the Middle East are studied. The role of Syria in the framework of the rivalry of leading Arab countries and Iran for regional leadership is examined and conclusions are drawn about the goals pursued by them in the Middle East. The issues of the formation of Syria's foreign policy are investigated, the influence of the Palestinian factor on its regional policy is analyzed, the position of Syria on the Lebanese problem is revealed. A number of factors are analyzed that influence the evolution of Syria's foreign policy in the new geopolitical situation in the region.
This article is devoted to the scientific analysis of the work of Munajimbashi Darwish Ahmad "Sahaif ul-Akhbar", which tells a short history from the origin of mankind to the Middle Ages of Muslim and Turkic dynasties. The main goal of the study is to analyze the literature and sources of creativity of that time and today, as well as to show the scientific and practical significance of scientific work. Also, the main task was to assess the role of the source in illuminating medieval history, to assess the detail and sequence of events in this historical work. In the study of the study, historical-comparative analysis, research methods from a historical-chronological point of view were used. Covering the history of the early period of mankind and up to the Middle Ages, the work covers the history of the statehood of the Arab and Turkic dynasties that ruled the Middle East and Central Asia, which increases the value and value of the work. Judging by the value of the work, the part associated with the history of the statehood of the dynasties that ruled in the territories of our country has not been studied. Only parts of the history of Khorezm, translated by Muhammad Yusuf Bayani, have been studied, and it can be seen that no research has been carried out to summarize other opinions on this issue. The study of the work shows that most of the analytical work on this topic was done only in Turkey. Taking into account such factors, we believe that research on this work should be encouraged in our country. In a word, this scientific work can not only describe events from Adam to the reign of Mahmud IV, a representative of the Ottoman Turkic dynasty, but also serve as a historical source on the history of our country.
This study explores the relationship between hope and life satisfaction among middle school students. The abstract emphasizes the significance of understanding the psychological well-being of students during the crucial middle school years and investigates the role of hope in influencing life satisfaction. The study employs quantitative measures to assess levels of hope and life satisfaction in a sample of middle school students and analyzes the data to examine the nature and strength of the relationship between these variables. The findings contribute to the expanding field of positive psychology in educational contexts and offer insights into the factors that contribute to students' overall well-being and contentment with life.
Objects of research: 447 patients, from them 68 with chronic purulent middle otitis and 379 with dry meso- and cpitympanitis.
Purpose of research: to estimate efficiency and forecasting of results of various variants of tympanoplasty.
Methods of research: common clinical investigation, voice-frequency threshold and over threshold audiometry, research of hearing in low and expanded range of frequencies, speech audiometry, ultrasound research of hearing, rontgenography of mastoid, computer tomography, otomicroscopy.
Received results and their novelty: at chronic purulent middle otitis it is proved carrying out two stage tympanoplasty - as the first stage reconstructive-sanity operations - atticoantrotomy on to the “closed” type with mastoidoplasty, and as the second stage hear improving operations. The way of laying of a transplant is developed and introduced as the “romashki”, raising efficiency of engraftment and functional results. Efficiency is revealed at carrying out myringoplasty and tympanoplasty on a “dry” car. Developed forecasting criteria, based on the objective data for planned operations.
Practical value: developed the ways of reconstructive-plastic and hear improving operations, estimation of their efficiency and forecasting expected result at patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of middle car.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: results and conclusions of research arc introduced into practice in ENT-dcpartmcnts and polyclinics, in educational process of Tashkent medical academy.
Field of application: otorhinolaryngology.
Today, the attention of all countries of the world and international organizations is directed to the Middle East region. The Middle East is a strategically important region and has enormous energy potential, including a large amount of hydrocarbons. In this regard, we can say that the stability of this region directly affects the stability of the world as a whole. Historically, the Middle East has been a very attractive territory for various reasons. The one who controlled this strategically important zone possessed tremendous power and wealth. Despite the declining role of the region as a crossroads between different continents in connection with the development of the global system of transport communications, the strategic importance of the Middle East in recent decades has not only not decreased, but, on the contrary, has grown significantly. Also, the energy factor remains the main reason for the increased attention to the region. As you know, the technologies of modern civilization are almost completely dependent on the extraction of organic energy. Therefore, the distribution of resources has gradually turned into one of the most important elements in building the current system of international relations. The desire to establish control over them is the cause of numerous conflicts in the region.
The present article dwells upon the chronological significance of the studies of Arab scholars of the Middle Ages on the science of `arūḍ. Including, there is a description ranging from the system created by the founder of the `Arūḍ science, Khalīl ibn Ahmad, to the principles of formation and development from his followers. The first sources about the `arūḍ theory, created after Khalīl ibn Ahmad, are the works of Abul Hassan al-Ahfash and Abu Ishāq al-Zujāzh. With their deep and complete explanations of the theoretical foundations of `arūḍ, the sections on `arūḍ in encyclopedic works written since the 10th century are written by Ibn Abdu Rabbihī, Abu Abdullаh al-Khwarizmī, Ibn Rashīk al-Kairovanī, Yūsuf al-Sakkākī. Among the authors who have enriched `arūḍ in a certain way with their approach and look, one can list philologists such as Ibn al-Sarrāj, Sāhib ibn ‘Abbād, Ibn Jinnī and Maḥmūd al-Zamakhsharī. A scientist from Mā warā’ al-nahr Abu Nasr ibn Hammād Jawharī, who is separately noted in all studies on `arūḍ as the reformer of `arūḍ science, has a special place in scholarship. Starting from the 13th century, the poetic style of aruda is encountered. In particular, the most famous poems (qasīdah) of the classical period, such as Ar-Risala al-Andalusia, Qasīdah al-Khazrajiya, Qasīdah al-Khusna, briefly and conveniently illuminate the theoretical foundations of science, and are designed to memorize and memorizing `arūḍ. Through sources that fully embrace the theory of Arabic `arūḍ of the Middle Ages, which is included in the analysis in the article, one can get the impression of classical Arabic `arūḍ.
The article deals with one of the most urgent and disputable problems in the field of literature - the concept of artistic psychology and the history of this issue. The questions of the introduction of the analysis of artistic psychology in literary criticism, the first studies in this area, the theoretical views of Russian and Uzbek literary critics, as well as the attitude to the terminology of artistic psychology and psychological analysis are considered. It also analyzes the analytical, dynamic and typological principles of artistic psychology and their role in the separation of literary types and genres, in particular, the features and development of the genre of psychological storytelling in modern Arabic and Uzbek literature. The literature of every nation has its own stage of development. In addition, when we study the stages of development of the literature of each country, we can observe to some extent the influence of the literature of other near and relatively distant countries at each stage. The links and interaction of Uzbek literature with Arabic literature have a long history, and these literary ties continue to this day. If our ancestors from ancient times were familiar with the world famous work of Arabic literature "One Thousand and One Nights", then with the works of the great Uzbek thinkers and encyclopedists who lived in the early Middle Ages and the Middle Ages and wrote most of their scientific and literary works in Arabic in the genres prose and poetry have made significant contributions to the development of genres of Arabic literature. This is also reflected in the commonality of Islamic culture, religious traditions, Eastern philosophy, lifestyle as well as the works and ideas of European modernists who influenced the literature of the two peoples. These common features are important for a comparative study of the similarities in the literature of two peoples, the evolution of literary genres, the commonality of the subject and idea. Common themes in modern Arabic and Uzbek literature, the similarity of plots and images, the similarity of the literary style require a comparative typological and comparative historical study of the traditions of oriental literature and literary processes. In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, artistic psychology and psychological storytelling in Arabic and Uzbek literature were ahead of other genres in their development. First of all, such psychological stories vividly describe the problems of modern society and complex aspects of human destiny.
The article discusses the question of Yabghu state of Tokharistan in the history of Uzbek statehood in early middle ages. There are the facts in several languages about making and development of this state, which existed more than one century.
The article is dedicated to the subject of the study of the scientific heritage of scholars from Termez. It is known that Termez from the Middle Ages was accepted as one of the scientific centres of Mawarannahr and Khorasan. The scholars of the region worked in different directions of the fileds of sciences such as natural sciences and humanitarian sciences. As a result, they have left a great scientific heritage. In this article the authir tries to indicate objective and subjective difficulties, connected with the studyof this scientific heritage and he gives his own suggestions on how to solve them.
In this article given uzbek-japanese cultural and social-economical relations ancient and middle ages. It also analyzes data from articles of Japanese scholars –Sh.Kuwayama and M. Inabaabout ethnical history of Tokharistan and adjacent areas in early middle ages.
The article shares information about the Art Academy of Baysunkur which functioned in 1420-1434 years and played a significant part in the cultural development of Central Asia. The article reveals the main directions of the Academy’s activities. The article adduces the list of thinkers, who worked in this Academy on the basement of some historical works of the Middle Ages.