Том 4 № 4 (2025)

Уточнить показаний к хирургическому лечению эпилепсии и определить наиболее оптимальный способ хирургического леченияфармакорезистентных форм эпилепсии. Оценить эффективности хирургического лечения у больных с фармакорезистентной формой эпилепсии.

Ushbu maqolada zamonaviy o‘zbek adabiyotining yorqin vakillaridan biri Behzod Fazliddinning she’riyati tahlil etilib, uning g‘oyaviy-badiiy xususiyatlari o‘rganiladi. Shoirning ijodida milliy va umumbashariy qadriyatlar, falsafiy mushohadalar, insoniy kechinmalar aks etgani tahliliy yondashuv asosida yoritiladi. Maqolada uning poetik uslubi, obrazlar tizimi hamda badiiy san’atlari ko‘rib chiqilib, she’riyatining mazmun va shakl jihatdan o‘ziga xos jihatlari aniqlanadi.

This article analyzes modern methods used in teaching foreign languages. The article discusses the historical aspects of the transition from traditional approaches to modern methodologies in the process of language teaching, methodological changes and pedagogical innovations. In particular, the article discusses the importance of the communicative approach, immersive technologies, interactive methods and effective use of audiovisual tools in teaching a foreign language. The differences between yesterday's and today's educational methodologies, their impact on the language learning process of students, as well as the effectiveness of the use of new technologies and pedagogical approaches are presented. The article provides methodological recommendations for foreign language teachers and important information on the ways to implement modern pedagogical techniques in practice.

The article considers the issue of ESP evolution in foreign language teaching at non-linguistic universities. On the base of ESP and CLIL comparative analysis, the authors substantiate the shift to subject-oriented FL teaching that contributes to formation of FL professional communicative competence of a specialist. The content of a professional didactic competency of non-linguistic university EPP teacher is considered.

This article analyzes the reflection of the idea of ​​national identity and independence in Uzbek literature. The artistic expression of the national identity, glorification of national values, and the ideology of independence in the works of Uzbek writers in the spirit of independence is studied. Also, the artistic interpretation of the ideas of national awakening and independence in the Jadid literature of the early 20th century and works created during the years of independence is analyzed.

Tijorat banklari zamonaviy iqtisodiyotning muhim bo‘g‘ini hisoblanib, ular moliyaviy resurslarni samarali boshqarish, kredit siyosatini yuritish va risklarni minimallashtirish orqali iqtisodiy barqarorlikka hissa qo‘shadi. Ushbu maqolada tijorat banklarining boshqaruv tizimi, risklarni kamaytirish usullari va innovatsion texnologiyalarning ahamiyati yoritiladi.

Сложности в раскрытии и расследовании преступлений, совершенных посредством информационно-телекоммуникационной сети Интернет, возникают в связи с отсутствием у сотрудников оперативных и следственных подразделений полноценных знаний и опыта в данном направлении, а также с недостаточной оперативностью при сборе сведений, подлежащих установлению. В статье автором рассматривается понятие OSINT и разъясняется важность практического применения разведки по открытым источникам сотрудниками правоохранительных органов для оперативного сбора криминалистически значимой информации при раскрытии и расследовании преступлений.

This article examines the characteristics of strategic management in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It identifies the theoretical, methodological, and practical foundations for forming and implementing strategic management technologies and explores their application in innovative activities. The study analyzes existing challenges and prospects associated with the use of strategic management methods in the new economic environment.

Hozirgi kunda dunyoning 140 dan ortiq mamlakatlarida yirik kompaniyalar moliyaviy hisobotlarini Moliyaviy hisobotning xalqaro standartlari (MHXS) asosida tayyorlashlari shart (yoki ruxsat berilgan). Yevroittifoq birjalarida qimmatli qog’ozlari muomalada bo’lgan barcha kompaniyalar o’z moliyaviy hisobotlarini MHXS  asosida tayyorlashlari shart. Bu talab ularning sho’ba va ta’sir ostidagi kompaniyalariga ham taalluqlidir.[1]

This article analyzes the importance, effectiveness, and modern approaches of trainings and seminars in developing leadership skills. Based on literature review, theoretical and practical aspects of leadership training are examined. The results focus on identifying the main directions of modern leadership training and their effectiveness indicators.

This article provides detailed information on the reforms in the field of culture and art in our country and their impact on the life of society, how teachers working in secondary schools create opportunities for students to identify and realize their talents.

Mamlakatimizda probatsiya faoliyatini amalga oshirish tartibi va ushbu yo‘nalishning huquqiy maqomi mustaxkamlanishida 2024 yil 7 avgustda qabul qilingan O‘zbekiston Respublikasining “Probatsiya to‘g‘risida”[1]gi Qonuni muhim ahamiyatga egadir. Xususan, ushbu qonunda probatsiyani amalga oshirish sohasidagi asosiy tushunchalar – probatsiya, probatsiyaga oid axborot tizimi, probatsiya nazorati, probatsiya nazoratidagi shaxs, elektron kuzatuv vositasi (elektron braslet) kabi tushunchalarga ta’riflar berildi.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing modern education by enhancing personalized learning, automating grading, and improving accessibility. AI-powered systems adapt educational content to individual student needs, enabling self-paced learning. Automated grading tools reduce teachers' administrative workload while providing instant feedback. AI-driven virtual tutors and chat bots assist students outside the classroom, making learning more interactive. Additionally, AI contributes to content creation, curriculum development, and data-driven decision-making. It also enhances accessibility through assistive technologies. Despite challenges like reduced human interaction, data privacy concerns, and algorithmic bias, AI remains a valuable tool for improving educational efficiency, inclusivity, and engagement.

Изучение выживаемость и прирост веса кроликов породы «Шиншилла» при экспериментальном аллоксановом диабете в условиях лаборатории.

O‘zbеkistonning ta’lim tizimi doimiy rivojlanish va takomillashish jarayonida bo‘lib, so‘nggi yillarda nodavlat oliy ta’lim muassasalari (NOTM) ushbu jarayonda muhim rol o‘ynamoqda. Mazkur maqolada O‘zbеkistondagi nodavlat oliy ta’lim muassasalarining shakllanishi, ularning ta’lim sifatiga qo‘shayotgan hissasi hamda mamlakatda ta’lim tizimini rivojlantirishdagi o‘rni tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdеk, NOTMlarning afzalliklari va ularni rivojlantirish jarayonida duch kеlayotgan muammolar ko‘rib chiqiladi. Maqolada O‘zbеkistonda nodavlat oliy ta’lim muassasalari faoliyatini takomillashtirish bo‘yicha xorijiy tajribalarga asoslangan tavsiyalar ham bеriladi. NOTMlar ta’lim tizimida divеrsifikatsiyani ta’minlash, raqobat muhitini shakllantirish va kadrlar tayyorlashda yangi yondashuvlarni joriy еtish orqali davlat ta’lim muassasalariga muqobil variant sifatida ko‘rilmoqda. Shu bilan birga, maqolada O‘zbеkistondagi nodavlat oliy ta’lim muassasalarining huquqiy asoslari, davlat tomonidan ko‘rsatilayotgan qo‘llab-quvvatlash mеxanizmlari va ularning kеlajakdagi istiqbollari kеng yoritiladi.

Nowadays, the tourism sphere developing through the world and using social media tools ore websites also increasing in tourism industry. This article explores the potential of social media marketing. The role of social media marketing in tourism main aim to enhance the travel experience which provides personalized recommendations, up-to-date information, how to reach historical places by showing place and some interactive elements that cater to the needs of travelers. The observation was explored in Uzbekistan, to analyze the role of social media among residents. To gain data, survey shared among students, journalists and employees and analyzed with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program. By utilizing social media marketing strategies, the media will captivate users, advertise local attractions, and promote a feel of community between tourists and locals. The study highlights how the synergy among social media marketing and smart tourism technology can contribute to sustainable tourism development in Uzbekistan.

In modern psychology, it interprets the concept of self-attitude as a definition of a person's life needs and his social status. Self-attitude is characterized in short as self-attitude and self-image. Self-attitude is the sum of the content and dynamic aspects of an individual, who must perceive his emotional values as a responsible and enterprising person of social activity. Also, I.G.Examining the effect of self-attitude on self-awareness processes by Chesnokova, he argues that humans rely on emotional factors in the process of evaluating other people, but advances the idea that humans themselves do not realize it [3].

Ushbu maqolada Oʻrta Osiyo Renessansi davrida Samarqandlik allomalarning ilm-fan va maʼnaviy hayotga qoʻshgan hissasi, ushbu davrda Samarqand nafaqat iqtisodiy, balki madaniy va ilmiy markaz bo'lib, ko'plab buyuk olimlar, shoirlar va mutafakkirlar shu yerda yashagan va oshirgan ishlarining natijalari ko’zda tutilgan.

Mazkur maqolada elektr mashinalar va transformatorlarning ishlash prinsipi, turlari, ularning energetika va sanoatdagi ahamiyati haqida batafsil ma’lumot berilgan. Shuningdek, elektr mashinalarning asosiy xususiyatlari va transformatorlarning turli turlari, ularning samaradorligi va zamonaviy texnologiyalardagi o‘rni yoritib berilgan.

The increasing number of cesarean sections worldwide has led to a growing concern regarding the condition of the uterine scar and its impact on future pregnancies. Scar insufficiency can result in severe complications such as uterine rupture, abnormal placentation, and infertility, necessitating the development of more precise diagnostic methods. Modern technologies, including 3D ultrasound, elastography, and MRI, allow for a more objective assessment of scar structure and functional integrity, aiding in the selection of optimal pregnancy management strategies and reducing maternal and perinatal morbidity.

Farg'ona vodiysining O'rta Osiyo kontekstidagi ahamiyatini belgilaydi. Unda vodiyning iqlim sharoitini tushunish, ularning qishloq xo‘jaligi, suv resurslari va mintaqaviy taraqqiyotga qanday ta’sir qilishini ko‘rib chiqish maqsadi belgilangan. Inson va atrof-muhit o'rtasidagi o'zaro munosabatlarni shakllantirishda iqlimning roli ham tanishtiriladi.

Markaziy Osiyoda muhim ekologik, qishloq xo‘jaligi va iqtisodiy ahamiyatga ega bo‘lgan Farg‘ona vodiysidagi ekotizimlarning holati va muhofazasini o‘rganadi. Unda vodiyning geografik va ekologik ahamiyati o‘rganilib, uning xilma-xil ekotizimlari, boy bioxilma-xilligi va asosiy tabiiy resurslari yoritilgan. Tadqiqot vodiy duch keladigan asosiy ekologik muammolarni, jumladan, suv tanqisligi, tuproq degradatsiyasi, biologik xilma-xillikning yo'qolishi va iqlim o'zgarishining ta'sirini aniqlaydi. Dissertatsiya shuningdek, ushbu ekotizimlarni himoya qilish bo'yicha milliy va mintaqaviy sa'y-harakatlar, jumladan, atrof-muhit siyosati, transchegaraviy hamkorlik va tabiatni muhofaza qilish loyihalarini ko'rib chiqadi. Nihoyat, u suv resurslarini samarali boshqarish, erlarni tiklash, biologik xilma-xillikni saqlash va iqlim o'zgarishiga moslashish zarurligini ta'kidlab, vodiy resurslarini barqaror boshqarish strategiyalarini taklif qiladi. Bu ish Farg‘ona vodiysi ekotizimlarini muhofaza qilish, uning ekologik va qishloq xo‘jaligi merosini kelajak avlodlar uchun asrab-avaylashni ta’minlashda hamkorlik, kompleks yondashuv muhimligini ta’kidlaydi.

Ushbu tadqiqot Farg‘ona vodiysi, O‘zbekiston, Qirg‘iziston va Tojikistonni qamrab olgan hududda joylashgan turli landshaftlarni chuqur tahlil qiladi. Vodiyning oʻziga xos geografik xususiyatlari, jumladan, daryo tizimlari, togʻ tizmalari, togʻ oldilar, tekisliklar va yarim qurgʻoqchil rayonlari ularning shakllanishi, rivojlanishi, tabiiy jarayonlar va inson faoliyati oʻrtasidagi oʻzaro bogʻliqlik nuqtai nazaridan oʻrganiladi.

Feedback is considered to be an important part of classroom interaction. It is important for students to know how well they are doing as they learn. This is because the knowledge that they are doing well gives students a sense of achievement which motivates them to learn more. Similarly, it is also important to let students know when they have made a mistake so that they will learn from it and take corrective measures. Hence, it is absolutely essential for teachers to monitor students’ learning and give them feedback. Even it is necessary to receive feedback for the teachers from their peers so that to improve the quality of their teaching process.

In fairy tales, implicatures are used to convey deep meaning, moral lessons, and cultural values. These implicatures can be divided into several broad types, each with its own specific characteristic There are two types of conversation implicature: generalized implicature and differentiated speech implicature, which require participants to understand the meaning of the implicature. Generalized Conversational Implications: These are essentially conversational implications that are understood in most contexts without requiring specialized knowledge.

This article is dedicated to studying the importance of pedagogical mastery in improving the quality of education in general education schools. The article analyzes the main components of pedagogical mastery, their impact on the educational process, modern pedagogical approaches, and issues of teachers' professional development. Based on literature analysis, recommendations are provided on the role and importance of pedagogical mastery in improving educational quality and ways to develop it.

Ushbu ilmiy tadqiqotda maktab amaliyotchi psixologlarining uzluksiz kasbiy rivojlanishini takomillashtirish metodikasini yaratish masalasi o‘rganilgan. Tadqiqotda psixologik xizmat ko‘rsatish jarayonida amaliyotchi psixologlarning kasbiy mahoratini oshirishga yo‘naltirilgan pedagogik texnologiyalardan samarali foydalanish muhimligi ta’kidlangan. Shuningdek, malaka oshirish kurslarida amaliy mashg‘ulotlar va innovatsion yondashuvlardan foydalanish istiqbollari ko‘rsatib berilgan.

Ushbu maqolada ingliz va o‘zbek tillaridagi muhabbat va nafrat konseptlari bilan bog‘liq maqollar lingvokulturologik va semantik jihatdan tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqot davomida ushbu maqollarning o‘xshash va farqli jihatlari aniqlanib, ularning xalq mentaliteti va madaniy qadriyatlari bilan bog‘liqligi ko‘rsatib berilgan.

this research examines the principles of functional reuse of inversion phenomena in translational discourse, focusing on the comparative study of Russian and English syntax. Inversion structures play a critical role in both languages, contributing to stylistic emphasis, meaning, and sentence structure. The study explores how inversion functions in each language, identifying similarities and differences in their syntactic roles and how these structures are adapted during the translation process. By analyzing various translation strategies, the paper aims to highlight the challenges and solutions involved in maintaining the original meaning, tone, and stylistic features of the source text while respecting the grammatical norms of the target language. The findings offer valuable insights for improving translation accuracy and stylistic fidelity, particularly in literary and artistic translations.

This article examines contemporary methods of active interaction in the process of teaching English at the primary level of education. The authors highlight issues of effective use of interactive methods aimed at active participation of students in the educational process. The article focuses on various forms and techniques that contribute to the development of communicative skills and understanding of language structures. The study also covers the practical aspects of applying these methods in the context of primary school, emphasizing their importance for the formation of linguistic competence of younger students. The article represents a valuable contribution to the field of methodology of teaching English in primary school, providing educators and researchers with an extensive overview of innovative approaches to teaching.

Mazkur maqolada milliy ozodlik harakati yetakchilaridan biri bo’lgan Shermuhammadbek qo’rboshining faoliyati yoritiladi.Uning Turkiston  mustaqilligi yo’lidagi kurashi ,bosqinchilarga qarshi olib borgan harbiy harakatlari hamda tarixiy ahamiyati tahlil qilinadi .Qo’rboshi tomonidan ilgari surilgan g’oyalar va uning shiorlari ham qisqacha talqin qilinadi.Shuningdek, qo’rboshining o’z davridagi siyosiy jarayonlardagi o’rni haqida ham so’z yuritiladi.

Maqolada I.G. Fixte falsafasida subyektning o'zini anglash jarayoni va uning ijtimoiy munosabatlar bilan bog'liqligi muhokama qilinadi. Fixte, subyektning o'zini tushunishi faqat ijtimoiy va huquqiy tizimlarda faol ishtirok etish orqali amalga oshishini ta'kidlaydi. Kantning "boshqa o'ylovchi mavjudotlarning mavjudligini isbotlash" masalasiga javob sifatida Fixte, faoliyat va intersubyektivlik tushunchalarini kiritadi, bu jarayonni boshqalar bilan aloqada bo'lish va muloqot orqali anglashni zarur deb hisoblaydi. Subyektning o'zini konsipsiya qilish jarayoni, uning aql-idrokli faoliyatini boshlashda boshqalar bilan teng va o'zaro aloqada bo'lishini taqozo etadi. Fixte, ijtimoiy tizimlar va huquqiy normalarning ta'sirini hisobga olgan holda, subyektlar o'rtasidagi o'zaro anglashuv va muloqotning tabiiy va zarurligini ta'kidladi. Shunday qilib, maqolada Fixte'ning falsafasidagi subyektlar o'rtasidagi o'zaro anglashuv va ijtimoiy tizimlar o'rtasidagi bog'liqlik tafsilotlari ochib beriladi.

In today’s digital landscape, emojis have become a widely accepted means of communication, crossing linguistic and cultural barriers. This research examines the origins of emojis and their role in expressing emotions, ideas, and artistic meanings. It explores how emojis influence online interactions, personal relationships, and marketing strategies. While some argue that emojis improve communication by making it more expressive and intuitive, others question whether they can truly replace traditional language. By analyzing their growing usage and evolving interpretations, this study assesses whether emojis have developed into a globally understood form of expression.

Ushbu maqolada oliy o‘quv yurtlarida ideal gaz qonunlari bo‘yicha ta’lim jarayonida “Intellekt xarita” metodining samaradorligi o‘rganiladi. Mavzu talabalar uchun tez-tez murakkab bo‘lib, an'anaviy metodlar orqali barcha kerakli tushunchalarni o‘zlashtirish qiyin bo‘lishi mumkin. “Intellekt xarita” metodi talabalarga murakkab ilmiy kontseptlarni vizual ravishda taqdim etib, o‘rganish jarayonini soddalashtirish va eslab qolishni osonlashtirishda katta yordam beradi. Maqolada ushbu metodning ta’lim sifatini yaxshilashdagi roli va uning amaliy ahamiyati ko‘rsatiladi.

Ma’lumki, sementli beton strukturasining shakllanishini uchta davrga ajratsa bo‘ladi: dastlabki davr - ushbu davrda beton qorishmasi betonga aylanadi, keyingi davrda – betonning strukturasi asta-sekin mustahkamlanib boradi, uchinchi davrda – betonning strukturasi stabillashadi va vaqt o‘tishi bilan deyarli o‘zgarmaydi (1.1-rasm.).

Betоn lоmini burdаlаsh yо‘li bilаn оlinuvchi tо‘ldiruvchi, bir qаtоr о‘zigа xоs bо‘lgаn xususiyаtlаrgа egа vа bu xususiyаtlаrni betоn qоrishmаlаrining tаrkibini оptimаllаshtirish vа berilgаn texnоlоgik kо‘rsаtkichlаrgа egа bо‘lgаn betоn qоrishmаsini tаyyоrlаsh, hаmdа ulаrni turli vаzifаlаrdаgi temirbetоn buyumlаr vа kоnstrukiyаlаrdа fоydаlаnishdа e’tibоrgа оlish lоzim. 

Eksperimentаl tаdqiqоtlаrni о‘tkаzishdа tegishli GОSTlаr bilаn me’yоrlаngаn stаndаrt usullаr vа etаkchi xоrijiy ilmiy-tаdqiqоt institutlаri mutаxаssislаri tоmоnidаn ishlаb chiqilgаn nоstаndаrt metоdikаlаrdаn fоydаlаnildi. Betоn chiqindilаrini burdаlаb ikkilаmchi tо‘ldirgichlаrni оlish “BINОKОR TEMIR BETОN SERVIS” MCHJ kоrxоnаsining stаtsiоnаr  lunjli mаydаlаgichidа аmаlgа оshirildi. Mаydа frаksiаli burdаlаsh mаxsulоtlаridаn minerаl mikrоtо‘ldirgichlаrni оlish SHLM-100 lаbоrаtоriyа tegirmоnidа (1.1-rаsm) bаjаrildi.

Ingliz tilida yozuvga o‘rgatish muhim aspektlardan biridir. Ushbu maqolada ingliz tilida yozuvga o‘rgatuvchi qiyinchiliklar va ularni bartaraf usullari haqida ma’lumot berilgan.

Коррупция представляет собой одну из самых серьезных проблем современного общества, оказывая негативное влияние на экономическое развитие и подрывая доверие граждан к государственным институтам. Она проявляется в различных формах, таких как взяточничество, злоупотребление властью и незаконное обогащение. Эффективная борьба с коррупцией требует активного участия общества и проведения последовательных реформ. Только совместные усилия граждан и государственных органов способны снизить уровень коррупции и способствовать созданию более справедливого и прозрачного общества.

In recent years, Uzbekistan has observed an increase in the prevalence and mortality of lung diseases complicated by pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and chronic pulmonary heart disease (CPHD). For the early diagnosis, adequate prevention, and treatment of CPHD, it is essential to clarify the factors that lead to its development and exacerbate its course

В статье на основе исторических источников рассматриваются поминальные церемонии в государстве Тимуридов.

Ushbu maqola Talabalarda 4+2 malakaviy amaliyot davrida rivojlanadigan kompetensiyalari, oliy ta’lim muassasasidan biriktirilgan metodistning vazifalari, talabalar mehnat vazifalarini muvaffaqiyatli bajarishlari uchun zarur bo'lgan ko'nikmalar, bilimlar va shaxsiy fazilatlar, rivojlanadigan asosiy kompetensiyalar haqida fikrlar bayon etilgan.

This article describes the optimization of technical and tactical training of belt wrestlers, the elimination of errors in the training of belt wrestlers in technical movements, the main methods of optimizing technical training, the stages of improving the skills and qualifications of belt wrestlers.

Since the emergence of political parties, their role in society has been strengthened, and they have been performing certain tasks to ensure the well-being of human life. The contribution of political parties to development can be measured by the level of political consciousness of an individual living in modern society. One of the main tasks of political parties is to increase a person's political consciousness, activity and knowledge. The article focuses on the role of political parties in society and the tasks they should perform in its development.

Ushbu maqolada kichik biznesda motivatsiyaning o‘rni va asosiy omillari, kichik biznes uchun samarali motivatsiya strategiyalari, kreativ jamoa yaratish: asosiy tamoyillar va yondashuvlar, zamonaviy texnologiyalar va innovatsion yondashuvlarning roli haqida fikr yuritilgan.

This article divides linguistic and cultural units into certain groups, each of which is illustrated with examples. Adequate and equivalent concepts of each lexeme and differences and similarities between them are analyzed separately.

Мамлакатимизнинг барча маъмурий ҳудудий бирликларида йўл ҳаракати хавфсизлигини таъминлашнинг яхлит тизимини шакллантириш, унинг ташкилий, ҳуқуқий, илмий ва методологик асосларини такомиллаштириш борасида салмоқли ишлар амалга оширилмоқда.