Том 3 № 18 (2024): Theoretical aspects in the formation of pedagogical sciences

The way people obtaіn іnformatіon, learn, and connect wіth others across the world has changed dramatіcally as a result of technologіcal advancements. Technology has elіmіnated dіstance constraіnts, allowіng hіgher educatіon to effіcіently teach anybody. Іn order to іmprove teachіng and learnіng, technology іntegratіon іs becomіng more common іn classrooms. A better pattern for recognіzіng new teachіng models has evolved as a result of the fast expansіon of technology іntegratіon. As a result, іt іs crіtіcal іn both learnіng and teachіng language skіlls.

Ushbu maqolada O'zbekistonda mustaqillik yillarida nodavlat oliy ta'lim muassasalarining paydo bo'lishi va rivojlanish jarayoni tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqot davomida nodavlat OTMlarning paydo bo'lishi sabablari, huquqiy asoslari, rivojlanish bosqichlari va hozirgi holati o'rganilgan. Shuningdek, ushbu sohada mavjud muammolar va istiqboldagi vazifalar ham ko'rib chiqilgan.

In this thesis, the theoretical foundations of the development of the educational activity of future primary school teachers are highlighted. Innovative approaches and modern educational technologies are used in order to increase the professional competence of teachers, organize the educational process effectively and develop creative thinking skills of students.

Inson huquqlarini himoya qilish va targ‘ib qilish adolatli jamiyatning muhim tarkibiy qismidir. Ushbu mavzu xalqaro shartnomalarda va O‘zbekiston Respublikasi milliy qonunchiligida mustahkamlangan inson huquqlari xalqaro standartlarini qiyosiy-huquqiy tahlil qilishni o‘z ichiga oladi. Ikki tomon o‘rtasidagi asosiy maslalalarni o‘rganib chiqib, O‘zbekistonda inson huquqlarini himoya qilishda erishilgan yutuqlar va duch kelayotgan muammolarni yoritib berishni maqsad qilganmiz.

Interactive teaching methods as a means of forming key competencies. This article analyzes the teaching methods and theoretical foundations of interactive teaching methods.

Почерковедческая экспертиза является важной составляющей системы правосудия, обеспечивая установление авторства документов и выявление подделок. Однако в последние годы наблюдается нехватка квалифицированного персонала на местах, что приводит к необходимости перемещения сотрудников из дальних регионов в центральный аппарат. Этот процесс в свою очередь вызывает дополнительные затраты и потерю времени, что негативно сказывается на качестве и оперативности работы.

Today in the world, HBV infection and HCV infection are detected in 42% and 21% of patients with liver cirrhosis, and these diseases remain one of the global problems for public health. The disease occurs in young people who have more work ability, and in most cases the result ends with disability. According to the results of research, the death rate from liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, which are the main complications of chronic viral hepatitis, is 3.5% of all diseases. It is estimated that cases of decompensated liver cirrhosis will increase in the next 10 years due to the fact that viral hepatitis leading to liver cirrhosis is not diagnosed early and additional causes are not taken into account. Therefore, preventing the development of cirrhosis of the liver and reducing the causes of death remains an urgent problem.

Тезис посвящен анализу смешения русского языка с узбекским в контексте исторического и современного развития. В работе рассматриваются ключевые исторические события, оказавшие влияние на языковые контакты между русским и узбекским языками, включая период советской власти и постсоветские изменения. Автор исследует современные тенденции смешения, акцентируя внимание на его проявлениях в разговорной речи, образовании и медиа. Анализируются социолингвистические аспекты, включая влияние социального статуса и культурной идентичности на практики смешения языков. В заключении подчеркивается значимость этих процессов для понимания языкового разнообразия и динамики в Узбекистане.

This article focuses on the analysis of pun as one of the categories of wordplay. The author discusses the meaning of the term “pun” and analyzes different types of puns. On the basis of various classifications created by different scholars and according to the research material, a new classification of pun as one of the types of wordplay is introduced and defined.

This article is dedicated to the study of the composition and physical-mechanical properties of new innovative concretes used for road pavements in modern transport infrastructure. Traditional concretes are prone to quick cracking and corrosion, making them vulnerable to extreme weather conditions. Innovative concretes aim to enhance quality through the use of additives and modifiers. The article discusses various types of innovative concretes, their physical-mechanical properties, and their applications in road pavements.

Ushbu maqola zamonaviy transport infratuzilmasida yo'l qoplamalari uchun yangi innovatsion betonlarning tarkibi va fizik-mexanik xususiyatlarini o'rganishga bag'ishlangan. An'anaviy betonlar tezda yirtilish va korroziyaga moyil bo'lib, ekstremal ob-havo sharoitlariga chidamli emas. Innovatsion betonlar, qo'shimchalar va modifikatorlar yordamida sifatini yaxshilashni maqsad qilib qo'ygan. Maqolada innovatsion betonlarning turli turlari, ularning fizik-mexanik xususiyatlari va yo'l qoplamalari uchun qo'llanilishi ko'rib chiqiladi.

This article explores the philosophical views expressed in the works of Mark Twain, focusing on themes such as morality, religion, free will, and human nature. Through an analysis of his most notable works, such as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Mysterious Stranger, and Letters from the Earth, the article delves into Twain’s critical perspective on the human condition, social structures, and existential dilemmas. A detailed analysis of these works reveals Twain’s skepticism towards organized religion and his reflections on determinism, morality, and human flaws. His satire is discussed as a vehicle for conveying his philosophical outlook.

Бухоро хонлигининг XVI-XVIII аср ўрталаригача ижтимоий-иқтисодий ҳаёти, илм-фан ривожи, меъморчилик ва санъат тараққиёти бўйича қилинган тадқиқотлар тарихшунослик нуқтаи назаридан ўрганилди ҳамда тадқиқот натижалари юзасидан таклиф ва тавсиялар ишлаб чиқилган.

Ushbu maqoladaUsturshona toponimi,Usturshonada hukmronlik qilgan sulolalar, uning hududlar oʻrtasidagi savdo va iqtisodiy munosabatlardagi oʻrni toʻgʻrisida shuningdek dehqonchilik va hunarmandchilik, togʻ kon sanoati, xaqida qisqacha fikrlar keltirib taxlil etilgan.

Ushbu maqolada bugungi kunda inson hayoti uchun xavf solayotgan kasalliklardan biri bo’lgan Qandli Diabet va uning kelib chiqish sabablari haqida ma’lumot berilgan.

This research examines the cultural significance embedded within gastronomic idioms in English and Uzbek languages. By analyzing specific idioms related to food and drink, the study aims to uncover the ways in which these expressions reflect the cultural values, traditions, and social practices of their respective language communities. Through a comparative analysis, this research contributes to the broader understanding of how language and culture interact in shaping everyday communication.

This article analyzes the role and importance of the family in the education of preschool children. It is shown that educational processes formed in the family environment are of decisive importance in the development of children as individuals. The formation of the child under the influence of social, psychological and emotional factors within the family in the first years, the impact on his future educational processes and social adaptation is analyzed. At the same time, it will be explained how the participation of family members, especially parents, in the process of education and education affects the cognitive development of children. The article also includes recommendations developed on the basis of scientific evidence about the leading role of the family in the education of children and the importance of cooperation with teachers.

Анализ правового обеспечения функционирования биобанков в международной практике. В работе рассматриваются особенности регулирования биобанков в странах Европейского Союза, США, Канаде, а также других регионах с развитой биотехнологической отраслью. Особое внимание уделяется различиям в правовых подходах к собственническим правам на биоматериалы, защите персональных данных доноров и этическим стандартам, регулирующим их использование. Приводятся примеры национальных законодательных актов, таких как Рекомендации Комитета министров ЕС, а также специфические аспекты, касающиеся правового статуса биологических материалов, их использования в научных и медицинских исследованиях. Исследование подчеркивает важность комплексной правовой защиты, которая включает защиту прав и интересов субъектов информации, а также необходимость создания этических и контрольных механизмов в рамках биобанков. В работе акцентируется внимание на необходимости разработки и внедрения международных стандартов для дальнейшего развития правового поля в данной области, что способствует этичному и безопасному использованию биоматериалов.

It is easy to note that the discipline of philology has incorporated societal and technological advancement in the methods of linguistic analysis. A wide range of cultures has been equipped not only with documents, but new tools, such as digitization and artificial intelligence (AI) which seem to preparedness in research for long-ago endangered languages and add values in philological studies. Such technologies have affected conventional career practices in language study and preservation as such presenting disadvantage and advantage to the professionals in the field of philology today. This article aims to examine the area of new digital tools incorporated into philological practices and variables that define the geography of this field in the contemporary and future societies.

This article examines the development of legal and penal systems in the Central Asian khanates from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Through a comprehensive literature review and analysis, it explores the foundations of law, the structure of punishment systems, and the methods of reward in the Bukhara, Khiva, and Kokand khanates. The study highlights the interplay between Sharia law, customary practices, and khan's decrees in shaping the legal landscape. It also investigates the gradual changes in these systems over time, influenced by internal dynamics and external pressures, particularly from the Russian Empire. The findings reveal a complex legal framework that reflected the social, cultural, and political realities of Central Asia during this period.

Maqolada shaxsni tarbiyalash va yaxshi bolalar jamoasini yaratishda  eng yaxshi natijalarga erishish uchun pedagog tarbiyalanuvchilarning individual xususiyatlarini o‘rganishi va tushunishi kerakligi hamda faqat bola bilan ishonchli munosabatlarni o‘rnatish orqaligina pedagog uning xarakterining xususiyatlarini  tushunishi mumkinligi haqida fikr yuritilgan.

Творчество Михаила Афанасьевича Булгакова отличается уникальным стилем повествования, насыщенным языком и глубоким философским содержанием. Булгаков умело сочетал различные литературные жанры, создавая неповторимые произведения, актуальные и для современного читателя.

Мода всегда была важной частью нашей культуры, отражая стиль, индивидуальность и социальные нормы разных эпох. Однако с бурным развитием индустрии и ростом потребления стала очевидной и другая сторона моды — её негативное влияние на окружающую среду. Современная модная индустрия сталкивается с серьёзными экологическими вызовами, такими как массовое производство одежды, чрезмерное использование природных ресурсов и выбросы углекислого газа. Это привело к необходимости перемен, и все больше брендов и дизайнеров внедряют принципы устойчивого развития, чтобы сделать моду более экологичной.

The article discusses foreign words and peculiarities in translating them. In the modern world, the majority of linguists observe an astounding increase in the evolution of many language kinds. Every word, even those that sprang on their own, has a backstory. The most brilliant aspect of language is its vocabulary, which has connections to every aspect of human civilization, including politics, sports, technology, science, and the arts. This is because words are generated in these domains to facilitate communication, which is essential to human activity. Knowledge of their origins is a valuable resource for the development of technical terminology. Greatest number of English words, including foreign words, are ambiguous and have several meanings. This is especially true with technical terms, where words can have multiple meanings depending on the context. International words that are the consequence of linguistic borrowing make up the research's material.

The development of independent learning skills is crucial for English philology students, as it enhances their ability to effectively acquire, analyze, and apply linguistic and cultural knowledge. This study explores strategies and methods that encourage autonomy in learning, with a focus on fostering critical thinking, self-regulation, and motivation. Key approaches include the integration of digital tools, project-based learning, and self-assessment techniques that empower students to take responsibility for their learning process. The study emphasizes the role of instructors in facilitating an environment that encourages exploration, reflection, and collaboration. By developing independent learning skills, students are better prepared to navigate the complexities of language acquisition, literary analysis, and cultural studies, ultimately leading to more successful academic and professional outcomes. The findings suggest that a structured yet flexible approach to independent learning can significantly enhance students' engagement, competence, and confidence in the field of English philology.

Ushbu maqolada turli tillarda oziq-ovqat konseptual iboralari, ularning kelib chiqishi sabablari, iboralar tahlili, ularning madaniy ahamiyati, tilning shakllanishida ularning o‘rni yoritib berilgan.

The article discusses the technical functions of the design and engineering activities of future engineers. The introduction of BIM Design technology – Building Information Modeling (building information modeling) in the construction industry. The task of developing design competence in the training of future engineers is also considered. The introduction of digital technologies represents an important step towards a modern and interactive form of education in the field of construction.

Статья посвящена всестороннему анализу текущих проблем налоговой системы Республики Узбекистан и возможным путям её совершенствования. Рассматриваются вопросы налоговой нагрузки, упрощения налогообложения, улучшения налогового администрирования, а также внедрения современных информационных технологий для повышения эффективности налоговой системы. Приведен международный опыт, а также рассмотрены последствия для макроэкономического роста. Статья включает детализированные предложения по повышению эффективности налоговых механизмов и их адаптации к современным реалиям.

Исполнительская дисциплина является ключевым аспектом эффективного управления производственными процессами, особенно в геологоразведочных компаниях, таких как АО «Узбек Геологоразведка». В данной статье исследуется влияние исполнительской дисциплины на производственную деятельность, выявляются проблемы, связанные с недостаточной компетентностью сотрудников и неэффективным руководством, и предлагаются решения по повышению исполнительской дисциплины. Важность исполнительской дисциплины выражается в соблюдении сроков выполнения задач, минимизации рисков производственных задержек и повышении качества работ. Также рассматривается роль компетентных сотрудников и навыков руководителей в организации эффективной работы.

Ushbu maqola orqali Huvaydoning fors-tojik tiliga xos bo’lgan bejirim so’zlardan qanday foydalllanganligi, ushbu so’zlarning go’zal ma’nolariga to’xtalib o’tamiz. Huvaydoning lirikasi, uning g’azallari va oshiqona baytlari orqali bilmagan narsalarimizni bilib olamiz.    

This article perfectly teaches foreign languages in our country and modern methods necessary for learning, as well as a wide range of them the importance of use is illuminated.

Ushbu tezisda quruqlik mollyuskalarining ekologik tahlili yoritilgan.

One of the most severe diseases in newborns, necrotic enterocolitis, is analyzed from a modern standpoint. The causes and risk factors for the development of the disease are considered. The features of the pathogenesis and microbiological status of newborns are shown. The clinical picture of necrotic enterocolitis is covered in detail, the clinical stages of the disease, on which its classification is based, are analyzed.

Qishloq xo'jaligi iqtisodiyotida texnologik taraqqiyot juda muhim rol o'ynaydi shu sabab bu sohadagi fan yutuqlarini sinchiklab o’rganish kerakligi keltirilgan.

Ushbu maqolada virtual olamda ta’lim olish, uning imkoniyatlari, ijobiy va salbiy tomonlari tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek virtual borliqda ta’limni optimallashtirish bo‘yicha takliflar berilgan.

Employment assurance for women is a critical issue in many developing countries, including Uzbekistan. One of the most notable initiatives addressing this challenge is the "Ayollar daftari" (Women's Notebook) project. This project aims to support women by enhancing their access to employment, professional development, and financial assistance. Using the Harvard Negotiation Method, which emphasizes principled negotiation and objective criteria, this article examines the success and challenges of the "Women's Notebook" project in ensuring employment for women.

Нами было проведено генетическое исследование выявление мутации полиморфизма гена фолатного цикла A1298C в гене MTHFR и его влияние на интеллектуальное развитие у детей с ДЦП.  В ходе работы обследовано 119 детей  в возрасте от 2 го года до 12 лет, с различными формами ДЦП. Половое соотношение 3:2, 70  мальчиков и 49 девочек. Обследованные дети состоят на учете в Республиканской детской психо-неврологической больнице имени У.К. Курбанова. За период 2022-2024 год. Группу контроля составили 90  здоровых детей. Постановка диагноза ДЦП устанавливалась по анамнезу, неврологического статусу, результатам инструментальных и генетических исследований. Интеллектуальное развитие обследованных детей оценивался с применением шкал, опросников совместно с психологом, психиатром.

Мазкур мақолада ўзганинг мулкини талон-торож  қилиш билан боғлиқ жиноятларнинг олдини олишдаги ҳамда унга  қарши курашишда ҳуқуқни муҳофаза қилувчи органларнинг ҳамкорлиги илмий жиҳатдан ёритилган, шу билан бирга бунда мавжуд қонунчиликдаги муамоларнинг бартараф қилишдаги таклиф ва тавсиялар берилган.

Numerous clinical observations indicate that caries develops most intensively in the first years after teething, which coincides with the period of immature enamel. Due to the mineralization of enamel, its resistance to caries increases. The terms of eruption and mineralization of permanent teeth in school age children with the physiological development of the child coincide with the terms of complete resorption of the roots of temporary teeth. Eruption and mineralization of permanent teeth is an important aspect of a child's growth and development. Teething is a very complex and not fully understood process.

This research discusses the role of digital technologies in training future physics teachers at higher education institutions and the importance of virtual laboratories in conducting laboratory work.