Том 4 № 38 (2025)

This article explores the western military campaigns of Amir Temur and his descendants—Shahrukh Mirza and Sultan Abu Said Mirza—towards Azerbaijan, Iran, and Iraq based on historical sources. It analyzes the main causes of these campaigns, political developments, territorial shifts, power struggles among rulers, and their outcomes. The study presents a chronological overview of the Timurid policy and military strategy in the western regions.

Мазкур мақолада Ўзбекистонда яйлов ерларидан самарали фойдаланишни таъминлашда амалга оширилган ташкилий ва таркибий ислоҳотларнинг аҳамияти таҳлил қилинган. Ислоҳотлар натижасида яйловлардан фойдаланишда ҳуқуқий-меъёрий база мустаҳкамланди, хўжалик юритиш шакллари такомиллашди ва инновацион ёндашувлар жорий этилди. Шу билан бирга, деградацияга қарши курашиш ва биохилма-хилликни сақлаш бўйича давлат ва халқаро ҳамкорликдаги чора-тадбирларнинг ижобий самаралари очиб берилган.

This article analyzes the didactic and methodological possibilities of using the protojournalistic approach in Arabic language lessons. Protojournalism is considered as a tool for developing students' communication-oriented, real-life skills in working with media. The article highlights the advantages of this approach in teaching the Arabic language in terms of increasing communication skills, expanding vocabulary, developing intercultural dialogue, and activating critical thinking. Methodological recommendations are also given for the practical implementation of protojournalistic activities in Arabic language lessons through simplified news texts, interviews, articles, and reports. This approach increases students' interest in the language and enhances their perception of the language as a tool in a real communicative context.

This text analyzes the role of motivational approach in developing entrepreneurial skills among learners. It emphasizes key psychological factors such as intrinsic motivation, self‑efficacy, growth mindset, and resilience. Research shows these elements form a robust foundation for persistence, creative thinking, and initiating practical entrepreneurial activities . The annotation also explores how motivational strategies can be enhanced through hands-on activities, role models, and recognition of short-term achievements in education. The conclusion highlights that an integrated motivational approach effectively prepares students for entrepreneurial engagement.

The New York Stock Exchange traces its history back to 1792 and is a corporation owned by its members in a form of organization. The business of the New York Stock Exchange is governed by a board of directors, appointed by its members. The number of members of the exchange has not changed since 1988 and is 1,469 people. Every year, several dozen places replace their owners, but the New York Stock Exchange member contingent is characterized by high stability, which ranks the exchange among the most prestigious institutions in modern America.

This article covers the turnover of cryptocurrencies, its features, international practice of regulation, as well as the relationship of central banks to cryptocurrencies. In our country, proposals have been developed to regulate the circulation of cryptocurrencies. 

in order to ensure and control the quality of education, this article reveals the purpose of developing professional competence of students on the basis of a problematic approach to solving scientific, technical and professional problems arising in the process of training students of Higher Education Departments of pedagogy.

in order to ensure and control the quality of education, this article reveals the purpose of developing professional competence of students on the basis of a problematic approach to solving scientific, technical and professional problems arising in the process of training students of Higher Education Departments of pedagogy.

Today, the role of the Islamic financial sector in the world financial system is growing. Islamic investment funds, on the other hand, are one of its most active and proselytizing sectors. These funds, unlike traditional investment instruments, give up interest-based income and organize commercial and financial activities on an honest basis.

In this article, the application of modern pedagogical technologies and methods in teaching urology students about urolithiasis is discussed. Particular attention is given to each participant performing various tasks during theoretical and practical sessions. Teaching urolithiasis in medical education is crucial for developing physicians’ skills in accurately diagnosing and treating this widespread urological condition. By studying the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnostics, and modern treatment methods of this disease, medical students and professionals can provide high-quality medical care to patients. Additionally, developing preventive measures to avert urolithiasis and reduce its complications is highlighted as an important aspect of medical education

The article examines the forms and content of interpersonal influence as reflected in the widespread genres of folk oral creativity. Observations are presented regarding how the views of our ancestors on mutual influence are expressed in various forms and manifestations of relationships between individuals, between individuals and society, and between individuals and nature. It is noted that in all these sources, human spirituality and the education of the younger generation occupy a central place.

This article highlights the didactic potential of pape-mashe technologies in shaping the creative development of children. It analyzes the mechanisms for developing imagination, thinking, aesthetic taste and motor skills of students through the integration of pape-mashe art into the educational process. It also substantiates with scientific and practical examples that the use of this technology increases independent thinking, diligence, and interest in artistic creativity in preschool children. The article also provides methodological recommendations for the effective use of pape-mashe technologies in the pedagogical process.

This article is devoted to the study of the transformation of marketing strategies in the process of digitalization of regional industry. For the successful implementation of digitalization of regional industry, the change and adaptation of marketing strategies are very important. The article analyzes the level of use of digital marketing tools by industrial enterprises, the role of digital marketing in regional development, and the problems arising in the processes of digital transformation. In this regard, the impact of the introduction of digital platforms and innovative technologies on marketing strategies, the opportunities for regional industry to increase its global competitiveness, as well as the development prospects of marketing tools are considered. The study presents proposals for strategic approaches to marketing and their adaptation to the digital transformation of industry.

Industrial development in rural areas presents both significant opportunities and considerable challenges. This paper explores the dual dynamics shaping rural industrialization, focusing on the socio-economic, infrastructural, and policy-related aspects that influence its progress. While rural areas offer advantages such as availability of land, lower operational costs, and potential for reducing regional inequalities, they also face critical barriers including inadequate infrastructure, limited access to skilled labor, poor connectivity, and insufficient financial and institutional support. The study examines how targeted policy interventions, technological advancements, and community participation can enhance industrial growth in these regions. It also highlights successful models of rural industrialization and suggests strategic measures to overcome persistent challenges. Ultimately, the paper argues that sustainable industrial development in rural areas is pivotal for balanced national growth, employment generation, and poverty reduction.

Таниқли ёзувчи Собир Ўнар ижоди ўз услуби ва оҳанги билан алоҳидалик касб этади. Унинг ижодида халқ оғзаки ижоди бадиий шартлилик воситалари кўринишлари, сеҳрли реализм унсурлари яққол сезилади, носир ҳаёт ҳақиқатларини бадиий акс эттиришда реалликка асосланади.

Mazkur maqolada maktab taʼlim tizimida ingliz tilini oʻqitish jarayonida sunʼiy intellekt texnologiyalaridan foydalanishning nazariy va amaliy asoslari tahlil qilingan. Sunʼiy intellektga asoslangan ilovalar – Duolingo, ChatGPT, Quizlet AI, Grammarly kabi platformalarning oʻquv jarayonidagi oʻrni, afzalliklari va taʼlim samaradorligiga taʼsiri yoritilgan. Shuningdek, ingliz tilini oʻqitishda interaktiv, adaptiv va personallashtirilgan yondashuvlarni joriy etishda SI ilovalarining pedagogik yechim sifatidagi imkoniyatlari koʻrib chiqilgan. Maqolada xalqaro va mahalliy tajribalarga tayanilgan holda, SI texnologiyalarini taʼlimga integratsiya qilish yuzasidan tavsiyalar berilgan.

Mazkur maqolada maktab taʼlim tizimida ingliz tilini oʻqitish jarayonida sunʼiy intellekt texnologiyalaridan foydalanishning nazariy va amaliy asoslari tahlil qilingan. Sunʼiy intellektga asoslangan ilovalar – Duolingo, ChatGPT, Quizlet AI, Grammarly kabi platformalarning oʻquv jarayonidagi oʻrni, afzalliklari va taʼlim samaradorligiga taʼsiri yoritilgan. Shuningdek, ingliz tilini oʻqitishda interaktiv, adaptiv va personallashtirilgan yondashuvlarni joriy etishda SI ilovalarining pedagogik yechim sifatidagi imkoniyatlari koʻrib chiqilgan. Maqolada xalqaro va mahalliy tajribalarga tayanilgan holda, SI texnologiyalarini taʼlimga integratsiya qilish yuzasidan tavsiyalar berilgan.

This article explores the significance of interactive teaching methods in fostering critical thinking skills among students. As education shifts from traditional to learner-centered approaches, the need to develop analytical and reflective competencies becomes increasingly important. The study highlights how interactive strategies—such as debates, group discussions, case studies, role-playing, and problem-based learning—promote deeper engagement, independent reasoning, and the ability to evaluate information critically. The effectiveness of these methods is discussed in relation to students' academic performance, motivation, and the development of lifelong learning habits. The findings support the integration of interactive techniques as essential tools for cultivating a critical mindset in modern education.

Oliy ta’lim tizimida kiberxavfsizlik madaniyatini shakllantirishning zamonaviy metodikalari o‘rganilgan. Raqamli transformatsiya davrida, oliy ta’lim muassasalari kiberxavf tahdidlariga duch kelmoqda, va bu tahdidlarga qarshi kurashishda yangi pedagogik metodlarning ahamiyati oshmoqda. Tadqiqotda interaktiv ta’lim, gamifikatsiya, simulyatsiyalar va xabardorlik kampaniyalari kabi zamonaviy metodikalar kiberxavfsizlik madaniyatini shakllantirishda samarali bo‘lishi ko‘rsatilgan. Tadqiqotda aralash usulda (kvantitativ va kvalitatif yondashuvlar) ma’lumotlar to‘plangan va tahlil qilingan. Kiberxavfsizlik bo‘yicha mavjud bilim, xabardorlik va amaliy ko‘nikmalar baholangan hamda metodik yondashuvlar samaradorligi ko‘rsatilgan. Maqolada oliy ta’lim muassasalarida kiberxavfsizlik madaniyatini mustahkamlash bo‘yicha amaliy tavsiyalar berilgan.

Ushbu maqolada yapon tilidagi kelishik kategoriyasi ko‘rsatkichlari (格助詞), ko‘makchi morfemalar (接尾辞) va yordamchi so‘zlar (助動詞・補助語)ning matn va muloqotdagi funksional o‘rni hamda ularning grammatik, semantik va pragmatik farqlari tahlil qilinadi. Har bir grammatik birlikning sintaktik tuzilmadagi roli, so‘zlovchi nuqtai nazarini ifodalashdagi vositalari hamda muloqot kontekstida axborotning ifodalanish shakllari izohlanadi. Mazkur tadqiqot yapon tilining grammatik tizimini chuqurroq anglash, matn va muloqotda so‘zlarning kontekstual yukini aniqlashga qaratilgan bo‘lib, tilshunoslikning nazariy va amaliy jihatlarini qamrab oladi. Ayniqsa, yapon tili o‘qitish, tarjima qilish va lingvopragmatik tahlillarda ushbu birliklarning farqlanishini anglash dolzarb hisoblanadi.

The given article is about using the project method in primary education, which regulates the mental activity of the student at the highest level of thinking, a complex process such as the creative combination of ideas and possibilities, concentration and rethinking and reconstruction of information. When choosing a project methodology in subjects, it should be borne in mind that children of this age are characterized by high sensitivity, increased excitability, uneven attention and mood.

This research investigates emotional expressions in English and Uzbek languages through cognitive and pragmatic lenses. It aims to identify how emotions are structured, expressed, and understood in both linguistic systems. Drawing from cross-cultural pragmatics and conceptual metaphor theory, the study analyzes emotional idioms, metaphors, and speech acts in both languages. Data were collected from native speakers and written corpora. Results reveal both universal and culture-specific emotional expressions, shaped by cultural values and cognitive patterns. These insights have implications for translation, language learning, and intercultural communication. The research contributes to a deeper understanding of how emotions function across different linguistic and cultural contexts.

The investment process is one of the important factors for the sustainable development and growth of the economy. Improving the investment climate, attracting investment and developing economic activity are among the priorities of any country. However, the investment process is associated with various risks, the effective assessment and minimization of which is crucial for ensuring economic stability. The economy of Uzbekistan is pursuing an active policy aimed at rapid development and improving the investment climate. A number of reforms are being implemented in the country to improve the investment climate. At the same time, the issue of effective management of economic, legal and financial risks remains an important task.

Развитие стартап-экосистемы и формирование инновационной экономики в Республике Узбекистан тесно связано с созданием благоприятной правовой среды для раннего бизнес-финансирования. Стартапы, как правило, лишены доступа к традиционным источникам капитала, что делает актуальными альтернативные механизмы – венчурное финансирование, краудфандинг, SAFE-соглашения, государственные гранты и т. д. Однако действующее законодательство носит фрагментарный характер, отсутствует комплексный подход к регулированию института венчурного капитала, правового статуса бизнес-ангелов, а также договорных конструкций, используемых в сфере раннего инвестирования. Это препятствует притоку частного и иностранного капитала в инновационный сектор

Ushbu maqolada o‘tgan asr davomida mamlkataimizda diniy-ma’rifiy sohaning matbuot olamida yoritilishi va ularning o‘zaro qiyosiy jihatlari yoritilgan.

Ushbu maqola harbiy standartlarining ahamiyatini va ularning armiya faoliyatidagi rolini tushuntiradi.. Shuningdek, turli davlatlar o'rtasida hamkorlikni osonlashtirish uchun bunday standartlarning ahamiyati ta'kidlanadi. Maqola shuningdek, harbiy standartlarning zamonaviy texnologiyalar va xavf-xatarlarni hisobga olish uchun doimiy ravishda yangilanishi zarurligini tushuntiradi.

This article examines the historical background of the Odina Mosque situated in the historic center of Qarshi city, focusing on its architectural features, cultural and social importance, and its current state. Built in the late 14th century during the reign of Amir Timur, the mosque functioned as a significant religious, political, and cultural hub of the region. The study relies on historical sources and archaeological evidence to analyze the mosque's role and preservation over time.

В данной статье рассматривается необходимость формирования социокультурной компетенции у школьников в процессе обучения русскому языку. Особое внимание уделяется базовому уровню социокультурных знаний, умений и навыков, необходимому для успешного общения на русском языке в различных социально-культурных ситуациях. Раскрываются методы и приёмы, способствующие развитию данной компетенции.

maqolada qaysi xususiyatiga koʻra soʻzlarni agnonimlarga kiritish mumkinligi, agnonimlarning nutqimizning jozibador, ta’sirchan qilishidagi roli haqida soʻz boradi. Shuningdek, maqolada agnonimlar qoʻllangan badiiy asarlardan parchalar keltirilgan.

A tour operator is a business that typically combines and organizes accommodations, meals, sightseeing and transportation components, in order to create a package tour. They advertise and produce brochures to promote their products, holidays and itineraries.

The composition of the raw materials used in the synthesis of acetaldehyde, the catalyst CCF (cadmium calcium phosphate), was analyzed and determined. Based on the analysis results, active cadmium oxide was isolated from the KKF catalyst and new catalysts were prepared. Acetaldehyde and acetone were synthesized from the prepared catalysts. 

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the problems of economic sustainability of small businesses (SBEs). The importance of SBEs in the national economy, the main difficulties associated with them, and the proposed measures for sustainable development are discussed. The analysis was conducted on the basis of previous studies, statistical data, and world experience. At the end of the article, effective mechanisms for supporting small businesses were proposed.

Памятники мемуарной литературы являются важными источниками для исследования различных проблем. Они представляют не только авторский взгляд людей на произошедшие события и уникальные сведения о них, отсутствующие в официальных источниках, но и материал для изучения самосознания человека в разные временные периоды. В современной науке ценность мемуаров как жанра литературы, исторического источника и как корпуса сведений о прошлом не подлежит сомнению, а представления об их «вторичности» и «необъективности» оспорены более чем полвека назад.

Inflammatory diseases of the oral mucosa are common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), often exacerbated by systemic oxidative stress and impaired immune regulation. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a combined therapeutic approach incorporating antiseptic therapy and antioxidant modulation through laser blood irradiation. One hundred CKD patients with oral mucosal inflammation were divided into two groups: the control group received standard symptomatic and antiseptic treatment, while the main group received additional low-level laser blood irradiation and an immunomodulatory antiseptic agent. Biochemical markers, including lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), catalase activity, and interleukins (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6), were assessed before and after treatment. The main group showed significant improvements in oxidative stress and cytokine profiles, confirming the superiority of the integrated treatment.

The article provides information about methods for accelerating heat transfer processes. Passive method. Analysis of acceleration based on the passive method, active method and analysis of mixtures.

In this paper, the heat transfer processes using butterfly-shaped cavities placed in the wall of a rectangular air duct were numerically analyzed. The CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics)-based ANSYS Fluent program was used. The models were built in 3D under the condition of hot air flow, the Nusselt number, heat transfer coefficient and pressure losses were studied. The geometry of the cavity was placed perpendicular to the flow. The results were compared with a smooth-walled duct and the efficiency was evaluated.

The digital transformation of anatomy education marks a transition from traditional methods to technology-driven learning environments. This paper explores the integration of digital tools such as VR, AR, and 3D modeling in the teaching of "Anatomy and Human Physiology." It analyzes how digital platforms enhance interactivity, promote personalization, and reshape the roles of educators through competence development. A case study of the AnatoSpace platform demonstrates the practical application of digital transformation in higher education.

Ushbu maqola O‘zbekistonda gender tengligini ta’minlash, ayollarning jamiyatdagi huquqlari va ularning o‘rnini Yangi O‘zbekiston tamoyillari hamda yangilangan Konstitutsiya va qonunchilik hujjatlari asosida chuqur tahlil qilishga bag‘ishlangan. Unda mamlakatda gender tengligiga erishish yo‘lidagi erishilgan yutuqlar, mavjud muammolar va kelgusi ustuvor vazifalar har tomonlama ko‘rib chiqiladi. Maqola, shuningdek, gender tengligi borasidagi xalqaro tajribalarni o‘rganish va ularni O‘zbekiston sharoitlariga tatbiq etish bo‘yicha tavsiyalarni ham o‘z ichiga oladi.

Ushbu maqolada axborot-kutubxona, arxiv va muzey muassasalarida raqamli to‘plamlarni shakllantirish va foydalanuvchilarga taqdim etish masalalari tahlil qilingan. Raqamli to‘plamlar zamonaviy axborot-kutubxona xizmatining ajralmas qismi bo‘lib, foydalanuvchilarga noyob hujjatlar, xaritalar, suratlar va madaniy meros obyektlariga masofadan kirish imkonini yaratadi. Maqolada raqamli to‘plamlarni yaratishdagi asosiy omillar, ularning turlari va sohaga oid xalqaro tajribalar (Chikago universiteti kutubxonasi, AQSH Kongress kutubxonasi, Luvr muzeyi va Rossiya davlat arxivi misolida) ko‘rib chiqiladi. Shuningdek, Omeka platformasi misolida raqamli to‘plamlarni boshqarish tizimlarining afzalliklari va ularni amaliyotga joriy etish imkoniyatlari yoritilgan

Хроническая нестабильность медиального отдела голеностопного сустава у взрослых остаётся слабо изученной проблемой, особенно в условиях амбулаторной и послеоперационной помощи в странах Центральной Азии[2]. Повреждения дельтовидной связки часто недооцениваются, что приводит к прогрессирующему нарушению биомеханики сустава, снижению качества жизни и развитию посттравматического остеоартроза[3]. В Самаркандской области растёт число пациентов с повторными обращениями по поводу медиальной нестабильности, особенно у лиц физически активного трудоспособного возраста. Несмотря на известные протоколы реабилитации для латеральной нестабильности, комплексные подходы к восстановлению при медиальных повреждениях остаются неадаптированными к региональной практике[1,4,5]. Настоящее исследование направлено на разработку и оценку эффективности простых, экономичных и воспроизводимых программ физической терапии для взрослых пациентов с хронической медиальной нестабильностью в условиях лечебных учреждений Самарканда.

STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, Mathematics) ta’limining pedagogik oliy ta’lim talabalarining ijodkorligi va innovatsion fikrlashini rivojlantirishdagi o‘rni va metodik asoslari ilmiy jihatdan tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot natijalariga ko‘ra, STEAM yondashuvi orqali o‘qitilgan talabalar an’anaviy ta’lim olgan talabalar bilan solishtirilganda ijodkorlik, tanqidiy fikrlash, hamkorlikda ishlash va amaliy bilimlarni qo‘llashda yuqori natijalarga erishgan. Maqolada O‘zbekiston ta’lim tizimida STEAM yondashuvining joriy etilishi bo‘yicha tavsiyalar va istiqbolli takliflar berilgan.

Silikagel amorf kremniy dioksididan iborat,eng yahshi namlikni yutuvchi modda bo’lib, o’zining yuqori samaradorligi va qayta tiklanish imkoniyati bilan ajralib turadi. Boshqa namlikni yutuvchi moddalar ham bor ammo qattiq modda emas saqlash sharoiti ham cheklangan.Silikagel kichik bo’lishiga qaramay juda foydalidir. U mahsulotingizni namlikdan saqlaydi,saqlash muddatini uzaytiradi va sifatini saqlab qolishligiga yordam beradi.