ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 2 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
634
BUXORO VOHASI TARIXIY GEOGRAFIYASI
Bobohusenov Akmal Ashurovich
Osiyo xalqaro universiteti o’qituvchisi.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10667247
Annotatsiya.
Maqola Buxoro voahsining tarixiy joylashuvi aholining voha bo’ylab
tarqalishi. Zarafshon daryosi bo’yida joylashgan qadimiy shaharlar va ularninig iqtisodiy va
ijtimoiy hayoti haqida hikolar qiladi.
Kalit so’zlar:
Zarafshon irmoqlari, Xitfar, Rudizar, Narshaxiy, Nur, Varaxsha, Poykent
Farab, Tavois, Iskajkat, SHarg‘, Zandana, Vardona, Afshina, Barkad, Romtin (Zamonbobo,
Kichiktuzkon, Kattatuzkon, Lo‘xli, Og‘achuyuq, Qandirli Zamonbobo, Kichiktuzkon, Kattatuzkon,
Lo‘xli, Og‘achuyuq, Qandirli.
HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF BUKHARA OASIS
Abstract.
The article is the historical location of the Bukhara oasis and the distribution
of the population along the oasis. It tells about the ancient cities located along the Zarafshan River
and their economic and social life.
Key words:
Zarafshan tributaries, Khitfar, Rudizar, Narshahi, Nur, Varakhsha, Poykent
Farab, Tavois, Iskajkat, SHArg', Zandana, Vardona, Afshina, Barkad, Romtin (Zamonbobo,
Kichiktuzkon, Kattatuzkon, Lokhli, Og achuyuq, Kandirli Zamonbobo, Kichiktuzkon, Kattatuzkon,
Lokhli, Ogachuyuq, Kandirli.
ИСТОРИЧЕСКАЯ ГЕОГРАФИЯ БУХАРСКОГО ОАЗИСА
Аннотация.
Историческое положение Бухарского оазиса, распределение
населения по оазису. Рассказывается о древних городах, расположенных вдоль реки
Зарафшан, их экономической и социальной жизни.
Ключевые слова:
притоки Зеравшана, Хитфар, Рудизар, Наршахи, Нур, Варахша,
Пойкент Фараб, Тавоис, Искайкат, Шарг, Зандана, Вардона, Афшина, Баркад, Ромтин
(Замонбобо, Кичиктузкон, Каттатузкон, Лохли, Ог ачуюк, Кандирли Замонбобо,
Кичиктукон, Каттатукон, Лохли, Огачуюк, Кандирли.
Buxoro vohasida o‘troq dehqonchilik, shaharsozlik madaniyatining vujudga kelishida
Zarafshon daryosining hayotbaxsh o‘rni beqiyos. Qadimda Misr «Nilning hadyasi» bo‘lganidek,
Buxoro vohasini ham Zarafshon daryosining in’omi desa bo‘ladi. Chunki, daryo adog‘ida
joylashgan bu o‘lkaning o‘zi, avvalambor, Zarafshonning ming yillar davomida oqizib kelgan
loyqa yotqiziqlari tufayli vujudga kelgan.Uning toshqinlaridan hosil bo‘lgan son-sanoqsiz
irmoqlar, ko‘l va ko‘lmaklar esa voha tabiatining shakllanishi va uning o‘zlashtirilib obod
etnlishida hayotbaxsh rol o‘ynagan.
Turkiston, Hisor va Zarafshon tog‘ tizmalaridagi qalin
1
muzliklar, abadiy qorliklar erib,
ulardan hosil bo‘lgan ulkan toshqinlar Zarafshon daryosi bo‘ylab oqqan. Uning o‘sha
zamonlardagi toshqinlari, shubhasiz afsonalarda tasvirlangan «Nuh to‘foni» ni eslatadi. O‘sha
zamonlarda Zarafshon o‘z vodiysida nihoyatda keng maydon bo‘ylab yoyilib oqqan. Uning o‘ng
qirg‘og‘i hozirgi Samarkand viloyatida Payariq va Xatirchi adirlarini, so‘l qirg‘og‘i esa
1
Муҳаммаджонов А.Р. Қадимги Бухоро. –Тошкент: Фан, 1991. –Б.9.
ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 2 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
635
Pastdarg‘om va Kattaqo‘rg‘on qirlarini yuvib o‘tgan. Bu katta oqimning biror tomchisi ham
Zarafshon vodiysining yuqori va o‘rta qismlarida na dehqonchilik, na obodonchilik uchun sarf
bo‘lmay, u hozirgi Navoiy shahri yaqinida tor Xazora darbandini yorib o‘tib, konussimon Buxoro
vohasiga oqib kirgan.
Buxoro vohasida u qadimgi Xitfar (Vobkentdaryo), Rudizar (Shohrud), Qorako‘ldaryo,
Moxondaryo va Tayqir kabi bir nechta tarmoqlar hosil qilib, butun voha bo‘ylab yoyilib oqqan.
O‘sha zamonlarda hozirgi Buxoro viloyatining vodiy qismi Zarafshonning toshqin suvlaridan hosil
bo‘lgan ko‘l va botqoqliklardan iborat bo‘lib, ular qalin butazor, chakalakzor va to‘qayzorlar bilan
qoplangan.
Buxoro vohasining bu qadimiy tabiiy manzarasi X asrda yashagan tarixchi Muhammad
Narshaxiyning «Buxoro tarixi» asarida quyidagicha tasvirlanadi: «Hozirda Buxoro (o‘rnashgan)
bu mavze, (ilgari) botqoqlik bo‘lib, uning ba’zi erlarini to‘qayzor, daraxtzor va ko‘kalamzorlar
tashkil etgan, ayrim joylari esa shunday bo‘lganki, biron hayvon ham oyoq qo‘yishga joy topa
olmagan. Buning sababi shuki, Samarkand tomonidagi viloyatlarda tog‘larda qor erib, suvi (oqib
kelib) o‘sha joyga yig‘ilib yotar edi.
Samarqand tomonida bir katta daryo borki, uning «Rudi Mosaf»-«Mosaf daryosi» deb
ataydilar. Bu daryoga ko‘p suv yig‘ilgan, u bir talay erlarni yuvib, o‘pirib, loyqalarni surib kelgan
va natijada bu botqoqliklar to‘lib qolgan. Suv ko‘p oqib kelaverdi, loyqalarni to Bitik va
Farobgacha surib keltira berdi. So‘ng suv (toshib kelishi) to‘xtadi, Buxoro o‘rnashgan joy (asta-
sekin) to‘lib, tekis erga aylandi va shunday qilib u kattadaryo So‘g‘d va bu (loyqalar bilan) to‘lgan
mavze Buxoro bo‘lib qoldi»1.
Golotsen davrida, ya’ni miloddan avvalgi XII-X ming yillikda tektonik harakatlar
oqibatida Poykand Qorako‘l massivi birmuncha ko‘tariladi. Zarafshonning qadimiy oqimi Buxoro
vohasida damlanib, hozirgi Yakkatut yaqinida Moxondaryo va Gujayli o‘zanlari bo‘ylab
Qizilqumning ichkarisiga tomon urib ketadi. Bu ikki qadimiy o‘zan bo‘ylab u Chuqurko‘l,
Moxonko‘l, O’rtako‘l, Chandirko‘l, Zamonbobo, Kichiktuzkon, Kattatuzkon, Lo‘xli, Og‘achuyuq,
Qandirli, Qayiqli, Qurbonboy, Rahmatbobo, Kichikporson, Kattaporson va Echkiqiron kabi bir
qancha ko‘llar zanjirini hosil qiladi. So‘ngra 150 km masofada butun Urganjiy dashtini kesib o‘tib,
Oqrabod va Nargizqal’a degan joylarda Amudaryoga borib quyiladi. Qadimda Zarafshonni
Amudaryo bilan tutashtirgan Moxondaryoning suvsizlikdan keyinchalik qurib qolgan ko‘hna
o‘zanlari hozirgi vaqtda tamoman quruq va usti po‘rsiq sho‘r hamda atrofi yulg‘un bosgan ko‘llar
orasida deyarli bilinmay ketgan bo‘lsa-da, ammo cho‘l bag‘rida, xususan, barxanlar ostida juda
yaxshi saqlangan. Ba’zi joylarda uning kengligi 30, chuqurligi esa 1,5-2 metrga boradi.
Moxondaryoning o‘zanlaridan biri Amudaryoning o‘ng qirg‘og‘iga joylashgan XI-XII asr
yodgorligi Nargizqal’a yaqinida 54 to‘rtta arnaga ajralib, delta hosil qiladi va chuqur hamda keng
jarliklar orqali Amudaryoga borib tutashadi. Jarliklarni mahalliy aholi «suvlot» deb ataydi.
Ulardan birinchisi Oxursuvlot, ikkinchisi Jilg‘indisuvlot yoki Yulg‘unlisuvlot, uchinchisi
Sho‘rsuvlot yoki Oyxonsuvlot, to‘rtinchisi Suvlisuvlot yoki Digisuvlot nomlari bilan mashhur. Bu
suvlotlarning eni 75-125, chuqurligi esa 15-20 metrga teng. Moxondaryoning yana bir o‘zani
Nargizqal’adan 18 km janubi-sharqda joylashgan Oqrabod mavzei yaqinida Sho‘ryotoq, Sariboy,
Poyanda, Qumsuvlot va Jarsuvlot kabi beshta tarmoqqa bo‘linib, u ham Amudaryoga birlashadi.
ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 2 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
636
Shubhasiz, Moxondaryoning kuchli oqimlari natijasida Amudaryoning, baland va mustahkam
qirg‘oqlari yuvilib hosil bo‘lgan bunday chuqur va keng jarliklar qachonlardir uzoq o‘tmishda
Zarafshon suvlarining Jayxunga tomon qanchalik shiddat bilan oqqanligidan guvohlik beribgina
qolmasdan, balki bu ikki daryo aloqalarining qadimgi nishoni-osorul atiqasiga aylangan.
Buxoro va unga yaqin joylarda tashkil etilgan dastlabki aholi manzillar to‘g‘risida Abu
Bakr Muhammad ibn Ja’far an-Narshaxiy o‘zining Buxoro tarixi kitobidi yozib qoldirgan. U
Buxorodagi qadimgi Farab, Tavois, Iskajkat, SHarg‘, Zandana, Vardona, Afshina, Barkad, Romtin
(Romitan), Varaxsha, Baykand, Karmina manzillar xususida quyidagilarni ta’kidlaydi.
Karmina
Buxoro qishloqlari jumlasidan bo‘lib, uning suvi Buxoro suvidan keladi, xiroji
Buxoro xirojiga qo‘shiladi. Uning o‘ziga tegishli alohida bir qishloq ham bor, unda masjidi jome
barpo etilgan. Karminani «Bodyaynxurdak» («Ko‘zacha») deb ataganlar. Buxorodan to
Karminagacha o‘n to‘rt farsangdir1.
Nur
2
katta joy Buxoro va boshqa joylarning odamlari har yili ziyorat uchun u erga
boradilar. Nur ziyoratiga borgan kishi hajqilgan (kishining) fazilatiga ega bo‘ladi; u ziyoratdan
qaytib kelganida tabarruk joydan kelganligi sababli shaharni havoza band qilib bezatadilar. Bu
Nurni boshqa viloyatlarda Nuri Buxoro deb ataydilar.
Varaxsha
3
. B
ir nusxa (kitob)da Varaxsha o‘rnida Rajfandun deb yozganlar. Katta
qishloqlardan biri. U Buxoro shahridan qadimiyroqdir. Unda podshohlarning qarorgohi
joylashgan. Yilning oxirida esa yigirma kun bozor qilib, yigirma birinchi kuni navro‘z - yangi yil
bayramini o‘tkazadilar. Buni «Navro‘zi kishovarzon» - «Dehqonlar navro‘zi» deydilar. Buxoro
dehqonlari (yil kunlari) hisobini o‘sha kundan boshlaydilar va bunga e’tibor beradilar.
Baykand.
Uni shaharlar jumlasidan deb hisoblaydilar. Baykand aholisi biror kishining
Baykandni qishloq deb atashiga rozilik bergan emaslar. Baykandda Buxoro qishloqlari sonicha,
mingdan ortiq rabot bo‘lgan.
Aholi joylashuvida shahriston, ark, rabot hamda voha bo‘ylab mavjud tepalar muhim
ahamiyat kasb etadi. Buxoro vohasida bir guruh tepalar saqlangan bo‘lib, ular hududning geografik
joylashuvi va aholi hayot tarzi natijasida vujudga kelgan. Quyida bugungi kunga qadar saqlangan
tepalar ro‘yxatini keltiramiz.
Xulosa qiladigan bo’lsak Buxoro vohasi tabiy joylashuviga ko’ra Moxandaryoning
o’zanida joylashgan bo’lib aholi orasida turli nomlar bilan atalib kelmoqda. Muhim jihati qadim
zamonlardan beri aholi bu vohani o’zlariga makon qilib, dehqonchilik, chorvachilik, savdo-sotiq
bilan shug’ullanib hayot kechirishmoqda.
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